A Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of the Damping Capillary Type Spherical Hydrostatic Bearing

The dynamic mathematical model of the damping capillary type spherical hydrostatic bearing is established firstly,then the dynamic characteristics of the hydrostatic bearing are analysized in detail.By means of theoretical reasoning,a design guide that relates to J0,the static stiffness of the hydrostatic bearing,is put forward to guarantee that the hydrostatic bearing possesses the excellent dynamic characteristics.At last,the effect of the structural parameters on J0 is studied.

Hardware-in-loop simulation on hydrostatic thrust bearing worktable pose

A controllable hydrostatic thrust bearing was presented to improve rigidity. The bearing worktable poses were controlled by coupling oilfilm thickness of four controllable chambers. The chamber flow can be regulated by electro hydraulic servo valve-control variable pump according to the surface roughness, load, cutting force, and thermal effects of worktable. The mathematical models of the controllable chamber flow, servo variable mechanism and controller were built. The pose control model was established, which contained the kinematics positive and negative solution and control strategy of feedforward and hydraulic cylinder position feedback. Hardware-in-loop simulation experiment was carried out on the electro hydraulic servo test bench by means of the non-linear relation of film thickness and hydraulic cylinder displacement. Hardware-in-loop simulation experiment results show that the controllable bearings exhibit high oilfilm rigidity, the rising time is 0.24 s and the maximum overshoot is 2.23%, and can be applied in high precision heavy machine tool.

WORK PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSES OF HYDROSTATIC BEARING

Aiming at the new characteristic of water hydraulic system, a kind ofhydrostatic bearing with a concentric gap damper is introduced. The lubricative film thickness ofthe hydrostatic bearing possesses inflexibility and the loading capacity is just determined by thegeometrical dimension of the piston-slipper subassembly and has no relation with system pressure,viscosity and temperature of water and speed of rotor. Theoretical analyses and the verification ofscheme done at the test rig show that the hydrostatic bearing with a concentric gap damper isespecially fit for water hydraulic components.

Pressure Field of Multi-pad Annular Recess Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing

In order to solve the deformation of the hydrostatic thrust bearing with multi-pad annular recess in the heavy computer numerical control （ CNC ） equipment, the simulation concerning pressure feld of hydrostatic thrust bearing with multi-pad annular recesses was carded out. The finite volume method of computational fluid dynamics （ CFD ） was used to compute the three-dlmensional pressure field of gap fluid between the rotary worktable and the base. The influence of the rotational speed on the bearing pressure performance was studied based on CFD and lubrication theory, and the method revealed the pressure distribution law. The results qualitatively agree well with the experimental data. The results indicate that the oil cavity pressure decreases gradually with rotational speed enhancing. The reliability of a hydrostatic thrust bearing with malti-pad annular recess can be predicted through this method, and the optimal design of such products can be achieved, and the numerical simulation method can provide reasonable data for design, lubrication, experiment, and deformation computation of hydrostatic thrust bearing in the heavy CNC equipment.

Simulation and experiment of starting transient flow field of the hydrostatic bearing based on dynamic mesh method

A new method is developed to assess and analyze the dynamic performance of hydrostatic bearing oil film by using an amulets-layer dynamic mesh technique. It is implemented using C Language to compile the UDF program of a single oil film of the hydrostatic bearing. The effects of key lubrication parameters of the hydrostatic bearing are evaluated and analyzed under various working conditions,i.e. under no-load,a load of 40 t,a full load of 160 t,and the rotation speed of 1r/min,2r/min,4r/min,8r/min,16r/min,32r/min. The transient data of oil film bearing capacity under different load and rotation speed are acquired for a total of 18 working conditions during the oil film thickness changing. It allows the effective prediction of dynamic performance of large size hydrostatic bearing. Experiments on hydrostatic bearing oil film have been performed and the results were used to define the boundary conditions for the numerical simulations and validate the developed numerical model. The results showed that the oil film thickness became thinner with the increase of the operating time of the hydrostatic bearing,both the oil film rigidity and the oil cavity pressure increased significantly,and the increase of the bearing capacity was inversely proportional to the cube of the change of the film thickness. Meanwhile,the effect of the load condition on carrying capacity of large size static bearing was more important than the speed condition. The error between the simulation value and the experimental value was 4.25%.

Modeling and Analysis of Novel Integrated Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing for Magnetic Bearing Reaction Wheel

Conventional ball bearing reaction wheel used to control the attitude of spacecraft can＇t absorb the centrifugal force caused by imbalance of the wheel rotor,and there will be a torque spike at zero speed,which seriously influences the accuracy and stability of spacecraft attitude control.Compared with traditional ball-bearing wheel,noncontact and no lubrication are the remarkable features of the magnetic bearing reaction wheel,and which can solve the high precision problems of wheel.In general,two radial magnetic bearings are needed in magnetic bearing wheel,and the design results in a relatively large axial dimension and smaller momentum-to-mass ratios.In this paper,a new type of magnetic bearing reaction wheel（MBRW） is introduced for satellite attitude control,and a novel integrated radial hybrid magnetic bearing（RHMB） with permanent magnet bias is designed to reduce the mass and minimize the size of the MBRW,etc.The equivalent magnetic circuit model for the RHMB is presented and a solution is found.The stiffness model is also presented,including current stiffness,position negative stiffness,as well as tilting current stiffness,tilting angular position negative stiffness,force and moment equilibrium equations.The design parameters of the RHMB are given according to the requirement of the MBRW with angular momentum of 30 N ？ m ？ s when the rotation speed of rotor reaches to 5 kr/min.The nonlinearity of the RHMB is shown by using the characteristic curves of force-control current-position,current stiffness,position stiffness,moment-control current-angular displacement,tilting current stiffness and tilting angular position stiffness considering all the rotor position within the clearance space and the control current.The proposed research ensures the performance of the radial magnetic bearing with permanent magnet bias,and provides theory basis for design of the magnetic bearing wheel.

Influence of Particles on the Loading Capacity and the Temperature Rise of Water Film in Ultra-high Speed Hybrid Bearing

Ultra-high speed machining technology enables high efficiency, high precision and high integrity of machined surface. Previous researches of hybrid bearing rarely consider influences of solid particles in lubricant and ultra-high speed of hybrid bearing, which cannot be ignored under the high speed and micro-space conditions of ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing. Considering the impact of solid particles in lubricant, turbulence and temperature viscosity effects of lubricant, the influences of particles on pressure distribution, loading capacity and the temperature rise of the lubricant film with four-step-cavity ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing are presented in the paper. The results show that loading capacity of the hybrid bearing can be affected by changing the viscosity of the lubricant, and large particles can improve the bearing loading capacity higher. The impact of water film temperature rise produced by solid particles in lubricant is related with particle diameter and minimum film thickness. Compared with the soft particles, hard particles cause the more increasing of water film temperature rise and loading capacity. When the speed of hybrid bearing increases, the impact of solid particles on hybrid bearing becomes increasingly apparent, especially for ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing. This research presents influences of solid particles on the loading capacity and the temperature rise of water film in ultra-high speed hybrid bearings, the research conclusions provide a new method to evaluate the influence of solid particles in lubricant of ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing, which is important to performance calculation of ultra-high speed hybrid bearings, design of filtration system, and safe operation of ultra-high speed hybrid bearings.

Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of Seismically Isolated Structures with Full-Scale Bearings and Large Computational Models

Hybrid simulation can be a cost effective approach for dynamic testing of structural components at full scale while capturing the system level response through interactions with a numerical model.The dynamic response of a seismically isolated structure depends on the combined characteristics of the ground motion,bearings,and superstructure.Therefore,dynamic full-scale system level tests of isolated structures under realistic dynamic loading conditions are desirable towards a holistic validation of this earthquake protection strategy.Moreover,bearing properties and their ultimate behavior have been shown to be highly dependent on rate-of-loading and scale size effects,especially under extreme loading conditions.Few laboratory facilities can test full-scale seismic isolation bearings under prescribed displacement and/or loading protocols.The adaptation of a full-scale bearing test machine for the implementation of real-time hybrid simulation is presented here with a focus on the challenges encountered in attaining reliable simulation results for large scale dynamic tests.These advanced real-time hybrid simulations of large and complex hybrid models with several thousands of degrees of freedom are some of the first to use high performance parallel computing to rapidly execute the numerical analyses.Challenges in the experimental setup included measured forces contaminated by delay and other systematic control errors in applying desired displacements.Friction and inertial forces generated by the large-scale loading apparatus can affect the accuracy of measured force feedbacks.Reliable results from real-time hybrid simulation requires implementation of compensation algorithms and correction of these various sources of errors.Overall,this research program confirms that real-time hybrid simulation is a viable testing method to experimentally assess the behavior of full-scale isolators while capturing interactions with the numerical models of the superstructure to evaluate system level and in-structure response.

Energy control strategy for parallel hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles

Aimed at the relatively lower energy density and complicated coordinating operation between two power sources,a special energy control strategy is required to maximize the fuel saving potential.Then a new type of configuration for hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles(PHHV) and the selection criterion for important components are proposed.Based on the optimization of planet gear transmission ratio and the analysis of optimal energy distribution for the proposed PHHV on a representative urban driving cycle,a fuzzy torque control strategy and a braking energy regeneration strategy are designed and developed to realize the real-time control of energy for the proposed PHHV.Simulation results demonstrate that the energy control strategy effectively improves the fuel economy of PHHV.

Identification of Magnetic Bearing Stiffness and Damping Based on Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

Identifying the stiffness and damping of active magnetic bearings(AMBs)is necessary since those parameters can affect the stability and performance of the high-speed rotor AMBs system.A new identification method is proposed to identify the stiffness and damping coefficients of a rotor AMB system.This method combines the global optimization capability of the genetic algorithm(GA)and the local search ability of Nelder-Mead simplex method.The supporting parameters are obtained using the hybrid GA based on the experimental unbalance response calculated through the transfer matrix method.To verify the identified results,the experimental stiffness and damping coefficients are employed to simulate the unbalance responses for the rotor AMBs system using the finite element method.The close agreement between the simulation and experimental data indicates that the proposed identified algorithm can effectively identify the AMBs supporting parameters.

Simulation and experimental study on lubrication characteristics of vertical hydrostatic guide rails

In order to improve the cutting stiffness,the paper studies the vertical hydrostatic bearing in the slide when a ram is in feed process.The change of the oil film thickness on hydrostatic guide rail and the curve of the oil film thickness in various cutting forces are calculated and a relation model through theoretical analysis method is derived.The pressure field of the guide rail recess is simulated based on the finite volume method and demonstrated through experiments.The study is of vital theoretical significance for the improvement of machining accuracy of numerical control machines and the entire computer numerical control(CNC) equipment and provides valuable theoretical basis for the design of hydrostatic guide rail in engineering practice.

Steady Characteristics of the Water-Lubricated Conical Bearings

The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model with consideration of the effects of turbulence, two-phase flow, and temperature on the pressure field at bearing surface is proposed here. Using this model, the Reynolds＇ equation and energy equation are solved in which the thermo- physical properties of the water as lubricant are taken into account. The dependency of characteristics of bearing, such as load-earrying capacity, flow rate （pumping losses ）, and frictional losses, on angular velocity, conical angle, and radial eccentricities, is presented. The research results are beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of conical bearing and the environmental protection.

Formation Depth of Coesite-Bearing Eclogite,Dabie UHPM Zone,China

The plastic deformation of garnet in coesite bearing eclogite, quartz eclogite and garnet amphibolite of the UHPM complex in Yingshan County in the Dabie Mountains has been studied. The stress generated by the strong tectonic movement was an important component of the total pressure that resulted in the formation of the eclogite in the Dabie UHPM zone. The three dimensional tectonic principal stresses and additional tectonic stress induced hydrostatic pressure [ p s=( σ 1+ σ 2+ σ 3)/3] are reconstructed according to the differential stress and the strain ratio ( α ) of the garnet in the minor coesite bearing eclogite of the Yingshan County. Then the gravity induced hydrostatic pressure ( p g) is calculated following the equation p minus p s, where p is estimated to be 2.8 GPa based on the quartz coesite geobarmeter. Therefore, the thickness of the rock column overlying the coesite bearing eclogite in the Ying shan County is determined ≥32 km. This estimation, significantly different from ≥100 km, the previous one obtained solely based on the weight/specific weight ratio (W/SW), offers a proper explanation for the puzzle that no tracer of the addition of mantle derived material has been found in the Dabie UHPM zone during the process of UHPM, although a number of researchers claim that this process took place at the depth of the mantle (≥100 km). It is concluded that attention should be paid to the additional tectonic stress induced hydrostatic pressure in the study of UHPM zones.

多孔质静压轴承静态特性预测研究

在多孔质静压轴承设计中,轴承设计参数是影响其静动态特性的关键因素之一,通常情况下,要得到合适的轴承设计参数,需要多次重复建模和仿真,且由于轴承结构复杂,建模难度大,仿真时间长,严重影响了轴承的设计效率。本文构建了一种基于遗传算法(Genetic algorithm,GA)优化反向传播(Back propagation, BP)神经网络的轴承静态特性预测模型,采用拉丁超立方抽样方法在轴承参数设计空间内采样,并进行Fluent流体仿真,将仿真数据用于GA-BP神经网络模型的训练与测试,实现了对设计空间内任意设计参数下的多孔质静压轴承静态特性的预测。研究结果表明,训练出的GA-BP神经网络模型能够准确预测多孔质静压轴承的静态特性,预测精度在95%以上,对多孔质静压轴承的快速设计和参数优化具有重要意义。

不同微结构静压轴承油膜流动特性研究

在剪切力和压缩力共同作用下,液体静压轴承黏性油膜的液阻和流速会发生变化,导致油膜的散热能力不稳定,而增加油膜流动阻力,减小流动速度可以有效提高油膜的散热能力。为增加流体的扰动进而增强换热,在静压轴承工作面上加工不同的微结构(矩形、三角形、椭圆形),通过数值仿真方法研究微结构在不同跨度、不同深度、不同间距下对轴承工作面油膜流动速度的影响,得到黏性油膜增阻减速的有效范围。结果表明:综合微结构深度、跨度、间距变化对油膜液阻的影响,矩形微结构增阻效果最明显,椭圆形微结构次之,三角形微结构最差;当微结构间距单一变化时,只有矩形微结构可起到降低流场平均速度的作用。因此,矩形微结构可起到增阻减速的作用,且增阻减速的最佳间距范围为0.01~0.04 mm。

罕遇地震下高速铁路大跨矮塔斜拉桥减隔震性能研究

为研究不同减隔震装置对高速铁路大跨矮塔斜拉桥的减隔震机理,以某(90+180+90)m矮塔斜拉桥为研究背景,基于非线性时程分析建立有限元模型,研究摩擦摆支座、黏滞阻尼器和减隔震组合装置的减震效果及桥梁的抗震性能。结果表明:罕遇地震作用下,全桥主塔处采用摩擦摆支座和黏滞阻尼器的组合装置可以有效解决抗震问题,优化后选取摩擦系数为0.06、曲率半径为2 m的摩擦摆支座和阻尼系数为12000 kN·(m·s^(-1))-α、阻尼指数α为0.8的黏滞阻尼器;相比于单独使用摩擦摆支座或黏滞阻尼器,减隔震组合装置可大幅度减小全桥各关键截面的内力、桥墩位移及梁端转角,显著提升桥梁的抗震性能,剪力和弯矩的减震率分别达70.85%和76.94%,桥墩墩顶位移减震率达76.08%;各关键截面安全系数均大于1,结构均处于弹性范围,满足桥梁抗震性能的要求。

带人字槽和轴向微通槽的动静压气体轴承静态特性

设计带人字槽和轴向微通槽的动静压气体轴承,运用FLUENT对其静态特性进行仿真分析,通过改变轴向微通槽深度、偏心率、气膜厚度、供气压力等参数,研究其对轴承刚度和承载能力的影响。结果表明:其他条件不变,偏心率越大,轴承刚度越小、承载能力越大;人字槽可以提升气体轴承的承载能力和刚度,主轴转速越快,动压效应越强,轴承刚度和承载能力越大;随微通槽深度增加,轴承刚度先增大后保持稳定,轴承承载能力先增大后减小,因此当微通槽深度过大时,轴承刚度变化不大,但轴承承载能力会减小。

铁路混合梁钢-混结合段受力及理论计算

为研究铁路混合梁钢-混结合段结构的受力及其理论计算公式,在既有公路桥梁钢-混结合段计算公式的基础上,提出铁路混合梁钢-混结合段截面应力、顶底板剪力连接件、承压板传力验算公式;并以主跨335 m汉巴南铁路嘉陵江特大桥为研究背景,采用有限元分析的方法探究结合段受力特性及应力纵、横向分布规律,进而开展结合段受力理论与数值计算对比分析。数值计算结果表明,结合段混凝土均处于受压状态,不同截面位置处结合段钢、混应力横向分布均存在一定的不均匀性。公式验算结果表明:结合段混凝土应力均受压,满足截面应力验算要求;剪力连接件的抗力系数介于1.30~4.49,结合段剪力连接件具有良好的安全储备;承压板抗力系数介于3.18~10.08,表明前后承压板抗力远大于计算传力荷载,并具有优化的空间。理论公式计算的结合段顶底板混凝土应力、剪力钉应力与有限元计算结果总体相近,在修正后可用于钢-混结合段的防开裂/脱离、抗剪受力计算。

自攻螺钉与拉铆钉混合连接受剪承载性能试验

为改善自攻螺钉连接的构件在地震作用下易发生拉脱导致结构严重破坏的缺点,提升冷弯薄壁型钢组合墙体抗破坏能力,分析了组合墙体层间连接处的传力机理,针对自攻螺钉的破坏模式,提出拉铆钉与自攻螺钉混合连接。为研究混合连接的抗剪性能,共进行了48组连接接头抗剪性能试验,包含冷弯薄壁型钢结构常用的5种连接板厚度,不同搭接板厚比(变化范围1.0~2.0),包含纯自攻螺钉连接、纯拉铆钉连接及混合连接的连接方式。观察混合连接的破坏模式,自攻螺钉未发现拉脱破坏,其破坏模式主要表现为:板承压破坏与螺钉倾斜组合破坏、铆钉剪断破坏及板承压与铆钉部分剪断组合破坏3种;相较单一连接方式,混合连接荷载–位移曲线表现出更长的塑性阶段;当板厚比大于1.5且组合板厚小于3.0mm,混合连接的承载力及延性较单一连接增长明显;利用现有计算方法对混合连接的承载力进行累加计算,与试验结果对比,计算结果偏保守。研究发现:混合连接能较好地弥补拉铆钉和自攻螺钉受剪过程中的缺陷,有效改善自攻螺钉拉脱破坏,从而提升连接的承载力及延性;板厚和板厚比是影响混合连接破坏模式及承载力的重要因素,与单一连接相比,板厚比越大,承载力提升越大;排布方式对混合连接的力学性能及破坏机理影响有限;在本文试验工况下,结合混合连接的破坏模式,在现有计算方法的基础上,提出改善后的计算方法,其计算结果更合理。

基于变分模态分解和深度多核极限学习机的轴承故障分类

针对轴承故障分类任务中核极限学习机(kernel extreme learning machine,KELM)超参数选择困难、模型运算速度慢的问题,提出一种基于深度混合核极限学习机(deep hybrid kernel extreme learning machine,DHKELM)的轴承故障分类方法,利用天鹰优化算法(aquila optimization algorithm,AO)实现该模型超参数的优化选择。首先,以峰度指数作为鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)的适应度函数,对变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)的相关参数寻优,利用最优参数组合进行VMD分解,得到k个模态分量并求其希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang Transform,HHT)边际谱作为特征数据,将其作为天鹰优化DHKELM分类器的输入,对不同状态的轴承故障进行识别。实验结果表明,KELM,DHKELM,天鹰优化DHKELM三种分类模型故障识别准确率分别为94%,96.67%,98.34%,运算时间分别为0.0631,0.0360,0.0175 s,证明AO-DHKELM识别准确率和运算速度均具有明显优势。