A Study of Identity Crisis From the Perspective of Identity Negotiation Theory——Taking Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire as Example

A Streetcar Named Desire unfolds the tragedy of a southern lady.The conflict betwixt southern Blanche and northern Stanley is the main contradiction in the play.In the end,Stanley drives Blanche crazy and sends her to an asylum.This paper attempts to analyze Blanche’s identity crisis from identity negotiation theory in cross-cultural communication,including identity security,identity inclusion,and identity predictability.Thereby it figures out that one who suffers hostile gazes from others in a strange environment,is unable to carry out an intimate and effective communication,which will eventually lead to a sense of loss and despair.This paper puts forward the methods to obtain identity recognition:be honest with others,be sure of oneself,and try one’s best to fit in the new environment,aiming to help people avoid identity crisis in interpersonal communication and establish a positive identity.

The Three Principles of Institutional Safeguards for Women's Participation in Legislation in China

The participation of women in legislation is an important aspect and means of safeguarding women’s rights.Feminist theory,based on criticism of both the“citizenship identity theory as rights”and the“citizenship identity theory as responsibilities,”proposes the“citizenship identity theory as subjectivity.”Observing the current practice of women’s participation in legislation in China,two institutional safeguard principles can be summarized:the“minimum proportion”and the“influence evaluation.”However,each of these principles has its inherent limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to supplement them with the principle of“subjective participation”in a reflective manner.This principle requires women to participate substantively in the legislative process as subjects,express women’s needs and demands,input women’s perspectives and experiences,and reconstruct the distribution of rights and responsibilities in the existing legislation.The three principles complement each other and work together to comprehensively constitute the institutional structure of women’s participation in legislation,thereby promoting the reproduction of corresponding action structures.

Factors in International Student Identity Formation： Processes and Challenges

International students choosing to study abroad face a change in self-identity, which in many cases takes them by surprise and which is affected by a multiplicity of factors. Within the framework of Tajfel＇s Social Identity Theory, we examine the nature of identity and the many contexts in which it is shaped, mainly in reference to the ESL （English as a Second Language） classroom, but with broader implications for the students＇ experiences in Western classroom as a whole. We discuss the challenges facing not only students, but also faculty who wish to assist students in the formation of their new identities

Sugar and Spice, and Everything Nice： Do Female Stereotypes Supersede In-group Favoritism Among Men When Evaluating Female Criminal Suspects in News Stories？

Some scholars argue that stereotypes of women as docile and non-violent result in women receiving leniency from the public compared to men who commit identical crimes. However, others assert that women who commit violent crimes violate traditional gender roles, which can lead the public to evaluate them more harshly than their male counterparts. More than 900 adults read news stories about either a woman abusing a man or a man abusing a woman before evaluating the criminal suspect. Female participants showed in-group favoritism towards criminal suspects that matched their gender. Conversely, male participants did not show a preference for their in-group. Overall, both male and female participants were more likely to believe the crime was justified, have more sympathy for the criminal suspect, assign less jail time, and have a more positive attitude towards the suspect when the criminal suspect was female vis-a-vis male. These findings were more pronounced when there was a non-fatal crime compared to a crime involving a fatality. Chivalry hypothesis and social identity theory are discussed.

The Social Identity Approach to Effective Leadership： An Overview and Some Ideas on Cross-Cultural Generalizability

When employees identify with the groups and organizations they work for, this typically has positive implications for work-related attitudes and behaviors. The present paper provides a focused overview of the social identity approach to leadership and some ideas on its cross-cultural generalizability. To this end, we will first outline the basic tenets of the social identity approach and summarize the relations of organizational identification with work-related variables. Then, we will discuss the role of social identity-related concepts for effective leadership. In particular, we will present empirical studies on the following three aspects： （1） the transfer of leader identification onto their followers, （2） the role of leader prototypicality, and （3） the ways for leaders to actively manage the identities of the groups they lead. Finally, we will provide some suggestions on how to implement the principles of identity management into practice and offer suggestions for future research, with a special focus on China.

Using Twitter Bios to Measure Changes in Self-Identity:Are Americans Defining Themselves More Politically Over Time?

Are Americans weaving their political views more tightly into the fabric of their self-identity over time?If so,then we might expect partisan disagreements to continue becoming more emotional,tribal,and intractable.Much recent scholarship has speculated that this politicization of Americans’identity is occurring,but there has been little compelling attempt to quantify the phenomenon,largely because the concept of identity is notoriously difficult to measure.We introduce here a methodology,Longitudinal Online Profile Sampling(LOPS),which affords quantifiable insights into the way individuals amend their identity over time.Using this method,we analyze millions of“bios”on the microblogging site Twitter over a 4-year span,and conclude that the average American user is increasingly integrating politics into their social identity.Americans on the site are adding political words to their bios at a higher rate than any other category of words we measured,and are now more likely to describe themselves by their political affiliation than their religious affiliation.The data suggest that this is due to both cohort and individual-level effects.

Seventy Years in Philosophy of Mind： An Overview, with Emphasis on the Issue of Mental Causation

This paper is an opinionated overview of major developments in philosophy of mind during the past seventy years, with emphasis on the issue of mental causation. Its most prominent positions all embrace a broadly ＂naturalistic＂ or ＂materialistic＂ conception of human beings, and of mentality and its place in nature. Included in this paper are discussions of analytical behaviorism, the psychophysical identity theory, functionalism, multiple realizability and strong multiple realizability, supervenience, the causal exclusion problem, phenomenal mental states, wide content, contextualist causal compatibilism, agentive phenomenology, and the agent-exclusion problem.

Workplace Marginalization： In the Group but Out of the Loop

Abstract New-entry employees expect to be involved rather than to be marginalized. This paper proposes a model to examine the process through which employees can be exempt from marginalization in their organization as a ＂political arena.＂ We argue that an employee, in order not to be marginalized, would like to perform high-quality in-role and extra-role behaviors and also develop good guanxi with his/her immediate supervisor. Moreover, the effects of employee efforts and guanxi on workplace marginalization are moderated by the organization political climate. Two studies were performed to examine the hypothesized model. The pilot study employed a sample of civil servants to develop and validate the measurement of workplace marginalization. The main study collected matched data from 343 employees, 662 of their colleagues, and 343 immediate supervisors. Results of hierarchical linear modeling analysis show that employee job performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and supervisor-subordinate guanxi are negatively related to workplace marginalization. In addition, the negative relationship between guanxi and workplace marginalization is stronger in firms with less organizational politics than those with intensive politics.