Payment for ecosystem services(PES) is of great importance for the sustainable development of mountain areas, key hotspot regions for the provisioning of ecosystem services. At present, PES researches mainly focus on ...Payment for ecosystem services(PES) is of great importance for the sustainable development of mountain areas, key hotspot regions for the provisioning of ecosystem services. At present, PES researches mainly focus on forest protection, carbon sink trading, and water protection. As an important industry in mountainous areas, cascade hydropower development has generated substantial economic benefits accompanied by social and ecological impacts. However, efficient PES mechanisms to deal with hydropower generation in mountain areas are still unavailable. Therefore, the lacking of PES in mountain systems limits the development of those areas, and compromise the sustainability of hydropower development. The critical reason lies in the lack of a scientific method that can quantitatively analyze the relationship of hydropower stations with a geographical scope at county level(i.e., quantifying the water yield service provided by each county within the cascade hydropower development basin), and with different hydropower enterprises. We use the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin of China as case study area, one of the major hydropower development basins in China. First, we used Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model to map water yield service. Then, we calculated the value of water yield service by relating the water yield to the gross output value of hydropower stations. We revealed the relationship(e.g., hydropower stations and identified counties) between the payers and the payees of ecosystem services through mapping and quantifying the provisioning regions in the supply of water yield service and the users(hydropower enterprises). Finally, we discussed the current situation of benefit distribution in cascade hydropower development basin based on the supply and use of the water yield service. The results showed that 1) the spatial distribution of the value of water yield service is uneven: the upper reaches are highvalue areas;the eastern region is higher than the western region;and the maximum value(USD 119.2$/km2) is 34 times higher than the minimum value(USD 3.5 $/km2). 2) We found that four state-owned enterprises are the direct beneficiaries of water yield service, and 37 counties are suppliers, among which Gongbogyamda, Lhari and Damxung are the first level of supply. 3) Each hydropower station is provided with water yield service by several counties, and the value of water yield service varies greatly in each county, showing spatial differences. 4) Most counties are only partially involved in the process of water yield service being used by hydropower stations(i.e.,the boundary of water yield service is inconsistent with the administrative boundary). 5) Huaneng Tibet Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Development and Investment Co., Ltd. gets the greatest value(USD 1.8million $) from the use of water yield service, while China Energy Tibet Electric Power Co., Ltd. gets the smallest(USD 389.1 thousand $). 6) Counties near the lower reaches have gained more economic benefits, while the water yield service they provide have the lowest contribution to hydropower production. Our approach linked water yield ecosystem service and hydropower development effectively, and revealed their complex eco-economic relationship between producers and beneficiaries of ecosystem services, which provides key insights for the designing of a potential PES mechanism.展开更多
There is a boom of hydropower development in Southwest China recently because of the abundant hydropower resources there, especially in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which has attracted the attentions of various major...There is a boom of hydropower development in Southwest China recently because of the abundant hydropower resources there, especially in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which has attracted the attentions of various major power generation companies and private enterprises. Based on the situation of hydropower development in the Southwest and combined with the analysis of prospective receiving market and the capability of electrical and mechanical equipment’s manufacturing, this paper discusses the main problems of the hydropower development in the Southwest and makes some suggestions for its orderly development and eff icient utilization.展开更多
Until recently, the agamid species, Japalura flaviceps was recognized to have the widest geographic dis- tribution among members of the genus occurring in China, from eastern Tibet to Shaanxi Province. However, recent...Until recently, the agamid species, Japalura flaviceps was recognized to have the widest geographic dis- tribution among members of the genus occurring in China, from eastern Tibet to Shaanxi Province. However, recent studies restricted the distribution of J. flaviceps to the Dadu River valley only in north- western Sichuan Province, suggesting that records of J. flaviceps outside the Dadu River valley likely represent undescribed diversity. During two herpeto- faunal surveys in 2013 and 2015, eight and 12 specimens of lizards of the genus Japalura were collected from the upper Nujiang (=Salween) Valley in eastern Tibet, China, and upper Lancang (=Mekong) Valley in northwestern Yunnan, China, respectively. These specimens display a unique suite of diagnostic morphological characters. Our robust comparisons of phenotype reveal that these populations can be distinguished readily from J. flaviceps and all other recognized congeners. Herein, we describe the two Japalura lineages as new spe- cies, Japalura laeviventris sp. nov. and Japalura iadina sp. nov.. In addition, we provide updated con- servation assessments for the new species as well as imperiled congeners according to the IUCN crite- ria for classification, discuss the importance of color patterns in the diagnosis and description of species in the genus Japalura, and discuss directions for future taxonomic studies of the group.展开更多
Understanding the evolution of the fluvial geomorphology in an orogenic belt provides valuable insight into the relationship between upper crustal deformation and surface processes.The upper Lancang-Mekong River is in...Understanding the evolution of the fluvial geomorphology in an orogenic belt provides valuable insight into the relationship between upper crustal deformation and surface processes.The upper Lancang-Mekong River is in an area experiencing both uplift and erosion.The related processes provide a steady sediment supply to the lower reaches of the river and play an important role in the regional environmental changes.The Xiaohei(Weiyuan)River Basin is an important sub-basin in this area,which is characterized by large-scale topographic fluctuations,active tectonics and erosion,and anthropogenic activities.These different factors introduce numerous complexities to the local surface processes.In this study,we investigate and quantify the controls of geomorphic evolution of the Xiaohei River Basin.We located and mapped the main knick-zones within the channels and examined the main genetic factors,such as faults and stratigraphic differences.The results show that the areas with the lowest uplift rates are characterized by a low steepness index and are located in the southeastern part of the basin.The stream power of the mainstream increases downstream,with an average value of^122 W/m.The erosional activity of the various stream channels is intense.Overall,the basin tends to expansion,with only local instances of inward contraction.Our analysis confirms that a number of the geomorphic evolutionary characteristics of the Xiaohei River Basin are transient.In addition,the future potential for the increasing the number of dams and the hydropower development in the basin may weaken the expansion trend of the basin over a long period of time.展开更多
The Lancang–Mekong River(LMR)is an important transboundary river that originates from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China and flows through six nations before draining into the South China Sea.Knowledge about the past a...The Lancang–Mekong River(LMR)is an important transboundary river that originates from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China and flows through six nations before draining into the South China Sea.Knowledge about the past and future changes in climate and water for this basin is critical in order to support regio-nal sustainable development.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the scientific progress that has been made in understanding the changing climate and water systems,and discusses outstanding challenges and future research opportunities.The existing literature suggests that:①The warming rate in the Lancang–Mekong River Basin(LMRB)is higher than the mean global warming rate,and it is higher in its upper portion,the Lancang River Basin(LRB),than in its lower portion,the Mekong River Basin(MRB);②historical precipitation has increased over the LMRB,particularly from 1981 to 2010,as the wet season became wetter in the entire basin,while the dry season became wetter in the LRB but drier in the MRB;③in the past,streamflow increased in the LRB but slightly decreased in the MRB,and increases in streamflow are projected for the future in the LMRB;and④historical streamflow increased in the dry season but decreased in the wet season from 1960 to 2010,while a slight increase is projected during the wet season.Four research directions are identified as follows:①investigation of the impacts of dams on river flow and local communities;②implementation of a novel water–energy–food–ecology(WEFE)nexus;③integration of groundwater and human health management with water resource assessment and management;and④strengthening of transboundary collaboration in order to address sustainable development goals(SDGs).展开更多
To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data from 2000 to 20...To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive: regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors.展开更多
The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of cascade dams building in international rivers has been widely discussed in China and ASEAN countries since the 1990s. In Southwest China, all the great mountainous rivers...The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of cascade dams building in international rivers has been widely discussed in China and ASEAN countries since the 1990s. In Southwest China, all the great mountainous rivers have been the major state base for large-scale hydropower development. Among these rivers, the environmental change and response of the watercourse under the cascade dams building in the upper Mekong (called Lancang River in China) has been the focus in recent 20 years. In this paper, the Lancang River, which has over 25 years of large-scale hydropower development, was chosen as a case study for establishing the affected evaluation indicators system and its regression model of runoff and sediment, determining the indicators weight by the hierarchy analysis method and factor analysis method, and setting up the quantitative evaluation models of indicators affected level based on the "marginal efficiency" principle. Using these methods and model established, the influence degree of runoff and sediment in the Lancang River from 1986 to 2007 were assessed. The major results are: (1) the impact of sediment transport change by the cascade development is much higher than that of the runoff change; (2) the years' number with different impact levels respectively are 72.7% as the "smallest" level, 18.2% as "smaller", and 9.1% as "general"; (3) the change process of runoff and sediment shows a "U-shaped" pattern, which indicates the balance of sediment change because of the interaction of sediment reduction by Manwan reservoir storage and the increase by the Dachaoshan dam construction.展开更多
基金sponsored by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP, Grant No:2019QZKK0307)Sichuan Provincial School and Provincial School Cooperation Project:Key Ecological Asset Evaluation and Management Technology Project in Key Ecological Function Zones (Grant No:2020YFSY0005)。
文摘Payment for ecosystem services(PES) is of great importance for the sustainable development of mountain areas, key hotspot regions for the provisioning of ecosystem services. At present, PES researches mainly focus on forest protection, carbon sink trading, and water protection. As an important industry in mountainous areas, cascade hydropower development has generated substantial economic benefits accompanied by social and ecological impacts. However, efficient PES mechanisms to deal with hydropower generation in mountain areas are still unavailable. Therefore, the lacking of PES in mountain systems limits the development of those areas, and compromise the sustainability of hydropower development. The critical reason lies in the lack of a scientific method that can quantitatively analyze the relationship of hydropower stations with a geographical scope at county level(i.e., quantifying the water yield service provided by each county within the cascade hydropower development basin), and with different hydropower enterprises. We use the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin of China as case study area, one of the major hydropower development basins in China. First, we used Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model to map water yield service. Then, we calculated the value of water yield service by relating the water yield to the gross output value of hydropower stations. We revealed the relationship(e.g., hydropower stations and identified counties) between the payers and the payees of ecosystem services through mapping and quantifying the provisioning regions in the supply of water yield service and the users(hydropower enterprises). Finally, we discussed the current situation of benefit distribution in cascade hydropower development basin based on the supply and use of the water yield service. The results showed that 1) the spatial distribution of the value of water yield service is uneven: the upper reaches are highvalue areas;the eastern region is higher than the western region;and the maximum value(USD 119.2$/km2) is 34 times higher than the minimum value(USD 3.5 $/km2). 2) We found that four state-owned enterprises are the direct beneficiaries of water yield service, and 37 counties are suppliers, among which Gongbogyamda, Lhari and Damxung are the first level of supply. 3) Each hydropower station is provided with water yield service by several counties, and the value of water yield service varies greatly in each county, showing spatial differences. 4) Most counties are only partially involved in the process of water yield service being used by hydropower stations(i.e.,the boundary of water yield service is inconsistent with the administrative boundary). 5) Huaneng Tibet Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Development and Investment Co., Ltd. gets the greatest value(USD 1.8million $) from the use of water yield service, while China Energy Tibet Electric Power Co., Ltd. gets the smallest(USD 389.1 thousand $). 6) Counties near the lower reaches have gained more economic benefits, while the water yield service they provide have the lowest contribution to hydropower production. Our approach linked water yield ecosystem service and hydropower development effectively, and revealed their complex eco-economic relationship between producers and beneficiaries of ecosystem services, which provides key insights for the designing of a potential PES mechanism.
文摘There is a boom of hydropower development in Southwest China recently because of the abundant hydropower resources there, especially in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, which has attracted the attentions of various major power generation companies and private enterprises. Based on the situation of hydropower development in the Southwest and combined with the analysis of prospective receiving market and the capability of electrical and mechanical equipment’s manufacturing, this paper discusses the main problems of the hydropower development in the Southwest and makes some suggestions for its orderly development and eff icient utilization.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2014FY210200,2011FY120200)the Animal Branch of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species of Chinese Academy of Sciences(the Large Research Infrastructure Funding)
文摘Until recently, the agamid species, Japalura flaviceps was recognized to have the widest geographic dis- tribution among members of the genus occurring in China, from eastern Tibet to Shaanxi Province. However, recent studies restricted the distribution of J. flaviceps to the Dadu River valley only in north- western Sichuan Province, suggesting that records of J. flaviceps outside the Dadu River valley likely represent undescribed diversity. During two herpeto- faunal surveys in 2013 and 2015, eight and 12 specimens of lizards of the genus Japalura were collected from the upper Nujiang (=Salween) Valley in eastern Tibet, China, and upper Lancang (=Mekong) Valley in northwestern Yunnan, China, respectively. These specimens display a unique suite of diagnostic morphological characters. Our robust comparisons of phenotype reveal that these populations can be distinguished readily from J. flaviceps and all other recognized congeners. Herein, we describe the two Japalura lineages as new spe- cies, Japalura laeviventris sp. nov. and Japalura iadina sp. nov.. In addition, we provide updated con- servation assessments for the new species as well as imperiled congeners according to the IUCN crite- ria for classification, discuss the importance of color patterns in the diagnosis and description of species in the genus Japalura, and discuss directions for future taxonomic studies of the group.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0601601)the National Science and Technology Support Program(No2013BAB06B03)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M653506)
文摘Understanding the evolution of the fluvial geomorphology in an orogenic belt provides valuable insight into the relationship between upper crustal deformation and surface processes.The upper Lancang-Mekong River is in an area experiencing both uplift and erosion.The related processes provide a steady sediment supply to the lower reaches of the river and play an important role in the regional environmental changes.The Xiaohei(Weiyuan)River Basin is an important sub-basin in this area,which is characterized by large-scale topographic fluctuations,active tectonics and erosion,and anthropogenic activities.These different factors introduce numerous complexities to the local surface processes.In this study,we investigate and quantify the controls of geomorphic evolution of the Xiaohei River Basin.We located and mapped the main knick-zones within the channels and examined the main genetic factors,such as faults and stratigraphic differences.The results show that the areas with the lowest uplift rates are characterized by a low steepness index and are located in the southeastern part of the basin.The stream power of the mainstream increases downstream,with an average value of^122 W/m.The erosional activity of the various stream channels is intense.Overall,the basin tends to expansion,with only local instances of inward contraction.Our analysis confirms that a number of the geomorphic evolutionary characteristics of the Xiaohei River Basin are transient.In addition,the future potential for the increasing the number of dams and the hydropower development in the basin may weaken the expansion trend of the basin over a long period of time.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20060402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41625001 and 41571022)+2 种基金the Pengcheng Scholar Program of Shenzhen,the National High-Level Talents Special Support Plan(“Ten Thousand Talents Plan”),the High-level Special Funding of the Southern University of Science and Technology(G02296302 and G02296402)the Leading Innovative Talent Program for young and middle-aged scholars by the Ministry of Science and Technologythe National Science Foundation(CAREER Award,1752729).
文摘The Lancang–Mekong River(LMR)is an important transboundary river that originates from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau,China and flows through six nations before draining into the South China Sea.Knowledge about the past and future changes in climate and water for this basin is critical in order to support regio-nal sustainable development.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the scientific progress that has been made in understanding the changing climate and water systems,and discusses outstanding challenges and future research opportunities.The existing literature suggests that:①The warming rate in the Lancang–Mekong River Basin(LMRB)is higher than the mean global warming rate,and it is higher in its upper portion,the Lancang River Basin(LRB),than in its lower portion,the Mekong River Basin(MRB);②historical precipitation has increased over the LMRB,particularly from 1981 to 2010,as the wet season became wetter in the entire basin,while the dry season became wetter in the LRB but drier in the MRB;③in the past,streamflow increased in the LRB but slightly decreased in the MRB,and increases in streamflow are projected for the future in the LMRB;and④historical streamflow increased in the dry season but decreased in the wet season from 1960 to 2010,while a slight increase is projected during the wet season.Four research directions are identified as follows:①investigation of the impacts of dams on river flow and local communities;②implementation of a novel water–energy–food–ecology(WEFE)nexus;③integration of groundwater and human health management with water resource assessment and management;and④strengthening of transboundary collaboration in order to address sustainable development goals(SDGs).
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41171318 National Key Technology Support Program,No.2012BAH32B03+1 种基金No.2012BAH33B05 The Remote Sensing Investigation and Assessment Project for Decade-Change of the National Ecological Environment(2000–2010)
文摘To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive: regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors.
基金The Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.U0936602National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, No.2010BAE00739
文摘The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of cascade dams building in international rivers has been widely discussed in China and ASEAN countries since the 1990s. In Southwest China, all the great mountainous rivers have been the major state base for large-scale hydropower development. Among these rivers, the environmental change and response of the watercourse under the cascade dams building in the upper Mekong (called Lancang River in China) has been the focus in recent 20 years. In this paper, the Lancang River, which has over 25 years of large-scale hydropower development, was chosen as a case study for establishing the affected evaluation indicators system and its regression model of runoff and sediment, determining the indicators weight by the hierarchy analysis method and factor analysis method, and setting up the quantitative evaluation models of indicators affected level based on the "marginal efficiency" principle. Using these methods and model established, the influence degree of runoff and sediment in the Lancang River from 1986 to 2007 were assessed. The major results are: (1) the impact of sediment transport change by the cascade development is much higher than that of the runoff change; (2) the years' number with different impact levels respectively are 72.7% as the "smallest" level, 18.2% as "smaller", and 9.1% as "general"; (3) the change process of runoff and sediment shows a "U-shaped" pattern, which indicates the balance of sediment change because of the interaction of sediment reduction by Manwan reservoir storage and the increase by the Dachaoshan dam construction.