Comparison of Machine Learning Methods for Satellite Image Classification: A Case Study of Casablanca Using Landsat Imagery and Google Earth Engine

Satellite image classification is crucial in various applications such as urban planning,environmental monitoring,and land use analysis.In this study,the authors present a comparative analysis of different supervised and unsupervised learning methods for satellite image classification,focusing on a case study in Casablanca using Landsat 8 imagery.This research aims to identify the most effective machine-learning approach for accurately classifying land cover in an urban environment.The methodology used consists of the pre-processing of Landsat imagery data from Casablanca city,the authors extract relevant features and partition them into training and test sets,and then use random forest(RF),SVM(support vector machine),classification,and regression tree(CART),gradient tree boost(GTB),decision tree(DT),and minimum distance(MD)algorithms.Through a series of experiments,the authors evaluate the performance of each machine learning method in terms of accuracy,and Kappa coefficient.This work shows that random forest is the best-performing algorithm,with an accuracy of 95.42%and 0.94 Kappa coefficient.The authors discuss the factors of their performance,including data characteristics,accurate selection,and model influencing.

Impact of Conjugated Shear Joint of“X”Type on Macroscopic Karstification on the Basis of the Analysis of Google Earth Images

As viewed from space remote-sensing images （e.g. Google Earth images） of South Guizhou and North Guangxi, the authors found that macroscopic karst landscape on the Earth＇s surface is strongly controlled by the Conjugated shear joint of ＂X＂ type. Joints of this kind constitute a huge infiltration network and act as channel-ways for the permeation of meteoric waters from the surface, thus, leading to the dissolution of carbonate rocks nearby. As a result, the karst landscape is formed, which is dominated by linear karst valleys. An ＂X＂ karst valley network structure appears in the area where horizontal strata are distributed, and a feather-like network structure appears in the area where vertical strata are distributed, respectively. When the water permeates downwards to the underground-water level, it will flow horizontally along the strike of ＂X＂ joints toward the local base level of erosion to form an ＂X＂ network system of underground conduits in the area where horizontal strata are distributed, but it is relatively complex, because of the joining of other joints. This is the first time we have made use of Google Earth images to study the karst environment. Therefore, it has been successful in research on the Earth＇s geomorphology, which could only rely on aerial photos and satellite photos in the past. Google Earth images provide low-cost and applicable imaging materials for the study of Earth＇s geomorphology and karst rocky desertification and its control.

Scale dependence of forest fragmentation and its climate sensitivity in a semi-arid mountain:Comparing Landsat,Sentinel and Google Earth data

Landscape fragmentation is generally viewed as an indicator of environmental stresses or risks,but the fragmentation intensity assessment also depends on the scale of data and the definition of spatial unit.This study aimed to explore the scale-dependence of forest fragmentation intensity along a moisture gradient in Yinshan Mountain of North China,and to estimate environmental sensitivity of forest fragmentation in this semi-arid landscape.We developed an automatic classification algorithm using simple linear iterative clustering(SLIC)and Gaussian mixture model(GMM),and extracted tree canopy patches from Google Earth images(GEI),with an accuracy of 89.2%in the study area.Then we convert the tree canopy patches to forest category according to definition of forest that tree density greater than 10%,and compared it with forest categories from global land use datasets,FROM-GLC10 and GlobeLand30,with spatial resolutions of 10 m and 30 m,respectively.We found that the FROM-GLC10 and GlobeLand30 datasets underestimated the forest area in Yinshan Mountain by 16.88%and 21.06%,respectively;and the ratio of open forest(OF,10%<tree coverage<40%)to closed forest(CF,tree coverage>40%)areas in the underestimated part was 2:1.The underestimations concentrated in warmer and drier areas occupied mostly by large coverage of OFs with severely fragmented canopies.Fragmentation intensity of canopies positively correlated with spring temperature while negatively correlated with summer precipitation and terrain slope.When summer precipitation was less than 300 mm or spring temperature higher than 4°C,canopy fragmentation intensity rose drastically,while the forest area percentage kept stable.Our study suggested that the spatial configuration,e.g.,sparseness,is more sensitive to drought stress than area percentage.This highlights the importance of data resolution and proper fragmentation measurements for forest patterns and environmental interpretation,which is the base of reliable ecosystem predictions with regard to the future climate scenarios.

Effect of Adding Rare Earth Element on Cemented Carbide YT14 by Digital Image

The properties of the cemented carbides with RE-addition were improved in our research.there is a 10% increase of the transverse rupture strength(T.R.S) of YT14RE as compared with that of YT14.The hardness and the density of YT14RE are higher than that of YT14.The cast steel was cut at a speed of 140 m/min by cutting tcols which made from YT14RE and YT14.The wear resistant of the former is 1.5 time of the latter.The samples of YT14RE and YT14 were ground and polished(the content of the RE elements is less than 0.10 wt%).This paper studied the effect of adding rare earth element on cemented carbide by digital image.

Using the Power of Images to Speak for the Earth

The exhibition brings pictures, video, online sharing and ocean talks from expedition masters to show the beauty of polar regions, raising the awareness of the visitors regarding the current situation of the polar regions and the oceans through a range of diversified programs, so as to use the power of images to speak for the earth.

Mapping the Dyke Swarms Emplaced within the Different Archean Cratons of the Indian Shield Using Google^(TM) Earth Images and Arc GIS^(TM) Techniques

The Indian shield comprises a number of Archean–Paleoproterozoic cratonic blocks and predominantly Meso–Neoproterozoic mobile belts with Archean protoliths.All these ancient cratons were thought to be integral parts of

The Interpretations of “Mother Images” and Their “Self-Trauma-Healing Mechanism” in Kipling's War Poetry

Rudyard Kipling is the first British writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 1907.Due to the influence of the First World War and the huge blow of his own beloved son John's death on the battlefield,Kipling's later writing pays more attention to the pain and trauma which the war brings,and the noble qualities of love,belief,and tenacity in human nature after the baptisms of pain and trauma.This paper selects two poems—"My Boy Jack"and"A Nativity"in Kipling's later poetry creation career.Freud's "trauma" and treatment theories are employed to study the two mothers' "self- trauma- healing mechanism"in face of pain and trauma,and to interpret the two mother images that experience the war-torn pain and trauma,and achieve their spiritual salvation at last.Through the transformation of the two mothers,Kipling wants to mourn his beloved son's death and expresses his determination and hope of faith and commitment in order to heal his inner pain and trauma,which unwittingly realizes Freud's trauma-healing theory.Key words:

Mother-Daughter Relationship and Daughter’s Body Image

The adolescent years are characterized by emotional upheaval and hormonal and physiological changes that often create tension and conflicts between girls and their parents. This research study is based on an analysis of the mother-adolescent daughter relationship, with 46 mother-daughter dyads. This research assessed the effect of the daughter’s body image (independent variable) and her view of her own mother-daughter relationship (independent variable) on her sense of wellbeing (dependent variable). This study used four questionnaires to evaluate the dyadic model: the Modified Gray’s Questionnaire (Body Image), the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ), the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) for measurement of the subjective sense of wellbeing, and the Relationship with Mother Questionnaire. Study findings show the importance of the adolescent girl’s positive body image on her sense of wellbeing, as well as the centrality of the mother-daughter relationship in the daughter’s body image and wellbeing.

Does Geochronology of Few Dykes of a Swarm are True Representative of All Dykes of the Same Magmatic Event?: Constraints from the Geochemistry and Google^(TM) Earth Image–ArcG IS^(TM) Studies of the Paleoproterozoic Mafic Dyke Swarms of the Eastern Dharwa

A precise dating of a mafic dyke of a swarm in shield areas has great advantage to identify Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs;short-lived,mantle-generated magmatic event)(Bryan and Ernst,2008;Ernst et al.,2010).Such

利用IMAGE卫星观测数据重建地球等离子体层的磁赤道面分布

美国利用IMAGE卫星的极紫外辐射(EUV)探测器对地球等离子体层进行了连续5年的遥感成像观测。由于IMAGE卫星数据是沿观测路径上的积分投影数据,并且存在地球"遮挡"、"阴影"、"数据缺失"等问题,无法直接利用传统的CT方法对等离子体层进行三维重建。本文利用地球磁场模型,基于地球等离子体层的物理性质,建立一个联系地球磁赤道面密度与投影数据的EUV成像模型,实现了从单个角度的EUV观测图像进行地球等离子层三维重构的方法。

Identifying ephemeral gullies from high-resolution images and DEMs using flow-directional detection

Ephemeral gullies,which are widely developed worldwide and threaten farmlands,have aroused a growing concern.Identifying and mapping gullies are generally considered prerequisites of gully erosion assessment.However,ephemeral gully mapping remains a challenge.In this study,we proposed a flow-directional detection for identifying ephemeral gullies from high-resolution images and digital elevation models(DEMs).Ephemeral gullies exhibit clear linear features in high-resolution images.An edge detection operator was initially used to identify linear features from high-resolution images.Then,according to gully erosion mechanism,the flow-directional detection was designed.Edge images obtained from edge detection and flow directions obtained from DEMs were used to implement the flow-directional detection that detects ephemeral gullies along the flow direction.Results from ten study areas in the Loess Plateau of China showed that ranges of precision,recall,and Fmeasure are 6 o.66%-90.47%,65.74%-94.98%,and63.10%-91.93%,respectively.The proposed method is flexible and can be used with various images and DEMs.However,analysis of the effect of DEM resolution and accuracy showed that DEM resolution only demonstrates a minor effect on the detection results.Conversely,DEM accuracy influences the detection result and is more important than the DEM resolution.The worse the vertical accuracy of DEM,the lower the performance of the flow-directional detection will be.This work is beneficial to research related to monitoring gully erosion and assessing soil loss.

A new inversion method for reconstruction of plasmaspheric He^(+)density from EUV images

The Computer Tomography(CT)method is used for remote sensing the Earth’s plasmasphere.One challenge for image reconstruction is insufficient projection data,mainly caused by limited projection angles.In this study,we apply the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique(ART)and the minimization of the image Total Variation(TV)method,with a combination of priori knowledge of north–south symmetry,to reconstruct plasmaspheric He+density from simulated EUV images.The results demonstrate that incorporating priori assumption can be particularly useful when the projection data is insufficient.This method has good performance even with a projection angle of less than 150 degrees.The method of our study is expected to have applications in the Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)reconstruction for the Solar wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)mission.

An Image Retrieval Method Based on Color and Texture Features

The technique of image retrieval is widely used in science experiment, military affairs, public security, advertisement, family entertainment, library and so on. The existing algorithms are mostly based on the characteristics of color, texture, shape and space relationship. This paper introduced an image retrieval algorithm, which is based on the matching of weighted EMD（Earth Mover’s Distance） distance and texture distance. EMD distance is the distance between the histograms of two images in HSV（Hue, Saturation, Value） color space, and texture distance is the L1 distance between the texture spectra of two images. The experimental results show that the retrieval rate can be increased obviously by using the proposed algorithm.

From Physical Space to Visual Image Space

The theoretical framework of visual simulation in virtual reality is discussed. The new concept of visual image space is supposed. On the basis of visual image space, in visual perceptive sense, VR is considered as a spatial simulation. The objective of the spatial simulation is to transform physical space to visual image space. Last, the prototype system, surveying & mapping virtual Reality (SMVR), is developed, and the space simulation above is realized. By use of SMVR, the real 3D representation, 3D visual analysis, virtual plan and designs can be implemented.

Protecting Mother Earth

Despite the dual stresses of economic development and poverty alleviation,reducing pollution,and protecting the planet is China’s priority.WHEN Beijing has a day with pristine blue skies,it trends immediately on Wechat(China’s premier social media app).

Mother Earth: Origin of Homeliness and of Strength to Resist

It intends to explore the roles earth plays in Michael K’s passive resistance against the patriarchal authority.Inspired by Homi Bhabha’s concept of“unhomeliness”,it illustrates how earth gives K the sense of homeliness.As the female is closely connected to earth,it also explains how earth helps K get free from the patriarchal wars.By portraying a deformed colored K,Coetzee expresses that the disadvantaged and inferior could resort to mother earth to get freedom and dignity.The female features of protection and nurture are crucial to help the discriminated groups to resist the patriarchal authority.

多空间分辨率Google Earth影像和Canny边界算法的雅丹地貌边界提取

雅丹形态特征能反映雅丹地貌的发育过程和演化阶段,对研究雅丹地貌至关重要,但目前关于雅丹地貌边界提取的高精度、低成本方法很少。本文首先采用Canny边界算法,将高空间分辨率Google Earth影像(1.19 m)重采样为一系列不同空间分辨率(3、5、8、10、12、15 m)的影像;然后针对不同空间分辨率的影像提取不同大小的雅丹地貌边界;最后将不同结果合并,取得了良好的效果。结果表明:①尽管无法识别阴影,但Canny边界提取方法的总体精度为89.23%,Kappa系数为0.72,这一结果与面向对象方法的中等分割尺度(138)取得的精度结果相近;②使用Canny边界提取算法提取雅丹地貌边界中位数宽度,与影像空间分辨率呈很好的线性关系(R^(2)=0.95),随着空间分辨率的降低,Canny边界算法提取的雅丹地貌边界总长度呈明显的对数递减(R^(2)=0.904)。

基于谷歌地球历史影像的大连市海岸线变化分析

为了研究大连市近40年海岸带环境变迁和演化规律,基于谷歌地球历史影像,采用GIS技术提取和分析了大连市1984-2018年海岸线变化信息.结果显示大连市海岸线增长经历了低-高-低3个阶段,时间节点为2004年和2014年.围(填)海增速与GDP增速曲线具有较强的相关性.从空间来看,大连市海岸线变化主要分布在湾区和河口地区,主要类型为填海造陆区和围海养殖区.其中填海造陆区主要集中在市辖区中南部沿岸和长兴岛开发区,围海养殖区则分散在北部和东部瓦房店、普兰店和庄河等地.

Google Earth(GE)暗浜/塘调查方法的应用研究

项目工程建设中,暗浜/塘是地基处理的主要内容。因此,工程范围内暗浜/塘的调查是岩土工程勘察的重点和难点之一。传统的暗浜/塘调查方法存在着工作量大、针对性差、调查效率低下等缺陷。根据暗浜/塘的形成原因,通过卫星历史影像进行地形地貌变迁分析,可极大提高暗浜/塘的调查效率和准确性。通过图形转换,基于Google Earth(GE)卫星历史影像的暗浜/塘调查方案是可行的。通过案例表明,该方法比传统方法具有明显技术优势,可提高暗浜/塘调查效率,提升暗浜/塘调查技术含量,进而推动勘察技术的进步。