Effect of tubastatin A on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages under hypoxia/ reoxygenation conditions

BACKGROUND:There are currently no effective drugs to mitigate the ischemia/reperfusion injury caused by fluid resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock(HS).The aim of this study was to explore the potential of the histone deacetylase 6(HDAC6)-specific inhibitor tubastatin A(TubA)to suppress nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome activation in macrophages under hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)conditions.METHODS:The viability of RAW264.7 cells subjected to H/R after treatment with different concentrations of TubA was assessed using a cell-counting kit-8(CCK8)assay.Briefly,2.5μmol/L TubA was used with RAW264.7 cells under H/R condition.RAW264.7 cells were divided into three groups,namely the control,H/R,and TubA groups.The levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cells were detected using fluorescence microscopy.The protein expression of HDAC6,heat shock protein 90(Hsp90),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),NLRP3,gasdermin-D(GSDMD),Caspase-1,GSDMD-N,and Caspase-1 p20 was detected by western blotting.The levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and IL-18 in the supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).RESULTS:HDAC6,Hsp90,and iNOS expression levels were significantly higher(P<0.01)in the H/R group than in the control group,but lower in the TubA group than in the H/R group(P<0.05).When comparing the H/R group to the control group,ROS levels were significantly higher(P<0.01),but significantly reduced in the TubA group(P<0.05).The H/R group had higher NLRP3,GSDMD,Caspase-1,GSDMD-N,and Caspase-1 p20 expression levels than the control group(P<0.05),however,the TubA group had significantly lower expression levels than the H/R group(P<0.05).IL-1βand IL-18 levels in the supernatants were significantly higher in the H/R group compared to the control group(P<0.01),but significantly lower in the TubA group compared to the H/R group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:TubA inhibited the expression of HDAC6,Hsp90,and iNOS in macrophages subjected to H/R.This inhibition led to a decrease in the content of ROS in cells,which subsequently inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the secretion of IL-1βand IL-18.

Anisodine hydrobromide alleviates oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells predominantly via inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4

Background:Anisodine hydrobromide(AT3),an anti-cholinergic agent,could be delivered to the brain across the blood-brain barrier and has been used clinically for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.Endothelial dysfunction can be caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)via oxidative stress and metabolic alterations.The present study investigated whether AT3 regulates the production of nitric oxide(NO)and reactive oxygen species(ROS),and the HIF-1αpathway via regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors(mAChRs)in brain microvascular endothelial cells after H/R exposure.Methods:Under H/R conditions,hCMEC/D3 cerebral microvascular endothelial cells were treated with AT3.Specific inhibitors of M2-and M4-mAChRs were used to explore the mechanism by which AT3 influences oxidative stress in endothelial cells.Then,mAChRs expression was detected by western blotting and NO production was detected by Greiss reaction.The intracellular ROS level was measured using DCFH-DA probes.The expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α(HIF-1α)was also detected.Results:While H/R induced the expression of M2-and M4-mAChRs,AT3 suppressed the H/R-upregulated M2-and M4-mAChRs.H/R also induced the production of NO,ROS,and apoptosis.AT3 and M4-mAChR inhibitors inhibited the H/R-induced production of NO and ROS and apoptosis.HIF-1αwas induced by H/R,but was suppressed by AT3.Conclusion:Thus,the in vitro evidence shows that AT3 protects against H/R injury in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells via inhibition of HIF-1α,NO and ROS,predominantly through the downregulation of M4-mAChR.The findings offer novel understandings regarding AT3-mediated attenuation of endothelial cell apoptosis and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Nonhematopoietic erythropoietin derivative protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis

Objective：Carbamylated EPO（CEPO） is a derivative of erythropoietin（EPO） by subjecting it to carbamylation. It does not stimulate erythropoiesis, but effectively protects tissue from injury. The present study was to investigate the effect of CEPO treatment using in vitro models of hypoxia/reoxygenation（H/R）. Methods：Cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia（95% N2 and 5% CO2） for 1 hour followed by 4 hours of reoxygenation（95% O2 and 5% CO2）. CEPO was administered after hypoxia, just before reoxygenation. The apoptotic cardiomyocytes were determined by flow cytometry. The level of protein was assessed by western blot analysis. Results： CEPO treatment significantly decreased the apoptotic cardiomyocytes by 54.20% compared with H/R group. Western blot analysis showed that CEPO administration increased the level of Bcl-2（an antiapoptotic protein） by 62.22% compared with H/R group. Conclusion： Acute administration of CEPO protected cardiomyocytes from H/R-induced apoptosis. CEPO protected cardiomyocytes with a concomitant upregulation of Bcl-2 after H/R injury.

TIR/BB-loop mimetic AS-1 protects vascular endothelial cells from injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation

Morphological and functional abnormalities of vascular endothelial cells(VECs) are risk factors of ischemiareperfusion in skin flaps.Signaling pathway mediated by interleukin-1 receptor(IL-1 R) is essential to hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R) injury of VECs.While the TIR/BB-loop mimetic(AS-1) disrupts the interaction between IL-1 R and myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88(MyD88),its role in the VECs dysfunction under H/R is unclear.In this study,we first showed that there was an infiltration of inflammatory cells and the apoptosis of VECs by using a skin flap section from patients who received flap transplantation.We then showed that the H/R treatment induced apoptosis and loss of cell migration of endothelial cell line H926 were attenuated by AS-1.Furthermore,our data suggested that AS-1 inhibits the interaction between IL-1 R and MyD88,and subsequent phosphorylation of IκB and p38 pathway,as well as the nuclear localization of NF-κB subunit p65/p50.Thus,this study indicated that the protective role of AS-1 in H/R induced cellular injury may be due to the AS-1 mediated down-regulation of IL-1 R signaling pathway.

Effects of Crocin on Nox2 Expression and ROS Level of Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-induced Injury of Cardiomyocytes

[Objectives]To explore the protection mechanism of crocin against ischemia-reperfusion injury of myocardial cells.[Methods]Newborn male SD rats were selected,left ventricular cardiomyocytes(CMs)were isolated,and a hypoxia/reoxygenation model of CMs was established to simulate the process of ischemia/reperfusion injury.The cells were randomly divided into four groups:normal cell group(control group),crocin group),hypoxia/reoxygenation group(H/R group),hypoxia/reoxygenation+crocin group(H/R+crocin group).H/R+crocin group selected the concentration of crocin 1,10,and 100μmol/L,and determined the optimal concentration of crocin by detecting the cell proliferation ability.After the cells were pretreated using the optimal concentration of crocin,the levels of superoxide anion,cell proliferation,apoptosis and Nox2 levels in each group of cells were detected.[Results]Compared with the control group,the proliferation ability of CMs after hypoxia-reoxygenation injury was reduced(P<0.05),while cell apoptosis and intracellular superoxide anion levels were significantly increased(P<0.01);the CMs pretreated with crocin can reduce the level of Nox2(P<0.01),increase the cell proliferation ability of CMs,reduce cell apoptosis,and accordingly reduce the level of superoxide anion in the cell(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Crocin protects CMs from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through down-regulating the level of Nox2 and reducing oxidative stress injury.

Iptakalim ameliorates relaxation to acetylcholine in thoracic aortic rings impaired by microvesicles derived from hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated HUVECs

Objective: To investigate the effect of Iptakalim(Ipt) preventing injury of endothelial microvesicles(EMVs) derived from hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)-treated HUVECs on the relaxation of rat thoracic aortic rings and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: H/R injury model was established to release H/R-EMVs from HUVECs. H/R-EMVs from HUVECs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the conditioned culture medium. H/R-EMVs were characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM). Thoracic aortic rings of rats were incubated with 10^(-7)-10^(-3 )mol/L Ipt and co-cultured with 10 μg/ml H/R-EMVs for 4 hours, and their endothelium- dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine(ACh) was recorded in vitro. The nitric oxide(NO) production of ACh-treated rat thoracic aortic rings was measured by using Griess reagent. The expression of endothelial NO synthase(e NOS), phosphorylated e NOS(p-e NOS, Ser-1177), serine/threonine kinas(Akt) and phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt, Ser-473) in the thoracic aortic rings of rats was detected by Western blotting. Results: H/R-EMVs were induced by H/R-treated HUVECs and isolated by ultracentrifugation. The isolated H/R-EMVs subjected to TEM revealed small, rounded vesicles(100–1 000 nm) surrounded by a membrane. H/R-EMVs impaired relaxation induced by ACh of rat thoracic aortic rings significantly. Compared with H/R-EMVs treatment individually, relaxation and NO production of rat thoracic aortic rings were increased by Ipt treatment in a concentration-dependent manner(P<0.05, P<0.01). The expression of total e NOS(t-e NOS) and total Akt(t-Akt) was not affected by Ipt or H/R-EMVs. However, the expression of p-e NOS and p-Akt increased after treated with Ipt(P<0.01). Conclusion: Based on H/R-EMVs treatment, ACh induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat thoracic aortic rings was ameliorated by Ipt in a concentration-dependent manner. The mechanisms involved the increase in NO production, p-e NOS and p-Akt expression.

Microvesicles derived from hypoxia/reoxYgenation-treated human umbilical vein endothellal cells impair relaxation of rat thoracic aortic rings

Objective To investigate the effects of microvesicles(MVs) derived from hypoxia/reoxygenation(H/R)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat thoracic aortic rings.Methods H/R injury model was established to induce HUVECs to release H/R-EMVs.H/R-EMVs from HUVECs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the conditioned culture medium.H/R-EMVs were characterized using 1 urn latex beads and anti-PE-CD144 by flow cytometry.Thoracic aortic rings of rats were incubated with 2.5,5,10,20 μg/ml H/R-EMVs derived from H/R-treated HUVECs for 4 hours,and their endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine(ACh) or endothelium-independent relaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside(SNP) was recorded in vitro.The nitric oxide(NO) production of ACh-treated thoracic aortic rings of rats was measured using Griess reagent.The expression of endothelial NO synthase(eNOS) and phosphorylated eNOS(p-eNOS,Ser-1177) in the thoracic aortic rings of rats was detected by Western blotting.Furthermore,the levels of SOD and MDA in H/R-EMVs-treated thoracic aortic rings of rats were measured using SOD and MDA kit.Results H/R-EMVs were induced by H/R-treated HUVECs and isolated by ultracentrifugation.The membrane vesicles(< 1 urn) induced by H/R were CD144 positive.ACh-induced relaxation and NO production of rat thoracic aortic rings were impaired by H/R-EMVs treatment in a concentration-dependent manner(P<0.05,P<0.01).The expression of total eNOS(t-eNOS)was not affected by H/R-EMVs.However,the expression of p-eNOS decreased after treated with H/R-EMVs.The activity of SOD decreased and the level of MDA increased in H/R-EMVs treated rat thoracic aortic rings(P<0.01).Conclusion ACh induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of thoracic aortic rings of rats was impaired by H/R-EMVs in a concentration-dependent manner.The mechanisms included a decrease in NO production,p-eNOS expression and an increase in oxidative stress.

Adiponectin Attenuates Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury Through Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Background and Aim Adiponectin(APN) is a potent cardioprotective molecule.The present study aims to investigate the under-lying mechanism(s) for its cardioprotective effect.Methods Primary cardiomyocytes were isolated from neonatal rats and an invitro model of hypoxia-reoxygenation(H/R) was established.The cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into six groups: salinegroup(control),dithiothreitol(DTT) group(5 mmol/L DTTfor 2 h),H/R group,H/R +APN group(incubation with 30 mg/LAPN,followed by H/R),H/R +APN +SB203580(SB) group(treatment with 30 mg/L APN and 5μmol/L SB,followed by H/R),and H/R +SB group(exposure to 5μmol/L SB and then H/R).Cell death was detected by measuring lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release.The expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha(HIF-1α) and endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress-relatedgenes including GRP78,caspase-12,C/EBP homologus protein(CHOP),and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) wereexamined.Results Cardiomyocytes exposed to H/R showed a significant increase in LDH leakage and HIF-1αprotein levelscompared with the control cells(P<0.05).The H/R-provoked cell death was profoundly attenuated by the pretreatment with APNalone,SB alone,or both,which was coupled with decreased expression of GRP78,caspase-12,CHOP,and p38 MAPK.Conclu-sions These results provide new insights into the mechanism of APN-mediated cardioprotection,which may be partially due to inhibi-tion of ER stress response.

Role of NF-κB in protection of EPO pretreatment on neonatal rat cardiac myocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury

Objective:To observe the protective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) pretreatment on cardiac myocyte with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury and the role of NF-κB in this effects. Methods:After the H/R model of cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats was established, the cultured cardiac myocytes were divided into 4 groups, including EPO pretreatment group ( EPO 10 U/ml 24 h before H/R), EPO pretreatment + PDTC group( EPO 10 U/ml and PDTC 5 μg/ml 24 h before H/R), PDTC group (PDTC 5 μg /ml 24 h before H/R) and control group. Before and after the H/R, assay of LDH concentration in the culture medium, the survival rate of the myocytes tested by MTT chromatometry and the apoptosis by flow cytometry were undertaken. Activation of NF-κB was determined by EMSA before and after H/R. Results:EPO pretreatment markedly reduced the LDH concentration in the medium, elevated the survival rate of myocytes and inhibited the apoptosis after H/R. Addition of PDTC during the pretreatment abolished the protective effects of EPO pretreatment. NF-κB was markedly activated during EPO pretreatment and PDTC inhibited the activation. However, after H/R, the activity of NF-κB in myocytes with EPO pretreatment was significantly inhibited compared to the other myocytes. Conclusion:NF-κB is significantly activated during EPO pretreatment, but is inhibited after H/R, which is correlated with the protective effects of EPO pretreatment on cardiac myocytes with H/R. This phenomenon can be explained as the negative feedback mechanism of the activation of NF-κB.

Effects of L-THP on Ca^(2+) Overload of Cultured Rat Cardiomyocytes during Hypoxia and Reoxygenation

The effects of L-tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) on the cultured rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia and reoxygenation and the mechanism of L-THP treating reperfusion-arrythmias were stud- ied. The concentration of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) of single cultured ventricular myocyte was determined by using EPC-9 light-electricity measurement system. It was found that L-THP (100μmol/L) could reduce the [Ca2+]i augmentation in single cultured ventricular myocyte during hypoxia and reoxygenation. Verapamil (10 μmol/L ) had the similar effect. It was concluded that L- THP could inhibit the Ca2+ overload of cultured rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia and reoxygena- tion.

Neocryptotanshinone protects cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced H9C2 cell injury through targeting RxRα

OBJECTIVE Neocryptotanshinone(NCTS)is a natural product extracted from traditional Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.Previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory of NCTS in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage(RAW 264.7).However,the protective effect and mechanism of NCTS in cardiomy⁃ocytes are still undefined.This study is to investigate whether NCTS exerts its cardioprotective effect against hypoxia/re⁃oxygenation(H/R)-induced H9C2 cell injury.METHODS The model of H/R injury was established through hypoxia for 8 h and reoxygenation for 12 h in H9C2 cardiomyocytes of rats.Cultured cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into four groups,control group,H/R group,H/R+NCTS pretreated group(1,2,5 and 10μmol·L^-1),and H/R+NCTS+HX531(an RXRαantagonist,2μmol·L^-1)co-treated group.The cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8,Hoechst33258 staining was used to observe the morphology of apoptotic changes.Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 fluorescent probe,and protein expressions of RXRα,Bcl-2,Bax,caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 with Western blotting.RESULTS Compared with control group,the cell viability in model group was decreased(P<0.05).After treated with NCTS in different concentrations,the CCK8 results showed that NCTS in 2μmol·L^-1 had protective effects.Result of Hoechst33258 staining suggested that the apoptosis was notably increased in model group(P<0.05),Meanwhile,the JC-1 results showed that the mitochondrial membrane potential of the model group decreased which was consistent with previous study.impressively,NCTS could restore the mitochondrial membrane potential as well as apoptosis.Fur⁃ther western blot experiments showed that NCTS treat could upregulate Bcl-2 protein,and downregulate the levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio.Since RXRαis a critical upstreaming proteins which can directly mediate the apoptosis,we then determined the effect of NCTS on it.Intriguingly,RXRαwas notably activated by NCTS,while the HX531,the antagonist of RXRα,could abolished NCTS'effect when co-treated with NCTS.CONCLUSION NCTS in 2μmol·L^-1 was effective to protect H9C2 cell from H/R-induced cell injury through RXRα-mediated mitochondria apop⁃tosis.Current results provide possible drugs for the treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Effects of L-Tetrahydropalmatine on NOSⅢ Gene Expression in Hypoxia and Cultured Porcine Cerebral Arterial Endothelial Cells during Reoxygenation

To investigate the expression of NOSⅢ mRNA and protein in cultured porcine cerebral arterial endothelial cells (CAEC) during hypoxia and reoxygenation and the effects of L-Tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) on the gene expression of NOSⅢ in CAEC during hypoxia and reoxygenation. The cultured CAEC were divided into 5 groups: control, hypoxia, hypoxia+reoxygenation, hypoxia+L-THP and reoxygenation+L-THP groups. NOSⅢ mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunocytochemistry was used to detect the level of NOSⅢ protein. The expression of NOSⅢ mRNA and protein were increased when CAEC were exposed to hypoxia for 1 h, and significantly decreased during reoxygenation 2, 6 and 12 h after 1-h of hypoxia. L-THP from 10 -8 mol/L to 10 -3 mol/L could inhibit the up-regulation of NOSⅢ gene expression during hypoxia and down-regulation of NOSⅢ gene expression during reoxygenation.

金雀异黄酮通过Nrf2/HO-1信号通路减轻皮质神经元低氧/复氧损伤

目的研究金雀异黄酮(GEN)对皮质神经元低氧/复氧(H/R)损伤的影响,并基于核因子E2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶1(Nrf2/HO-1)信号通路探讨其机制。方法分离并体外培养C57BL/6J小鼠胎鼠(妊娠15 d)皮质神经元,设正常对照(Normal)组、模型(H/R)组、GEN(12.5μmol·L^(-1))组、TBHQ(Nrf2激动剂,10μmol·L^(-1))组、GEN(12.5μmol·L^(-1))+TBHQ(10μmol·L^(-1))组。除正常对照组外,其他组采用低氧(5%CO_(2)+95%N_(2))4 h后复氧(5%CO_(2)+95%空气)24 h的方法制备H/R损伤皮质神经元模型,各组分别于造模前2h给药干预。采用CCK-8法、流式细胞术检测神经元活力和凋亡率,DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测神经元活性氧(ROS)含量,分光光度法检测神经元中丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)]活性,RT-PCR法检测神经元Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA表达,Western blot法检测神经元Nrf2、HO-1、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、激活型Caspase-3(cleaved Caspase-3)蛋白表达。结果与H/R组比较,GEN组、TBHQ组和GEN+TBHQ组皮质神经元活力明显升高、凋亡率明显降低(P<0.05);神经元中ROS、MDA含量明显降低,SOD、GSH-Px活性明显升高(P<0.05);Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA表达量明显升高(P<0.05);Nrf2、HO-1、Bcl-2蛋白表达量及Bcl-2/Bax比值明显升高,Bax、cleaved Caspase-3蛋白表达量明显降低(P<0.05)。GEN+TBHQ组对H/R损伤皮质神经元活力、凋亡率、氧化应激指标、Nrf2/HO-1信号通路相关mRNA和蛋白表达的调控作用均明显优于GEN组和TBHQ组(P<0.05)。结论GEN可通过促进Nrf2/HO-1信号通路活化抑制氧化应激损伤和神经元凋亡,对皮质神经元H/R损伤起到保护作用。

利多卡因通过降低微小RNA-181a表达抑制缺氧/复氧诱导的心肌细胞损伤

目的 探讨利多卡因通过调控微小RNA-181a(miR-181a)对缺氧/复氧(H/R)诱导的心肌细胞H9C2损伤的影响。方法 培养H9C2细胞,建立H/R模型,作为H/R组;正常培养的细胞作为对照(Con)组。使用1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、20.0μmol/L利多卡因处理H/R诱导的H9C2细胞,并分别设为1.0μmol/L组、2.5μmol/L组、5.0μmol/L组、10.0μmol/L组和20.0μmol/L组。将anti-miR-NC、anti-miR-181a分别转染至H/R诱导的H9C2细胞,记为H/R+anti-miR-NC组、H/R+anti-miR-181a组。将miR-NC、miR-181a分别转染至H/R诱导的H9C2细胞,再用20.0μmol/L利多卡因处理,分别记为H/R+miR-NC+20.0μmol/L组、H/R+miR-181a+20.0μmol/L组。采用MTT实验检测细胞活性;采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;采用蛋白质印迹(Western blot)检测细胞半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)蛋白表达;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测miR-181a表达;检测丙二醛(MDA)含量及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测炎性因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]的水平。结果 与Con组相比,H/R组细胞活性降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与H/R组相比,5.0μmol/L组、10.0μmol/L组和20.0μmol/L组的细胞活性提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。因此,后续以20.0μmol/L利多卡因进行实验。与Con组相比,H/R组细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3蛋白表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与H/R组相比,20.0μmol/L组细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与Con组相比,H/R组MDA含量、LDH活性以及炎症因子水平提高,SOD活性降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与H/R组相比,20.0μmol/L组MDA含量、LDH活性以及炎性因子水平降低,SOD活性提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与H/R+anti-miR-NC组相比,H/R+anti-miR-181a组细胞miR-181a表达、凋亡率和Caspase-3蛋白表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与H/R+anti-miR-NC组相比,H/R+anti-miR-181a组MDA含量、LDH活性以及炎性因子水平降低,SOD活性升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与H/R+miR-NC+20.0μmol/L组相比,H/R+miR-181a+20.0μmol/L组细胞凋亡率、Caspase-3蛋白和MDA含量、LDH活性以及炎性因子水平升高,SOD活性降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 利多卡因通过干扰miR-181a表达,抑制H/R诱导的心肌细胞H9C2损伤。

咪达唑仑通过上调miR-320抑制缺氧/复氧诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

目的 为了明确咪达唑仑在缺血性中风中的作用,探讨咪达唑仑对缺氧/复氧(H/R)诱导的PC12细胞增殖和凋亡的影响和潜在机制。方法 体外培养PC12细胞,分为Control组、H/R组、不同剂量咪达唑仑组、10μmol/L咪达唑仑+anti-miR-NC组、和10μmol/L咪达唑仑+anti-miR-320组;CCK-8法和流式细胞术分别用于检测细胞增殖和凋亡;Western Blot检测蛋白表达;RT-qPCR检测miR-320表达。结果 与Control组相比,H/R组细胞A值(0.43±0.02)、pro-caspase3水平(0.14±0.01)和miR-320表达(0.15±0.01)显著降低(P<0.05),而凋亡率(26.68±0.81)和Cleaved-caspase3水平(0.70±0.05)显著升高(P<0.05)。与H/R组相比,不同剂量(0.1、1.0、10μmol/L)咪达唑仑组细胞A值(0.43±0.02、0.57±0.03、0.93±0.04)、pro-caspase3水平(0.14±0.01、0.30±0.02、0.52±0.03)和miR-320表达(0.15±0.02、0.42±0.03、0.81±0.05)显著升高(P<0.05),而凋亡率(25.65±0.92、21.74±0.56、15.63±0.50)和Cleaved-caspase3水平(0.70±0.06、0.50±0.04、0.23±0.02)显著降低(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。与10μmol/L咪达唑仑+anti-miR-NC组相比,10μmol/L咪达唑仑+anti-miR-320组细胞A值(0.47±0.02)、pro-caspase3水平(0.24±0.01)和miR-320表达(0.26±0.02)显著降低(P<0.05),而凋亡率(23.52±0.59)和Cleaved-caspase3水平(0.56±0.04)显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 咪达唑仑可以上调miR-320表达,进而促进H/R诱导的PC12细胞增殖,并抑制凋亡。

瑞马唑仑调节HIF-1α/BNIP3信号通路对OGD/R诱导神经细胞自噬和凋亡的影响

目的探讨瑞马唑仑对OGD/R诱导的神经细胞自噬和凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法体外培养小鼠海马神经元细胞(HT22)并进行神经细胞氧糖剥夺/再复氧(OGD/R),筛选实验用瑞马唑仑浓度;将HT22细胞分为对照组、OGD/R组、瑞马唑仑组、2-ME2组、瑞马唑仑+2-ME2组;CCK8法检测5组HT22细胞活力;流式细胞术检测5组HT22细胞凋亡率;透射电子显微镜观察5组HT22细胞自噬小体的形成;Western blot检测5组HT22细胞HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的表达。结果确定实验用瑞马唑仑浓度为50μg/mL;与对照组比较,OGD/R组HT22细胞OD450值、HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白水平下调,凋亡率上调(P<0.05);与OGD/R组比较,瑞马唑仑组HT22细胞自噬小体增加,OD450值、HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白水平上调,凋亡率下调(P<0.05);2-ME2组HT22细胞OD450值、HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白水平下调,凋亡率上调(P<0.05)。与瑞马唑仑组比较,瑞马唑仑+2-ME2组HT22细胞自噬小体数量减少,OD450值、HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白水平下调,凋亡率上调(P<0.05);与2-ME2组比较,瑞马唑仑+2-ME2组HT22细胞OD450值、HIF-1α、BNIP3、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ蛋白水平上调,凋亡率下调(P<0.05)。结论瑞马唑仑可通过激活HIF-1α/BNIP3信号通路促进OGD/R诱导的神经细胞自噬,抑制细胞凋亡,从而减轻OGD/R诱导的神经细胞损伤。

三叶青黄酮通过TLR4/NF-κB通路调控NLRP3小体激活改善大鼠心肌细胞缺氧再复氧损伤的作用及机制

目的探究三叶青黄酮(RTHF)对大鼠心肌细胞缺氧再复氧(H/R)损伤的作用及其可能机制。方法以大鼠心肌细胞H9C2为研究对象,分为对照组、H/R组、H/R+低浓度RTHF(L-RTHF)组(25μg/mL)、H/R+中浓度RTHF(M-RTHF)组(50μg/mL)和H/R+高浓度RTHF(H-RTHF)组(100μg/mL)。通过CCK-8法检测各组细胞活力;试剂盒检测各组细胞上清液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量;DCFH-DA探针法检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)和Western blot检测各组细胞中NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、消皮素D的N端切割产物(GSDMD-N)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)、磷酸化核因子κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)、核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)的表达水平。结果与对照组比较,H/R组H9C2细胞活力[(71.33±1.70)%比(100.00±2.94)%,P<0.01]、SOD水平[(15.54±0.36)U/mg prot比(34.54±0.87)U/mg prot,P<0.01]降低,ROS相对DCF强度[(3.72±0.12)比(1.00±0.10),P<0.01]和LDH水平[(387.57±9.37)U/L比(182.80±11.53)U/L,P<0.01]升高,NLRP3[(2.75±0.04)比(1.00±0.02)、(4.71±0.18)比(1.00±0.11),P<0.01]、Caspase-1[(3.02±0.11)比(1.00±0.06)、(3.33±0.09)比(1.00±0.12),P<0.01]、ASC[(3.32±0.12)比(1.00±0.09)、(5.30±0.15)比(1.00±0.10),P<0.01]、GSDMD-N[(3.69±0.14)比(1.00±0.13)、(3.23±0.08)比(1.00±0.06),P<0.01]、TLR4[(4.00±0.12)比(1.00±0.09)、(5.68±0.20)比(1.00±0.10),P<0.01]、p-NF-κB p65[(6.81±0.16)比(1.00±0.10)、(3.25±0.07)比(1.00±0.05),P<0.01]相对mRNA和蛋白水平升高;与H/R组比较,H/R+M-RTHF组和H/R+H-RTHF组的细胞活力[(77.00±2.16)%、(82.00±2.16)%比(71.33±1.70)%,P<0.05或P<0.01]、SOD水平[(23.43±1.50)U/mg prot、(28.66±1.22)U/mg prot比(15.54±0.36)U/mg prot,P<0.05或P<0.01]升高,ROS[(3.24±0.05)、(2.57±0.04)比(3.72±0.12),P<0.05或P<0.01]、LDH[(332.77±5.76)U/L、(253.36±9.43)U/L比(387.57±9.37)U/L,P<0.05或P<0.01]水平降低,NLRP3[(1.86±0.06)、(1.56±0.09)比(2.75±0.04),(2.97±0.11)、(1.86±0.06)比(4.71±0.18),P<0.05或P<0.01]、Caspase-1[(2.06±0.13)、(1.27±0.06)比(3.02±0.11),(2.12±0.15)、(1.42±0.09)比(3.33±0.09),P<0.05或P<0.01]、ASC[(2.40±0.25)、(2.19±0.14)比(3.32±0.12),(2.46±0.08)、(1.28±0.05)比(5.30±0.15),P<0.05或P<0.01]、GSDMD-N[(2.43±0.07)、(2.19±0.13)比(3.69±0.14),(1.91±0.07)、(1.46±0.07)比(3.23±0.08),P<0.05或P<0.01]、TLR4[(3.52±0.09)、(1.88±0.11)比(4.00±0.12),(4.04±0.32)、(2.07±0.07)比(5.68±0.20),P<0.05或P<0.01]、p-NF-κB p65[(4.09±0.12)、(3.03±0.20)比(6.81±0.16),(1.93±0.31)、(1.39±0.12)比(3.25±0.07),P<0.05或P<0.01]相对mRNA和蛋白水平降低,且这种变化呈现RTHF剂量依赖性。结论在H/R诱导的大鼠心肌细胞中,RTHF可能通过抑制ROS和TLR4/NF-κB通路调控NLRP3小体激活,进而抑制细胞焦亡。

缺氧后处理通过piRNA-005854调控衰老心肌细胞自噬发挥保护心肌作用

背景:缺血后处理是减轻缺血再灌注损伤的有效方式之一,近年来被越来越广泛地应用于临床实践,但其具体分子机制还有待研究。目的:探讨piRNA-005854在衰老心肌细胞缺氧后处理中的作用及机制。方法:体外给予心肌细胞8 mg/mL D-半乳糖9 d诱导其衰老,β-半乳糖苷酶染色观察心肌细胞的衰老情况;衰老后细胞给予缺氧/复氧处理和缺氧后处理,ELISA检测心肌损伤标志物肌酸激酶同工酶MB以及乳酸脱氢酶水平;Western blot检测衰老心肌细胞中自噬相关蛋白LC3Ⅱ、p62和ULK1及其磷酸化ULK1的表达;qRT-PCR检测piRNA-005854的表达水平;进一步用piRNA-005854 inhibitor及piRNA-005854 mimics转染衰老心肌细胞并进行缺氧后处理,Western blot检测LC3Ⅱ、p62和ULK1及其磷酸化ULK1的表达。结果与结论:①D-半乳糖诱导9 d后心肌细胞出现明显衰老;②与正常氧组比较,缺氧/复氧组肌酸激酶同工酶MB以及乳酸脱氢酶水平增加(P<0.01);LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达升高、p62表达降低、ULK1磷酸化水平升高、piRNA-005854表达升高(P<0.01);③与缺氧/复氧组比较,缺氧后处理组肌酸激酶同工酶MB以及乳酸脱氢酶水平明显减少(P<0.01);LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达明显降低(P<0.05)、p62表达升高(P<0.01)、ULK1磷酸化水平降低(P<0.05)、piRNA-005854表达降低(P<0.01);④转染piRNA-005854 inhibitor后,LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达降低(P<0.01),p62表达明显升高(P<0.05),ULK1磷酸化水平明显降低(P<0.01);转染piRNA-005854 mimics后,LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达显著升高,p62表达降低,ULK1磷酸化水平明显增加(P<0.01);⑤结果表明,piRNA-005854介导的ULK1依赖性自噬水平降低是衰老心肌细胞缺氧后处理发挥保护作用的可能机制。