Poverty Reduction in China: Experiences and Measurement of Effects

This study employs the generalized method of moments(GMM)and panel vector autoregression(PVAR)models for a multi-factor quantitative dissection of China’s poverty reduction process across multiple stages,using provincial panel data from 2000 to 2019.According to our research,economic growth and social development are the key drivers of poverty reduction in China,but the trickle-down effect of economic growth is diminishing and marketization is having a lesser pro-poor effect.Public expenditure has failed to provide social protection and income redistribution benefits due to issues such as targeting error and elite capture.Increasing the efficiency of the poverty reduction system calls for adaptive adjustments.Finally,this study highlights China’s poverty reduction experiences and analyzes current challenges,which serve as inspiration for consolidating poverty-reduction achievements,combating relative poverty,and attaining countryside vitalization.

Influencing Factors and Prediction of Risk of Returning to Ecological Poverty in Liupan Mountain Region,China

China has resolved its overall regional poverty in 2020 by attaining moderate societal prosperity.The country has entered a new development stage designed to achieve its second centenary goal.However,ecological fragility and risk susceptibility have increased the risk of returning to ecological poverty.In this paper,the Liupan Mountain Region of China was used as a case study,and the counties were used as the scale to reveal the spatiotempora differentiation and influcing factors of the risk of returning to poverty in study area.The indicator data for returning to ecological poverty from 2011-2020 were collected and summarized in three dimensions:ecological,economic and social.The autoregressive integrated moving average model(ARIMA)time series and exponential smoothing method(ES)were used to predict the multidimensional indicators of returning to ecological poverty for 61 counties(districts)in the Liupan Mountain Region for 2021-2030.The back propagation neural network(BPNN)and geographic information system(GIS)were used to generate the spatial distribution and time variation for the index of the risk of returning to ecological poverty(RREP index).The results show that 1)ecological factors were the main factors in the risk of returning to ecological poverty in Liupan Mountain Region.2)The RREP index for the 61 counties(districts)exhibited a downward trend from 2021-2030.The RREP index declined more in medium-and high-risk areas than in low-risk areas.From 2021 to 2025,the RREP index exhibited a slight downward trend.From 2026 to2030,the RREP index was expected to decline faster,especially from 2029-2030.3)Based on the RREP index,it can be roughly divided into three types,namely,the high-risk areas,the medium-risk areas,and the low-risk areas.The natural resource conditions in lowrisk areas of returning to ecological poverty,were better than those in medium-and high-risk areas.

Rural transformation,income growth,and poverty reduction by region in China in the past four decades

China has experienced rapid rural transformation in the past four decades.Accompanying the rapid transformation is a significant rise in rural household income and a substantial fall in rural poverty.This paper examines the evolutions of and the relationships between rural transformation(high-value agriculture and rural non-farm employment)and its outcomes(per capita rural income and rural poverty incidence)using provincial-level data.The results show that 31 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities have undergone significant rural transformation,but the level and speed of rural transformation differed considerably.Moreover,an increased level of rural transformation is often associated with higher per capita rural income and reduced rural poverty incidence.Notably,a category of provincial rural transformation based on high-value agriculture and rural non-farm employment is also analyzed.We further discuss the likely impacts of institutions,policies,and investments(IPIs)on rural transformation and conclude with policy implications.

Developing strategy for rural transformation to alleviate poverty in Pakistan:Stylized facts from panel analysis

Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan,particularly in rural areas.To overcome these challenges,the role of rural transformation(RT)has emerged and gained importance in recent years.The present study is based on district-level data and covers the period from 1981 to 2019.The study attempts to quantify the role of rural transformation in boosting rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty in the country.The study also aims to explore the impact of stages of rural transformation on rural per capita income and rural poverty alleviation.The empirical findings reveal that rural transformation(RT_(1)and RT_(2))is essential in enhancing rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty.The role of the share of high-value crops(RT_(1))is more pronounced than the share of non-farm employment(RT_(2))in boosting rural per capita income and poverty alleviation.The trend of larger contribution of RT_(1)to enhance rural per capita income also continued at 2nd stage of rural transformation.In the case of poverty reduction,at 3rd stage of rural transformation,the role of RT_(2)is dominant.Our results indicate that districts at higher stages of rural transformation(both RT_(1)and RT_(2))tend to correlate positively with increased rural per capita income and reduced poverty rates,suggesting that progress in rural transformation is associated with improved economic conditions.However,it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply a direct causal relationship between rural transformation and these economic outcomes;other factors may have influenced this relationship.In addition,the welfare impacts are more noticeable among the districts where a simultaneous shift from grain crops to cash crops and from farm employment to non-farm employment is observed.The study provides baseline information to learn experiences from fast-growing districts and to replicate the strategies in other districts,which boosts the RT process that may increase rural per capita income and enhance poverty reduction efforts.

Types and Optimization Paths Between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of Hunan Province,China

Exploring the synergy types and optimization paths between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization is necessary for achieving the two centenary goals.Taking poverty alleviation counties in Hunan Province,China as an example,our study proposed an indicator to measure the synergistic development between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization using the multi-index integrated evaluation method.Then,the coupling types were classified based on both the proposed indicator and regional characteristics.Besides,the corresponding optimization path for each coupling type was proposed to promote the synergistic development of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization.Results are as follows:1)Lower synergy focused on the southwestern Hunan,while low synergy is widely distributed(such as the west,southwest,northwest,and midland).Moderate synergy is in the midland,such as Huaihua and Chenzhou cities.High synergy is distributed in Yongzhou,Huaihua,Xiangxi cities,etc.Besides,only Hecheng City belongs to the higher synergy.2)This paper proposes corresponding development paths for different development characteristics and main problems from multiple perspectives of the protection system,industrial planning,and rural market.Continuously consolidate and enhance the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization to achieve coupled and synergistic development of the two systems.Our research results can provide theoretical support for implementing Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization in Hunan Province,China.

Poverty Alleviation Act:the Inevitable Product of the Development Law of Poverty Alleviation

Poverty alleviation is a grand project involving the whole society,and is related to the development direction of socialism and the process of national modernization.It is the basic national policy and major strategic deployment of China to eliminate poverty and improve people s livelihood under the new historical conditions.Therefore,in order to win the final victory of poverty alleviation and difficulties tackling,it is not enough to have only a policy system and an institutional system.It is also necessary to establish an effective legal system to regulate and restrain various poverty alleviation behaviors,which is the basic condition for ensuring the sustainable development of poverty alleviation.

Income Growth,Income Gaps,and Rural Poverty Reduction in China

This paper analyzes the evolving trends in China’s rural poverty from 1988 to 2018 and how income growth and income gaps contributed to poverty reduction using rural household data from the China Household Income Project(CHIP).We find that after China’s reform and opening up policy introduced in 1978,China’s rural poverty has been reduced substantially due primarily to income growth,although this poverty-reducing effect was partially offset by widening income gaps.During the progress of this poverty reduction,however,income distribution replaced income growth as the key driver.For the extremely poor in particular,their poverty status hinged upon income distribution.As revealed by our empirical analysis of income sources,wage income became the chief source of income for rural households,contributing a rising share to poverty reduction in the countryside.The contribution of net income from government transfer to poverty reduction has increased in recent years,and this contribution has been increased with the deepening level of poverty.Calculation of the pro-poor growth index suggests that the poor population primarily benefited from the trickle-down effect of economic growth,and the economic growth pattern has yet to lean towards pro-poor growth.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Agricultural Industry Development in Linyi under the Background of Poverty Alleviation

By summarizing current situation of modern agriculture in Linyi City,problems faced by the development of modern agriculture in Linyi City under the background of helping poverty alleviation are analyzed.They are mainly the low degree of farmers'organization and the low level of agricultural industrialization;the low overall quality of farmers and the weak ability to absorb science,technology and culture;weak agricultural infrastructure and deterioration of agricultural ecological environment;inadequate agricultural scientific and technological innovation and slow popularization and application of achievements.A series of solutions and countermeasures are put forward to improve the degree of farmers'organization,enhance farmers'quality,increase investment in agricultural infrastructure,and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

Filming the End of Poverty

Documentaries shed light on how China lifted its rural poor out of poverty.IT is impossible for most of us to imagine the anguish of poverty.Likewise,few of us understand why poverty is so difficult to eradicate.Rooting,a documentary directed by Chai Hongfang that premiered in Beijing in April 2023,aids our imagination.So,too,does Farewell to Poverty,directed by Lu Guanghua and released in 2020.Imagine the village of Shawa perched high on Biluo Snow Mountain in Yunnan Province.It is 2017.

Filming the End Of Poverty

Rooting,a documentary narrating how people in Shawa Village were lifted out of poverty It is impossible for most of us to imagine the anguish of poverty.Likewise,few of us understand why poverty is so difficult to eradicate.

Towards an Indigenous Social Inclusion Paradigm:Igbo Apprenticeship System,Poverty Alleviation and Wealth Creation in South-East Nigeria

This research looked at how the Igbo trade apprenticeship programme has helped lower poverty rates in that region of Nigeria.Five hypotheses were generated to test the potential existence of a causal connection between the independent and dependent variables.Using a survey methodology,a structured questionnaire was used to collect data,which was then evaluated using chi-square tests.The research found that the Igbo trade apprenticeship system contributed to lessening poverty in Nigeria’s southeast.According to the results,the method was successful in developing rich Igbo entrepreneurs and businesses,who in turn eradicated hunger,poverty,disease,and unemployment in Nigeria’s South East.The study concluded that the Nigerian government might better protect its citizens from exploitation within the Igbo trade apprenticeship system if it passed legislation to regulate,maintain,and prevent such abuse.

Examination of the poverty-environmental degradation nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa

The relationship between environmental degradation and poverty has increasingly become the focus of national strategic decision-making in recent years.However,despite several theoretical explorations on the nexus,a dearth of empirical literature on the poverty-environmental degradation nexus,specifically on Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA),still exists.In this study,we investigated the poverty-environmental degradation nexus in SSA.We hypothesized that poverty is both a cause and effect of environmental degradation,and this relationship is explained as a vicious cycle.Unlike previous studies,we employed several alternative indicators of environmental degradation to examine the poverty-environmental degradation nexus in this study.We used data from 41 countries of SSA between 1996 and 2019 and employed the generalized method of moments(GMM)approach.The findings suggest a cyclical relationship between poverty and environmental degradation in SSA,which confirms that an increase in poverty leads to an increase in environmental degradation,especially in deforestation and PM2.5 emissions.Similarly,the increase in environmental degradation positively affects poverty in SSA.We also confirmed that exogenous conditioning factors such as population growth rate,education,industrialization,and income inequality,institutional quality indicators such as governance effectiveness,control of corruption,freedom ad civil liberty,and democracy,and endogenous factors including fossil fuel energy use,fuelwood energy use,household health expenditure,infant mortality rate,and agriculture productivity influence the nexus between poverty and environmental degradation.The findings on the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation in SSA are a testimonial evidence that both poverty and environmental degradation are significant issues in SSA.Hence,poverty alleviation policies in SSA should not lead to PM2.5 emissions and deforestation,which may as well force people into a poverty-environmental degradation trap.Instead,poverty reduction policies should simultaneously achieve environmental conservation.

Exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis on period poverty

BACKGROUNDPeriod poverty is a global health and social issue that needs to be addressed.It has been reported that many females compromise their education,employment,and social commitments during their menstruation days due to a number of reasons,including lack of access to toilets or menstrual products.AIM To provide a comprehensive understanding on period poverty,including outcomes associated with menstruation.METHODS All observational and randomised clinical trials reporting menstruation challenges,menstrual poverty and menstrual products were included.Our search strategy included multiple electronic databases of PubMed,Web of Science,ScienceDirect,ProQuest and EMBASE.Studies published in a peer review journal in English between the 30th of April 1980 and the 30th of April 2022 were included.The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias of the systematic included studies.Pooled odds ratios(ORs)together with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)are reported overall and for sub-groups.RESULTS A total of 80 studies were systematically selected,where 38 were included in the meta-analysis.Of the 38 studies,28 focused on children and young girls(i.e.,10-24 years old)and 10 included participants with a wider age range of 15-49 years.The prevalence of using disposable sanitary pads was 45%(95%CI:0.35-0.58).The prevalence of menstrual education pre-menarche was 68%(95%CI:0.56-0.82).The prevalence of good menstrual hygiene management(MHM)was 39%(95%CI:0.25-0.61).Women in rural areas(OR=0.30,95%CI:0.13-0.69)were 0.70 times less likely to have good MHM practices than those living in urban areas.CONCLUSION There was a lack of evidence,especially from low-and middle-income countries.Further research to better understand the scope and prevalence of period poverty should be considered.This will enable the development of improved policies to increase access to menstrual products and medical support where necessary.

Empirical Research on the Relationship between Education Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization—Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equation Model Based on Provincial Panel Data

On the basis of using entropy weight method to measure China’s education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization evaluation indicators, using the panel data of 30 provinces in China (excluding Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2012 to 2021, a spatial panel simultaneous equation model is constructed based on adjacency matrix, geographical distance matrix and economic geographical distance matrix deeply study the interaction mechanism and spatial spillover effects between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization through the generalized spatial three-stage least squares method (GS3SLS). The results indicate that there is a significant spatial spillover effect and a positive spatial correlation between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and there is a significant interactive effect between the two variables, while promoting each other positively. Therefore, the government should clarify the deep relationship between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization based on the current background, and better consolidate and expand the effective connection between the achievements of education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.

中国对“一带一路”沿线直接投资的减贫效应研究

近年来,中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资持续增加,合作领域不断拓展,合作程度不断深入,在此背景下探讨中国对外直接投资对沿线国家是否具有优良的减贫效应,减贫效应是否会因国家属性不同而产生异质性的影响,这种减贫效应又是通过何种渠道、何种机制来传导的,这一系列问题的解答对理论与实践都具有重大意义。文章基于2009—2019年“一带一路”沿线63国的面板数据,依照所属区域大致将沿线63个国家划分为六大板块,构建与对外直接投资的减贫效应相关的计量模型,实证分析中国对东道国直接投资的减贫效应,并采取中介效应检验的方法探索直接投资的减贫效应传导机制。研究表明:中国对外直接投资对降低东道国贫困率的成效显著,为当地经济发展带来强劲的“拉力”,显著地促进了“一带一路”沿线国家的贫困人口的减少。异质性分析表明:这种减贫效应不存在明显的地理区域偏向性,也不以国家经济发展水平为绝对界限;以“是否布局有孔子学院”作为代理变量来衡量文化距离的远近,在“文化距离近”的国家效果更为优良,而对于“文化距离远”的国家影响并不显著。中介效应分析表明:在中国对外直接投资发挥减贫作用的过程中,就业创造与基础设施建设承担了部分中介效应的功能,通过这两种机制,东道国经济的自生能力得到有效提升,授人以鱼不如授人以渔,中国通过创造就业岗位与完善基础建设“双渠道”,提升东道国的自生能力,为当地经济可持续发展带来了源源不断的动力,发展步入良性循环。通过关注贫困群体的能力建设,因地制宜地挖掘贫困地区潜在市场的比较优势,来实现自主减贫。与“输血式”减贫相比,这种“造血式”的减贫方式以提升自生能力为导向,更为有效而持续。为避免模型中内生性问题对研究结论的影响,以中国对外直接投资的一阶滞后项作为工具变量重新进行回归,原结论仍然成立;为保证文章实证分析结论的可靠性,采取分别替换核心解释变量与被解释变量的方法进行稳健性检验,最终的研究结论具有稳健性。基于上述分析,文章提出以就业岗位创造为本、以人才培训为源、以基础设施建设为先,进一步优化中国对外直接投资流向,促进减贫合作。

农村医疗保险的减贫效应研究——基于CFPS 2018的实证分析

基于中国家庭追踪调查2018年(CFPS 2018)的数据,以相对贫困线作为贫困标准,采用二元Logistic模型实证评估农村医疗保险制度的减贫效应及其异质性。整体样本回归结果表明,农村医疗保险减贫效应显著,在相对贫困线标准下降低了43.0%的贫困发生率。异质性分析结果表明,农村医疗保险减贫效应在年龄、性别方面存在差异:在年龄方面,农村医疗保险对于中老年人的减贫效应更为显著;在性别方面,农村医疗保险对于女性的减贫效应总体高于男性。为了充分发挥农村居民医疗保险减贫的制度效能,建议:优化医疗保险内部制度设计,强化经济绩效;下沉优质医疗卫生资源,提高健康绩效;建立长效机制,提高医疗保险减贫效应精准性。

可持续脱贫的治贫理念与策略

针对我国巩固脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的治理实践,梳理与借鉴国际上可持续脱贫相关文献,从脱贫韧性、层次(质量)、内生可持续性3个方面,建构了可持续脱贫的概念框架,通过阐释其本质涵义及影响因素,进一步阐明实现可持续脱贫对我国过渡期巩固脱贫及过渡期后推进共同富裕的重要意义及策略。可持续脱贫体现为一种稳定的、高质量的脱贫状态,是韧性脱贫、全面高层次脱贫、内生可持续脱贫的概念集成。我国应尽快确立可持续脱贫的治贫理念与策略,将之贯穿于过渡期及过渡期后巩固脱贫、推进共富全过程,研究构建过渡期后常态帮扶与内生发展耦合促进共同富裕的制度安排,并致力于开创可持续脱贫中国范式,为全球可持续减贫发展贡献中国智慧。

数字普惠金融对农村相对贫困的影响机制及空间效应研究

基于中国2011—2021年和2011—2019年省级面板数据,分别运用固定效应模型、中介效应模型和空间杜宾模型分析数字普惠金融对农村相对贫困的影响机制及空间效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融可以显著缓解农村相对贫困;中介效应分析表明,数字普惠金融可以通过支付、信贷、保险和收入分配等渠道缓解农村相对贫困,且支付渠道的减贫效果更好;空间效应分析结果显示,数字普惠金融能有效缓解本地区的相对贫困,但空间溢出效应尚不显著。因此,要继续深化金融供给侧结构性改革、重视对农村相对贫困群体数字金融素养的提升和加强区域合作,充分发挥数字普惠金融的作用,助力农民共同富裕。

中国对东盟直接投资的减贫效应——基于东盟八国面板数据的实证分析

减贫合作是新时期中国—东盟全面战略伙伴关系行动计划的核心要务。东盟国家面临不同程度的贫困问题,亟待提升减贫韧性。基于对外直接投资视角,结合2003—2019年东盟八国面板数据,实证检验了中国对外直接投资与东盟国家贫困水平之间的关系。研究发现,中国对外直接投资显著降低了东盟国家的贫困率、贫困深度和贫困强度,增强了其减贫韧性。异质性检验表明,政治互信、地理距离、营商环境、经济发展水平等因素,显著影响了减贫效应。据此,高质量共建“一带一路”下,双方应优化益贫式增长路径,改善投资环境,推进基础设施互联互通,加强数字经济等重点领域投资,以此加快东盟的减贫进程。

中国公众助贫行为的基本模式、影响因素及参与效应

当代中国贫困治理的成功不仅源自强大的国家治理能力和国家行动,也离不开社会公众的广泛参与,而形式多样的助贫行为正是普通公众参与贫困治理的主要方式。基于2132份问卷调查数据,本文以实证方式对中国公众参与助贫行为的基本模式、影响因素和参与效应进行了系统分析。在基本模式方面,公众主要有购物消费、金融借贷、科教文体、捐赠救助、组织化行为等助贫行为模式,且有较高的参与水平,体现了政府、市场和社会三种扶贫机制的作用。在影响因素方面,融合了资源、动员和内在激励的公民志愿模型有较强的解释力,尤其是作为内在激励的重视公共利益和公共参与意识对助贫行为的正向预测作用更强。在参与效应方面,公众助贫行为对治贫绩效评价和制度认同具有正向预测作用;同时,腐败历闻对两者具有负向预测作用。培育积极公民,开放公众参与,同时严厉打击腐败,这不仅是中国贫困治理过往成功经验的总结与验证,更可供中国式现代化新征程中顺利推进国家治理各项事业借鉴与参考。