Despite their high prevalence, lack of understanding of the exact pathophysiology of the functional gastrointestinal disorders has restricted us to symptomatic diagnostic tools and therapies. Complex mechanisms underl...Despite their high prevalence, lack of understanding of the exact pathophysiology of the functional gastrointestinal disorders has restricted us to symptomatic diagnostic tools and therapies. Complex mechanisms underlying the disturbances in the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain have a vital role in the pathogenesis and are key to our understanding of the disease phenomenon. Although we have come a long way in our understanding of these complex disorders with the help of studies on animals especially rodents, there need to be more studies in humans, especially to identify the therapeutic targets. This review study looks at the anatomical features of the gut-brain axis in order to discuss the different factors and underlying molecular mechanisms that may have a role in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders. These molecules and their receptors can be targeted in future for further studies and possible therapeutic interventions. The article also discusses the potential role of artificial intelligence and machine learning and its possible role in our understanding of these scientifically challenging disorders.展开更多
In this paper,a semi-analytical method is presented for free vibration and buckling analysis of functionally graded(FG)size-dependent nanobeams based on the physical neutral axis position.It is the first time that a s...In this paper,a semi-analytical method is presented for free vibration and buckling analysis of functionally graded(FG)size-dependent nanobeams based on the physical neutral axis position.It is the first time that a semi-analytical differential transform method(DTM)solution is developed for the FG nanobeams vibration and buckling analysis.Material properties of FG nanobeam are supposed to vary continuously along the thickness according to the power-law form.The physical neutral axis position for mentioned FG nanobeams is determined.The small scale effect is taken into consideration based on nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen.The nonlocal equations of motion are derived through Hamilton’s principle and they are solved applying DTM.It is demonstrated that the DTM has high precision and computational efficiency in the vibration analysis of FG nanobeams.The good agreement between the results of this article and those available in literature validated the presented approach.The detailed mathematical derivations are presented and numerical investigations are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the several parameters such as neutral axis position,small scale effects,the material distribution profile,mode number,thickness ratio and boundary conditions on the normalized natural frequencies and dimensionless buckling load of the FG nanobeams in detail.It is explicitly shown that the vibration and buckling behaviour of a FG nanobeams is significantly influenced by these effects.展开更多
The self-consistent tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory based on the point-coupling interaction is applied to investigate the tilted axis rotation in ^57 Mn. The observed data for band C are repro...The self-consistent tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory based on the point-coupling interaction is applied to investigate the tilted axis rotation in ^57 Mn. The observed data for band C are reproduced well with the assigned configuration eonfig 1. The shears mechanism for magnetic rotation is examined by investigating microscopically the orientation of angular momentum and the corresponding contributions. It is found that config 1 and config 3 correspond to a rotation of high-K character. Config 2 corresponds to a rotation of magnetic character. However, due to the presence of electromagnetic transition B(M1) and B(E2), collective rotation plays an essential role in the competition with magnetic rotation.展开更多
AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus...AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus and Embase in February 2015.Date filters were applied from the year2009 and onward,and studies were limited to those written in the English language and those performed upon human subjects.The initial search yielded 797articles,out of which 38 were pulled for full text review and 27 were included for study analysis.Investigations were reviewed to determine study design,methodology and results,and data points were placed in tabular format to facilitate analysis of study findings across disparate investigations.RESULTS:Analysis of study data resulted in the abstraction of four key themes:Neurohormonal differences,anatomic measurements of brain structure and connectivity,differences in functional responsiveness of the brain during rectal distention,and confounding/correlating patient factors.Studies in this review noted alterations of glutamate in the left hippocampus(HIPP),commonalities across IBS subjects in terms of brain oscillation patterns,cortical thickness/gray matter volume differences,and neuroanatomical regions withincreased activation in patients with IBS:Anterio cingulate cortex,mid cingulate cortex,amygdala anterior insula,posterior insula and prefrontal cortex.A striking finding among interventions was the substantia influence that patient variables(e.g.,sex,psychologica and disease related factors)had upon the identification of neuroanatomical differences in structure and con nectivity.CONCLUSION:The field of neuroimaging can provide insight into underlying physiological differences that distinguish patients with IBS from a healthy population.展开更多
Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common clinical label for medically unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms,recently described as a disturbance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Despite decades of research,the pathophy...Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common clinical label for medically unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms,recently described as a disturbance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Despite decades of research,the pathophysiology of this highly heterogeneous disorder remains elusive.However,a dramatic change in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms surfaced when the importance of gut microbiota protruded the scientific picture.Are we getting any closer to understanding IBS’etiology,or are we drowning in unspecific,conflicting data because we possess limited tools to unravel the cluster of secrets our gut microbiota is concealing?In this comprehensive review we are discussing some of the major important features of IBS and their interaction with gut microbiota,clinical microbiota-altering treatment such as the low FODMAP diet and fecal microbiota transplantation,neuroimaging and methods in microbiota analyses,and current and future challenges with big data analysis in IBS.展开更多
The incidence of obesity and its related conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has dramatically increased in all age groups worldwide. Given the health consequences of these conditions, and t...The incidence of obesity and its related conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has dramatically increased in all age groups worldwide. Given the health consequences of these conditions, and the subsequent economic burden on healthcare systems, their prevention and treatment have become major priorities. Because standard dietary and lifestyle changes and pathogenically-oriented therapies(e.g., antioxidants, oral hypoglycemic agents, and lipid-lowering agents) often fail due to poor compliance and/or lack of efficacy, novel approaches directed toward other pathomechanisms are needed. Here we present several lines of evidence indicating that, by increasing energy extraction in some dysbiosis conditions or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,specific gut microbiota and/or a"low bacterial richness"may play a role in obesity,metabolic syndrome,and fatty liver.Under conditions involving a damaged intestinal barrier("leaky gut"),the gut-liver axis may enhance the natural interactions between intestinal bacteria/bacterial products and hepatic receptors(e.g.,toll-like receptors),thus promoting the following cascade of events:oxidative stress,insulinresistance,hepatic inflammation,and fibrosis.We also discuss the possible modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics,as attempted in NAFLD animal model studies and in several pilot pediatric and adult human studies.Globally,this approach appears to be a promising and innovative add-on therapeutic tool for NAFLD in the context of multi-target therapy.展开更多
An analytic function f in the unit disk D := {z ∈ C : |z| 〈 1}, standardly normalized, is called close-to-convex with respect to the Koebe function k(z) := z/(1-z)2, z ∈ D, if there exists δ ∈ (-π/2,...An analytic function f in the unit disk D := {z ∈ C : |z| 〈 1}, standardly normalized, is called close-to-convex with respect to the Koebe function k(z) := z/(1-z)2, z ∈ D, if there exists δ ∈ (-π/2,π/2) such that Re {eiδ(1-z)2f′(z)} 〉 0, z ∈ D. For the class C(k) of all close-to-convex functions with respect to k, related to the class of functions convex in the positive direction of the imaginary axis, the Fekete-Szego problem is studied.展开更多
Objective:To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Shenling Baizhu San (SLBZS) on functional diarrhea (FDr) by studying the brain-gut axis and related neuropeptides.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided ...Objective:To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Shenling Baizhu San (SLBZS) on functional diarrhea (FDr) by studying the brain-gut axis and related neuropeptides.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group,model group,SLBZS-treated group and Montmorillonite Powder-treated group (MP-treated group) (n =15/group).Rats received gavage after the establishment of functional diarrhea.An equal volume of SLBZS solution and Montmorillonite Powder (MP) solution was administered to the SLBZS-treated group and MP-treated group,respectively,and an equal volume of distilled water was administered to the control group and the model group.The chemical components and targets related to SLBZS were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database (TCMID).The effective chemical components were screened based on oral bioavailability (OB) and drug like-index (DL),and their biological functions were analyzed by GlueGO.Based on this screening,the expression of Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Ghrelin in the hypothalamus of rats was detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting.Results:In this study,72 effective components and 190 core targets of SLBZS were screened.SLBZS may regulate smooth muscle contraction,energy metabolism and other biological processes.The results of RT-PCR showed that in the model group,the expression of CCK mRNA (P =.001) and Ghrelin mRNA (P =.000) increased significantly.Compared with the model group,CCK mRNA (P =.007) and Ghrelin mRNA (P =.001) levels in SLBZS-treated rats were decreased significantly.The results of western blotting showed that in the model group,the protein expression of CCK (P =.001) and Ghrelin (P =.000) increased significantly.The protein levels of CCK (P =.001) and Ghrelin (P =.005) in the SLBZS-treated group were decreased significantly compared with the model group.Conclusion:SLBZS improved functional diarrhea by regulating the brain-gut axis.Changes in the expressions of brain-gut peptide,CCK and Ghrelin might explain the pathogenesis of functional diarrhea related to brain-gut peptide and gastrointestinal hormone.展开更多
文摘Despite their high prevalence, lack of understanding of the exact pathophysiology of the functional gastrointestinal disorders has restricted us to symptomatic diagnostic tools and therapies. Complex mechanisms underlying the disturbances in the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain have a vital role in the pathogenesis and are key to our understanding of the disease phenomenon. Although we have come a long way in our understanding of these complex disorders with the help of studies on animals especially rodents, there need to be more studies in humans, especially to identify the therapeutic targets. This review study looks at the anatomical features of the gut-brain axis in order to discuss the different factors and underlying molecular mechanisms that may have a role in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders. These molecules and their receptors can be targeted in future for further studies and possible therapeutic interventions. The article also discusses the potential role of artificial intelligence and machine learning and its possible role in our understanding of these scientifically challenging disorders.
文摘In this paper,a semi-analytical method is presented for free vibration and buckling analysis of functionally graded(FG)size-dependent nanobeams based on the physical neutral axis position.It is the first time that a semi-analytical differential transform method(DTM)solution is developed for the FG nanobeams vibration and buckling analysis.Material properties of FG nanobeam are supposed to vary continuously along the thickness according to the power-law form.The physical neutral axis position for mentioned FG nanobeams is determined.The small scale effect is taken into consideration based on nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen.The nonlocal equations of motion are derived through Hamilton’s principle and they are solved applying DTM.It is demonstrated that the DTM has high precision and computational efficiency in the vibration analysis of FG nanobeams.The good agreement between the results of this article and those available in literature validated the presented approach.The detailed mathematical derivations are presented and numerical investigations are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of the several parameters such as neutral axis position,small scale effects,the material distribution profile,mode number,thickness ratio and boundary conditions on the normalized natural frequencies and dimensionless buckling load of the FG nanobeams in detail.It is explicitly shown that the vibration and buckling behaviour of a FG nanobeams is significantly influenced by these effects.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11461141002the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Institute of Theoretical Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No Y4KF041CJ1
文摘The self-consistent tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory based on the point-coupling interaction is applied to investigate the tilted axis rotation in ^57 Mn. The observed data for band C are reproduced well with the assigned configuration eonfig 1. The shears mechanism for magnetic rotation is examined by investigating microscopically the orientation of angular momentum and the corresponding contributions. It is found that config 1 and config 3 correspond to a rotation of high-K character. Config 2 corresponds to a rotation of magnetic character. However, due to the presence of electromagnetic transition B(M1) and B(E2), collective rotation plays an essential role in the competition with magnetic rotation.
基金Supported by Division of Intramural ResearchNational Institute of Nursing Research to W.A.H.No.1ZIANR000018-01-05
文摘AIM:To summarize and synthesize current literature on neuroimaging the brain-gut axis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).METHODS:A database search for relevant literature was conducted using Pub Med,Scopus and Embase in February 2015.Date filters were applied from the year2009 and onward,and studies were limited to those written in the English language and those performed upon human subjects.The initial search yielded 797articles,out of which 38 were pulled for full text review and 27 were included for study analysis.Investigations were reviewed to determine study design,methodology and results,and data points were placed in tabular format to facilitate analysis of study findings across disparate investigations.RESULTS:Analysis of study data resulted in the abstraction of four key themes:Neurohormonal differences,anatomic measurements of brain structure and connectivity,differences in functional responsiveness of the brain during rectal distention,and confounding/correlating patient factors.Studies in this review noted alterations of glutamate in the left hippocampus(HIPP),commonalities across IBS subjects in terms of brain oscillation patterns,cortical thickness/gray matter volume differences,and neuroanatomical regions withincreased activation in patients with IBS:Anterio cingulate cortex,mid cingulate cortex,amygdala anterior insula,posterior insula and prefrontal cortex.A striking finding among interventions was the substantia influence that patient variables(e.g.,sex,psychologica and disease related factors)had upon the identification of neuroanatomical differences in structure and con nectivity.CONCLUSION:The field of neuroimaging can provide insight into underlying physiological differences that distinguish patients with IBS from a healthy population.
基金Supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(MICINN,Spain),No.AGL2017-88801-P(to Sanz Y)the Miguel Server grant from the Spanish"Carlos III"Health Institute(ISCIII),No.CP19/00132(to Benitez-Paez A)+2 种基金The Norwegian Research Council(Funding Postdoc Position for Bharath Halandur Nagaraja),No.FRIMEDBIO276010and Helse Vest’s Research Funding,No.HV912243and ERC H2020-MSCA-IF-2019,No.895219(to Haleem N).
文摘Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a common clinical label for medically unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms,recently described as a disturbance of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Despite decades of research,the pathophysiology of this highly heterogeneous disorder remains elusive.However,a dramatic change in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms surfaced when the importance of gut microbiota protruded the scientific picture.Are we getting any closer to understanding IBS’etiology,or are we drowning in unspecific,conflicting data because we possess limited tools to unravel the cluster of secrets our gut microbiota is concealing?In this comprehensive review we are discussing some of the major important features of IBS and their interaction with gut microbiota,clinical microbiota-altering treatment such as the low FODMAP diet and fecal microbiota transplantation,neuroimaging and methods in microbiota analyses,and current and future challenges with big data analysis in IBS.
基金Supported by(in part)FARB-ex 60%2012 of the University of Salerno grant to Vajro P
文摘The incidence of obesity and its related conditions, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has dramatically increased in all age groups worldwide. Given the health consequences of these conditions, and the subsequent economic burden on healthcare systems, their prevention and treatment have become major priorities. Because standard dietary and lifestyle changes and pathogenically-oriented therapies(e.g., antioxidants, oral hypoglycemic agents, and lipid-lowering agents) often fail due to poor compliance and/or lack of efficacy, novel approaches directed toward other pathomechanisms are needed. Here we present several lines of evidence indicating that, by increasing energy extraction in some dysbiosis conditions or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,specific gut microbiota and/or a"low bacterial richness"may play a role in obesity,metabolic syndrome,and fatty liver.Under conditions involving a damaged intestinal barrier("leaky gut"),the gut-liver axis may enhance the natural interactions between intestinal bacteria/bacterial products and hepatic receptors(e.g.,toll-like receptors),thus promoting the following cascade of events:oxidative stress,insulinresistance,hepatic inflammation,and fibrosis.We also discuss the possible modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics,as attempted in NAFLD animal model studies and in several pilot pediatric and adult human studies.Globally,this approach appears to be a promising and innovative add-on therapeutic tool for NAFLD in the context of multi-target therapy.
文摘An analytic function f in the unit disk D := {z ∈ C : |z| 〈 1}, standardly normalized, is called close-to-convex with respect to the Koebe function k(z) := z/(1-z)2, z ∈ D, if there exists δ ∈ (-π/2,π/2) such that Re {eiδ(1-z)2f′(z)} 〉 0, z ∈ D. For the class C(k) of all close-to-convex functions with respect to k, related to the class of functions convex in the positive direction of the imaginary axis, the Fekete-Szego problem is studied.
文摘Objective:To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Shenling Baizhu San (SLBZS) on functional diarrhea (FDr) by studying the brain-gut axis and related neuropeptides.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group,model group,SLBZS-treated group and Montmorillonite Powder-treated group (MP-treated group) (n =15/group).Rats received gavage after the establishment of functional diarrhea.An equal volume of SLBZS solution and Montmorillonite Powder (MP) solution was administered to the SLBZS-treated group and MP-treated group,respectively,and an equal volume of distilled water was administered to the control group and the model group.The chemical components and targets related to SLBZS were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database (TCMID).The effective chemical components were screened based on oral bioavailability (OB) and drug like-index (DL),and their biological functions were analyzed by GlueGO.Based on this screening,the expression of Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Ghrelin in the hypothalamus of rats was detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting.Results:In this study,72 effective components and 190 core targets of SLBZS were screened.SLBZS may regulate smooth muscle contraction,energy metabolism and other biological processes.The results of RT-PCR showed that in the model group,the expression of CCK mRNA (P =.001) and Ghrelin mRNA (P =.000) increased significantly.Compared with the model group,CCK mRNA (P =.007) and Ghrelin mRNA (P =.001) levels in SLBZS-treated rats were decreased significantly.The results of western blotting showed that in the model group,the protein expression of CCK (P =.001) and Ghrelin (P =.000) increased significantly.The protein levels of CCK (P =.001) and Ghrelin (P =.005) in the SLBZS-treated group were decreased significantly compared with the model group.Conclusion:SLBZS improved functional diarrhea by regulating the brain-gut axis.Changes in the expressions of brain-gut peptide,CCK and Ghrelin might explain the pathogenesis of functional diarrhea related to brain-gut peptide and gastrointestinal hormone.