Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in Hydrothermal Ore Deposit in Heishan Area,Shaanxi Province

The study on rare earth elements in hydrothermal ore deposit in Heishan area indicates that the REE concentration in rock with very weak negative Ce and Eu anomaly is far higher than those in ore. The REE pattern in ore is characterized by very low REE concentration, typical enrichment in LRE and distinctive negative Eu and Ce anomaly. δ Eu and δ Ce values vary from 0 51～0 6 to 0 71～0 77 and 0 84～0 88 to 0 60～0 78, respectively, as shown in samples from Fe Cu ore to Au ore. Different δ Eu and δ Ce values reveal that temperature gradually decreases and oxygen fugacity gradually increases when ore bearing hydrothermal solution evolves from early to late stage. It is likely that REE in solution is mainly transported in the forms of(RE(CO 3) 3F) 4- , (RE(CO 3)F 2) -, (RE(F,Cl) 2) + , (RE(CO 3) 3) 3- and (RE(CO 3) 4) 5- complexes.

PRACTICAL AND PREDICTIVE MODELLING OF ORE DEPOSITS IN HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS

Over the pastfive years,we have been making efforts to develop a practical and predic- tive tool to exploreforgiantore deposits in hydrothermal systems. Towards this goal,a sig- nificant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes behind ore body formation and mineralization in hydrothermal systems. On the scientific developmentside,we have developed analytical solutions to answerthe fol- lowing scientific questions:(1) Can thepore- fluid pressure gradientbemaintained atthe val- ue of the lithostaticpressure gradientin the uppercrustof the Earth?and(2 ) Can convective pore- fluid flow take place in the uppercrustof the Earth ifthere is a fluid/mass leakage from the mantle to the upper crustof the Earth?On the modelling developmentside,we have developed numerical methods to model the following problems:(1) convective pore- fluid flow in two- dimensional hydrothermal systems;(2 ) coupled reactive pore- fluid flow and multiple species transport in porous media;(3) precipitation and dissolution of minerals and rock al- teration in the upper crust of the Earth;(4 ) double diffusion driven reactive flow transport in deformable fluid- saturated porous media with particular consideration of temperature- de- pendentchemical reaction rates;(5 ) pore- fluid flow patterns neargeological lenses in hydro- dynamic and hydrothermal systems;(6 ) dissipative structures for nonequilibrium chemical reactions in fluid- saturated porousmedia;(7) convectivepore- fluid flow and the related min- eralization in three- dimensional hydrothermal systems;(8) fluid- rock interaction problems associated with the rock alteration and metamorphic process in fluid- saturated hydrothermal/ sedimentary basins;and (9) various aspects of the fully coupled problem involving material deformation,pore- fluid flow,heattransferand species transport/ chemical reactionsin pore- fluid saturated porous rock masses. The above- mentioned work has significantly enriched our knowledge about the physical and chemical processes related to ore body formation and mineralization in the upper crustof the

+-Evidence of Porphyry Deposits in the Ntem Complex: A Case Study from Structural and Hydrothermal Alteration Zones Mapping through Landsat-8 OLI, Aeromagnetic and Geological Data Integration in the Yaounde-Sangmelima Region (Southern Cameroon)

A semi-regional study was carried out in the Yaounde-Sangmelima area, a densely vegetated tropical region of southern Cameroon located in the Central Africa Fold Belt (CAFB)/Congo Craton (CC) transition zone. Towards structural lineaments and predictive hydrothermal porphyry deposits mapping, an integrated analysis of Landsat-8 OLI data, aeromagnetic, geological and mineral indices maps was performed. The Remote sensing using False colour composite images involving bands combinations and Crosta method (features oriented principal components analysis) enabled the mapping of the gneisses and schists domains without a clear differentiation between the Yaounde and Mbalmayo schists;despite the reflectance anomalies evidenced NW of Akonolinga, hydrothermal alterations in the study area failed to be detected. Besides, aeromagnetics depicted a moderately fractured northern zone (the CAFB) contrasting with a high densely fractured zone (the CC, known as Ntem complex). The Ntem complex displays signatures of a meta-igneous, an intrusive complex, greenstone relics south of Sangmelima and hydrothermal activity. Indeed, CET porphyry analysis tool detected many porphyry centres. In general, the study revealed many lineaments including contacts, fractures faults zones and strike-slips. The major aeromagnetics structures are SW-NE to WSW-ENE and WNW-ESE to NW-SE while those from Landsat-8 are NE-SW, WNW-ESE, NW-SE, WSW-ENE and NW-ESE to NNW-SSE. Together, these structures depict trans-compressions or trans-tensions corresponding to a broad NE-SW strike-slips channel that affect both the CAFB and the Ntem Complex, and they control the intrusions thus confirming a pervasive hydrothermal activity within the Ntem Complex. The proximity or coincidence of these porphyry centres with some mapped Iron-Gold affiliated mineral indices and porphyry granites indicate the possible occurrence of many hydrothermal ore deposits. These results show the high probability for the Ntem complex to host porphyry deposits so they may serve to boost mineral exploration in the Yaounde-Sangmelima region and in the entire southern Cameroon as well.

Characteristics of the ore forming fluid from the zinc poly-metallic deposit in the Mopan mine area,Guangxi Nandan

Fluid inclusions from samples from the layered and veined mineralized belt in the Mopan mine area were studied using microscopic temperature measurements and laser Raman spectroscopy.Further studies were conducted on the nature and source of the ore forming fluid and on the mechanism of deposit formation.The results show that there are three types of inclusions that occur in both the layered and veined ore body.These are liquid inclusions,CO 2 inclusions with a liquid phase,and NaCl-H 2 O multiphase inclusions.The fluid inclusions in both the layered and veined ore bodies have similar characteristics.The ore forming fluid is strongly reducing,was exposed to low to medium temperatures,salinity,and pressures.The source of this ore forming fluid was a mix of submarine volcanic spring(blow-piping),magmatic hydrothermal jet,and underground water.