Video capsule endoscopy and CT enterography in diagnosing adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Primary adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a rare but important cause of gastric outlet obstruction that may be misdiagnosed as idiopathic gastroparesis.Clinically,patients present with early satiety,abdominal fullness,nausea,epigastric discomfort and eructation.Permanent gastric retention of a video capsule endoscope is diagnostic in differentiating between the two diseases,in the absence of an organic gastric outlet obstruction.This case presents the longest video capsule retention in the medical literature to date.It is also the first case report of adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis diagnosed with video capsule endoscopy or a computed tomography scan.Finally,an unusual"plugging"of the gastric outlet with free floating capsule has an augmented effect on disease physiology and on patient’s symptoms.

Idiopathic non-hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in an infant successfully treated via endoscopic approach

Non-peptic, nonhypertrophic pyloric stenosis has rarely been reported in pediatric literature. Endoscopic pyloric balloon dilation has been shown to be a safe procedure in treating gastric outlet obstruction in older children and adults. Partial gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) was diagnosed in an infant by history and confirmed by anupper gastrointestinal series (UGI). Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography scan excluded idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, abdominal tumors, gastrointestinal and hepato-biliary-pancreatic anomalies. Endoscopic findings showed a pinhole-sized pylorus and did not indicate peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, antral web, or eviden-ce of allergic and inflammatory bowel diseases. Three sessions of a step-wise endoscopic pyloric balloon dilation were conducted under general anesthesia and a fluoroscopy at two week intervals using catheter balloons (Boston Scientific Microvasive?, MA, USA) of increasing diameters. Repeat UGI after the first session revealed normal gastrointestinal transit and no intestinalobstruction. The patient tolerated solid food without any gastrointestinal symptoms since the first session. The endoscope was able to be passed through the pylorus after the last session. Although the etiology of GOO in this infant is unclear (proposed mechanisms are herein discussed), endoscopic pyloric balloon dilation was a safe procedure for treating this young infant with non-peptic, non-hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and should be considered as an initial approach before pyloroplasty in such presentations.

Double Incomplete Pyloromyotomy (A. Ezzat Technique): A New Technique for Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Preliminary Study

Background-Purpose: The study aimed to see the outcome of Double Incomplete Pyloromyotomy as new technique for surgical management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Methods: This study was conducted in pediatric surgery unite, Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt. Fifteen patients were included in this study (11 male and 4 female) with IHPS from January 2012 to January 2013. Under general anesthesia, two longitudinal separated incisions at different planes as pyloromyotomy. Results: Postoperative vomiting and weight gain were recorded. Follow up period was 3 months. Vomiting improved within first 48 hours then stopped after that. Weight gain significantly increased after theoperation when compared preoperatively. Conclusion: Double Incomplete Pyloromyotomy is a new, safe and effective procedure for treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Antral web associated with distal antral hypertrophy and prepyloric stenosis mimicking hypertropic pyloric stenosis

A 3-year-old boy presented with postprandial vomiting and epigastric pain for 3 wk. Barium meal study suggested hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Ultrasound of the stomach after water loading revealed an echogenic antral web with an eccentric aperture and distal antral hypertrophy.Subsequent endoscopy confirmed the ultrasound findings.Web resection and antropyloroplasty resulted in excellent recovery. To our knowledge, the barium meal and ultrasound findings of an antral web-associated distal antral hypertrophy and prepyloric stenosis has not previously been described.

New insights on the pathogenesis of pyloric stenosis of infancy. A review with emphasis on the hyperacidity theory

A review is presented on the theories concerning the cause of pyloric stenosis with emphasis on the primary position of inherited hyperacidity in pathogenesis. Existing theories are critically analysed and the hyperacidity theory is precisely defined in the light of recent physiological insights into the gastrointestinal hormone motilin. The progressive fixed fasting hypergastrinaemia within the first few weeks of life will, in the baby who inherits acid secretion at the top of the normal range, produce hyperacidity of sufficient severity to trigger the process of acid-induced work hypertrophy of the pylorus. The potential contribution of motilin is discussed. The baby who inherits a normal gastric acidity will not reach acid levels severe enough to trigger sphincter hypertrophy despite the early gastrin stimulus. The potential threat will cease when gastrin naturally declines with age and the pyloric canal becomes wider. Genetic factors clearly must also be involved and these are separately discussed.

Food Allergy Mimicking Pylorus Hypertrophy

Food allergy (FA) is a disease with increasing prevalence and a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. These include the eosinophilic disorders, which can involve any segment of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including the stomach. In this context, three patients with a confirmed diagnosis of food allergy, who were initially diagnosed with pyloric hypertrophy, are presented. All cases showed an adequate response to nutritional management. It is essential to consider food allergy, such as eosinophilic gastroenteritis, as part of the differential diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction in those patients who present vomiting secondary to pyloric hypertrophy.

Incidence and Concurrent Laparoscopic Repair of ypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis and Patent Processus Vaginalis

INTRODUCTIONAlthough laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is the most common procedure performed by pediatric surgeons at present, herniorrhaphy with an asymptomatic patent processus vaginalis （PPV） remains controversial. The incidence of contralateral PPV on laparoscopy in previous studies was reported as 20%-50%, but it is believed to approach 100% in premature infants. It has been reported that 4%-34% patients have the risk of developing subsequent metachronous contralateral hernia after a repair of an ipsilateral hernia.Iu If this is true, then the identification and closure of a PPV at the time of ipsilateral hernia repair will obviate the need for a second operation in thousands of children every year. With recent advances in minimally invasive surgery, transinguinal diagnostic laparoscopy has emerged as a safe and effective method for evaluating a pediatric patient with PPV. Meanwhile, the laparoscopy has been widely used to manage the infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis （IHPS）, due to equally high success rate, minimal complications, and a shorter hospital stay.

Do Immaturity, Dehydratation or Alkalosis Predispose to Intraoperative Complications at Pyloromyotomy?

Background: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the most important cause for propulsive non-bilious vomiting in infants of the first trimester. Extramucous splitting of the hypertrophic pyloric muscle is the surgical gold standard for treatment. Serious major complications of pyloromyotomy (PM) are mucosal perforation and incomplete muscle splitting. The aim of the presented study is to find out if intraoperative complications are predisposed by biometric or biochemical factors. Furthermore, we looked for the influence of the board certification of the primary surgeon. Patients and Methods: 162 infants with IHPS were operated during a six-year period (n = 150 laparoscopic operations). We had 8 major complications (4.9%): iatrogenic mucosal perforation occurred in 6 cases, and incomplete PM in 2 infants. Preoperative demographic data and data resulting from the blood acid-base- and ion-analysis were compared with data of a previously published reference group from our institution (Tr?bs RB. Open J Pediatr, 2014;4: 208-215). Results: The duration of vomiting, the grade of dehydration and the severity of blood alkalosis did not differ between both groups. Furthermore, we found no influence of the gestational age and birth weight on the occurrence of intraoperative complications. It seems that early postnatal age (p = 0.07) and low body weight at surgery (p = 0.055) may contribute to surgical problems. Board certification as a paediatric surgeon did not influence the rate of intraoperative complications. Conclusions: Laboratory data did not show any predisposition to intraoperative complications. It is assumed that small infants with early occurring symptoms carry an elevated risk for intraoperative events. Our data support the hypothesis that the rate of intraoperative complications at PM is mainly influenced by skills and experience of the surgeon.

腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术与经脐上小切口幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的效果比较

目的分析腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术与经脐上小切口幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄(CHPS)的效果。方法82例CHPS患儿根据治疗方法的不同分为两组,参照组接受经脐上小切口幽门环肌切开术治疗,研究组接受腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗,比较两组的围术期指标、疼痛程度、并发症。结果研究组的术中出血量少于参照组,术后恢复喂养时间及住院时间均短于参照组,术后48 h的CRIES评分低于参照组(P<0.05)。两组的手术时间、术后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与经脐上小切口幽门环肌切开术相比,腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿CHPS的创伤较小,可明显减轻患儿的术后疼痛程度,加快患儿术后恢复,且未明显增加术后并发症发生风险。

Applications of gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract disease

Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy(G-POME)is an emerging minimally invasive endoscopic technique involving the establishment of a submucosal tun-nel around the pyloric sphincter.In 2013,Khashab et al used G-POME for the first time in the treatment of gastroparesis with enhanced therapeutic efficacy,prov-iding a new direction for the treatment of gastroparesis.With the recent and rapid development of G-POME therapy technology,progress has been made in the treatment of gastroparesis and other upper digestive tract diseases,such as congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and gastric sleeve stricture,with G-POME.This article reviews the research progress and future prospects of G-POME for the treatment of upper digestive tract gastrointestinal diseases.

阿托品治疗肥厚性幽门狭窄的研究进展

肥厚性幽门狭窄(hypertrophic pyloric stenosis,HPS)是由于幽门肌增生肥厚引起的胃出口梗阻性疾病,其发病机制尚未完全清楚,可能继发于幽门肌的持续性痉挛或失弛缓。阿托品作为M胆碱能受体阻断剂,能解除幽门肌痉挛,被用于HPS的保守治疗。阿托品治疗HPS,最早采用口服给药,近年来又采用静脉注射给药。阿托品静脉注射治疗HPS,采取序贯用药的方式疗效较好,是HPS保守治疗的新方法。本文就阿托品治疗HPS的新进展进行综述。

彩色多普勒超声技术在诊断及评估先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的新应用价值

目的:旨在通过运用彩色多普勒超声的血流显像技术(CDFI)及脉冲多普勒(PW)频谱分析技术观察先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄(CHPS)患儿的幽门管组织的血流分布、血流速度等情况,以探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断CHPS并评估其肥厚程度的应用价值。方法:选取2006—2015年广州市第一人民医院新生儿科经超声检查及X线造影检查确诊的65例CHPS患儿,以50例各项生命体征均正常且无临床症状的婴儿作为对照组,对65例CHPS患儿及对照组婴幼儿进行超声检查,记录受检者的幽门形态结构并分别测量幽门肌层厚度、幽门管长径、直径和幽门管内径,通过CDFI检查观察肥厚幽门黏膜各层的彩色血流分布特点并对幽门肌层进行血流分级;通过PW技术进行血流速度测量和频谱分析;另外将CHPS组肌层按厚度分为3组,比较肌层厚度与上述参数间的关系。结果:肥厚的幽门管各层黏膜组织的血流具有分布特征;肌层血流分级为2.83±0.38;最大血流速度(Vmax)为(16.96±0.91)cm/s;阻力指数(RI)为0.68±0.33。65例CHPS患儿的肌层厚度与年龄、体质量、幽门管直径、Vmax、RI均呈正相关(r=0.63、0.48、0.68、0.48、0.42,P均<0.05),与幽门管长度无相关性(r=0.13,P>0.05)。以肌层厚度分为3组的病例中第1组与第2组的血流分级、Vmax及RI无显著差别,血流均较丰富,第3组的血流分级较低,且Vmax加快,RI增大。结论:通过彩色多普勒超声技术检查,可准确掌握幽门管的黏膜各层的血流分布情况和肌层血流分级,并通过测量Vmax及RI以估计幽门狭窄的轻重程度,为临床选择治疗方式乃至为手术治疗方案提供宝贵的客观资料,且简便易行,具有较大的临床应用价值。

先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的X线诊断

目的总结分析婴幼儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的X线特征.方法回顾分析2000年1月～2004年6月经手术、病理证实的50例先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄患儿的X线检查及其表现.结果胃扩张50例,胃排空延迟50例,'双轨征'23例.'线样征'50例,'鸟嘴征'36例,'肩样征'22例,'蕈伞征'42例,胃食管返流20例.结论钡餐造影是诊断先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的可靠方法.

超声测量小儿肥厚性幽门狭窄的相关性研究

目的探讨肥厚性幽门狭窄(HPS)患儿幽门肌层厚度和幽门管长度与患儿年龄和体质量间的相关性。方法回顾性分析手术确诊的111例HPS患儿,超声测量幽门肌层厚度及幽门管长度资料及其与年龄和体质量间相关性。结果Pearson相关分析显示HPS患儿幽门肌层厚度与年龄和体质量有显著相关性(r=0.60、0.49,P<0.01),而幽门管长度与年龄和体质量间无相关性(r=0.13、0.02,P=0.177、0.868)。结论 HPS患儿的幽门肌层厚度与年龄和体质量直接相关,提示对于年龄较小和(或)体质量较轻的疑似HPS新生儿,其肌层厚度和幽门管长度未达HPS的超声诊断标准时,可进行随访复查。

经脐单一部位腹腔镜手术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄30例

目的探讨经脐单一部位腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄（congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis,CHPS）的临床疗效。方法 2012年8月~2013年12月,我科应用腹腔镜经脐单一部位行幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄30例。术中在脐部置入5 mm trocar,放置腹腔镜,在脐环皱褶旁右侧放置2个3 mm trocar,先后置入电钩、抓钳和幽门分离器,完成幽门环肌切开术。结果 30例手术顺利完成,无中转开腹。手术时间25~55 min,（35.9±12.1）min。无并发症发生。术后6 h拔除胃管,从喂糖水逐渐过渡至喂奶。术后住院3~6 d,（3.8±1.1）d。切口隐蔽且美观。30例术后随访3~6个月,生长发育均恢复正常,脐部外观美观,几乎无法观察到手术瘢痕。结论经脐一单部位腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄安全可靠,疗效满意,切口隐蔽且美观。

七氟烷麻醉在新生儿腹腔镜幽门环肌切开术中的应用

目的观察7%七氟烷复合氯胺酮诱导在新生儿腹腔镜幽门环肌切开术中的应用。方法选择30例符合入选标准的在全身麻醉气管插管下行腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术的先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的新生儿,随机分为两组:A组15例患儿接受7%七氟烷复合氯胺酮诱导,B组15例患儿接受全凭静脉麻醉诱导,两组术中均使用1%～3%七氟烷维持麻醉。比较两组患儿的血压、心率、血氧饱和度、诱导时间、术毕拔管时间和不良事件发生率。结果与B组比较,A组术中患儿血压、心率、诱导时间和不良事件发生率的差异无显著性(P>0.05),术毕拔管时间显著缩短(P<0.05)。结论 7%七氟烷吸入复合氯胺酮诱导过程中患儿循环较稳定,与全凭静脉麻醉诱导相比,术毕拔管更快。

超声诊断先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄

目的采用超声观察幽门组织,探讨其诊断先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄(CHPS)的价值。资料与方法回顾性分析2006-2015年广州市第一人民医院新生儿科经超声检查诊断的65例CHPS患儿,通过多普勒超声对CHPS组及50例对照组婴儿进行检查,观察其血流分布特点及血流分级,进行多普勒频谱分析,并观察造影剂通过幽门管的情况。结果 CHPS组肌层厚度为(4.85±0.82)mm,黏膜层厚度(1.24±0.18)mm,幽门管长径(18.53±0.91)mm,幽门管内径(1.95±0.35)mm,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组间肌层及黏膜层血流分级均有统计学意义(t=13.33、18.77,均P<0.01)。CHPS组肌层血流速度为(16.96±0.91)cm/s,阻力指数为0.68±0.33,彩色多普勒超声下幽门管内径为(1.98±0.33)mm。结论多普勒超声检查可掌握幽门组织的血流分布和血流分级,了解造影剂通过幽门情况,综合血流速度及阻力指数等指标可评估幽门狭窄的程度,为临床选择治疗方法提供客观依据。

腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄50例报告

目的总结腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的成功经验.方法2001年4月～2004年4月,应用腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术治疗小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄50例,年龄12～90 d,平均35 d.分别在左、右上腹各置入3 mm trocar,左侧trocar置入无损伤抓钳夹近幽门处胃壁,右侧trocar先后置入伸缩式幽门肌切开刀、剥离器和幽门分离钳,完成幽门环肌切开术.结果腹腔镜下完成手术48例,中转开腹2例,其中1例为术中发现幽门前瓣膜症,1例为幽门黏膜损伤,经开腹修补痊愈.手术时间15～45 min,平均25 min.术后6 h拔胃管,开始喂奶.3～5 d出院.42例术后随访3～6个月,平均4.5月,生长发育均恢复正常.结论丰富的开腹手术经验、熟练的腹腔镜操作技术、术中良好的麻醉和合适的手术器械是完成腹腔镜下幽门环肌切开术的保障.

胃充盈声学造影在诊断先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄中的应用

目的探讨胃充盈声学造影在诊断先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄中的意义。资料与方法44例先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄患儿行胃肠充盈声学造影检查，测量幽门管内径及幽门管前后壁的各黏膜层厚度，观察造影剂在凼门管腔缝隙间的流动情况。结果在声学造影剂衬托下，可以更清晰地显示胃壁及幽门管黏膜的细致结构，可见幽门管中段肌层最厚，黏膜层靠近胃窦部水肿增厚更明显；测得幽门管内径平均为（1．95±0．35）mm：造影剂通过幽门管的首次时间：16例在5min内，19例5～10min，9例观察20min仍未见明显通过；在20min的观察期内，13例造影剂通过幽门管5次以上，22例1～5次，9例未见明显通过。结论胃内充盈声学造影检查可以清晰细致地观察幽门管的结构特征和胃内液体通过幽门管的流体动力学表现，对手术治疗和疗效评价具有重要指导意义。

腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的比较

目的 比较腹腔镜与常规开腹手术治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的疗效.方法 2008年3月至2011年10月,我们分别应用腹腔镜及常规开腹手术治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄163例,从手术时间、术后呕吐、并发症等方面比较两种手术的优缺点.结果 87例行常规开腹手术,76例行腹腔镜手术.两种手术方法在术后呕吐次数、手术时间、术后并发症上比较,差异无统计学意义.腹腔镜组有2例穿孔,术中中转开腹行修补术.术后呕吐与体重及年龄比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 腹腔镜及常规开腹手术均是治疗先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄的安全可靠的治疗方法,腹腔镜手术具有损伤小、伤口美观等优点.