Design,delivery and efficacy testing of therapeutic nucleic acids used to inhibit hepatitis C virus gene expression in vitro and in vivo

Despite major achievements in the treatment ofchronic hepatitis C with the combination ofinterferons and the nucleoside analog ribavirin themajority of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection cannot be treated effectively.Toimprove this response rate we used antisensetechnologies to inhibit HCV translation as possibleadditional option for experimental treatment.Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) are

Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of <i>Aloe vera</i>: A Review

The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.

Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis),an anaerobic unicellular protist parasite,is known for its diverse clinical manifestations upon infecting the human gastrointestinal tract.Although globally distributed,it is particularly prevalent in developing nations.Examining the symptoms and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings holds immense significance,providing healthcare practi-tioners with valuable insights to enhance patient care.AIM To synthesize existing evidence on the symptomatology and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines,a systematic review was conducted.The search spanned electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar.After a comprehensive screening process,a thorough examination of the papers,adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and data extraction from eligible studies was conducted.The findings underwent summarization through simple descriptive analysis.RESULTS The search yielded 1200 papers,with 17 meeting inclusion criteria.Chronic diarrhea due to B.hominis infection was reported in only two studies,while abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms.Recovery rates after one week of treatment ranged from 71.8%to 100%,and after two weeks,from 60%to 100%.CONCLUSION In low-resource settings,chronic diarrhea resulting from B.hominis infection is infrequent.Common symptoms include abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting.Post-treatment,clinical outcomes are notably favorable,supporting the recommendation for treatment.Metronidazole is advocated as the first-line agent,with consideration for switching to a second-line option in cases of treatment failure or poor response.

Continuous Wear of Hydrogel Contact Lenses for Therapeutic Use

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and complications of continuous wear of etafilcon A for therapeutic use. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 228 eyes of 219 outpatients prescribed contact lens (CL) for one week of continuous therapeutic wear during 10 years. The reason for prescription of CLs, the primary disease, the duration of CL wear and the complications were assessed retrospectively. Results: The predominant reason for prescription of CLs was relief of pain or a foreign-body sensation (62.3%) and protection of the corneal epithelium (20.6%). The primary disease was post-penetrating keratoplasty (36.8%), followed by corneal epithelial erosion (14.5%), post-lamellar keratoplasty (14.0%) and bullous keratopathy (12.2%). The average duration of wearing single lens was 6.5 ± 3.2 days. The average duration of wearing CLs in total was 9.2 ± 10.7 months. The most frequent problem associated with continuous wear of CLs was their dropping out of CLs (12.3%). The complications associated with CLs included conjunctivitis with papillary hyperplasia, corneal erosion and superficial punctate keratitis, but corneal ulcer and corneal infiltrates were not found. Conclusion: Serious complications were not shown changing the lenses every week to keep to the prescribed time limit for continuous therapeutic wear, even if corneal epithelial barrier function is impaired.

Comparison of long-lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration

AIM To compare the long term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A ( n =60) received Suc 750mg , po. bid. Group B ( n =60) received Pen 250mg , po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1 5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale. RESULTS The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively) ( P <0 05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B ( P <0 05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually. CONCLUSION Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first choice drug for long term maintenance therapy of HLD.

Functional dyspepsia of ulcer-dysmotility type:clinical incidence and therapeutic strategy

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Therapeutic role of template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract has attracted the attention of physicians. The mapping study of lymphatic spread has shown that a relatively wide area should comprise the regional nodes for tumors of the right renal pelvis or the right upper two-thirds of the ureter. A prospective study showed that an anatomical templatebased lymphadenectomy significantly improved patient survival in tumors of the renal pelvis. This benefit was more evident for patients with p T2 stage tumors or higher. The risk of regional node recurrence is significant reduced by template-based lymphadenectomy,which is likely to be associated with improved patient survival. The removal of lymph node micrometastases is assumed to be the reason for therapeutic benefit following lymphadenectomy. The number of resected lymph nodes can be used to assess the quality of lymphadenectomy,but not to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy. The guidelines currently recommend lymphadenectomy for patients with muscle-invasive disease,even though the current recommendation grades are still low. The present limitation of lymphadenectomy is the lack of standardization of the extent of lymphadenectomy and the randomized trials. Further studies are warranted to collect the evidence to support lymphadenectomy.

基于蒙特卡罗模拟优化亚胺培南-西司他丁钠的给药方案研究

目的应用蒙特卡罗模拟亚胺培南-西司他丁钠不同输注方法针对不同致病菌的最佳给药方案。方法回顾性分析某三甲医院2021年常见革兰阴性杆菌分布情况,按照2020年美国临床实验室标准化协会标准,对肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌设定均匀分布的抑菌浓度(MIC)值,确定亚胺培南-西司他丁钠8种给药方案,运用PK/PD模型进行蒙特卡罗模拟10000例患者的目标获得概率(PTA),获得最佳给药方案。结果若MIC≤2μg·mL^(-1)时,除传统输注法0.5 g q8h与1 g q8h的给药方案PTA<90%,其余给药方案PTA均>90%;当MIC≥4μg·mL^(-1)时,采用持续输注的部分给药方式仍获得较好的抗菌效果(PTA>90%),而传统输注达不到理想的抗菌疗效(PTA<90%)。结论对亚胺培南-西司他丁钠敏感的革兰阴性杆菌,采用q6h的给药方案,传统输注与持续输注都能取得理想的治疗效果,而采用q8h的给药方案,持续输注法抗菌疗效效果佳效;对亚胺培南-西司他丁钠产生耐药的革兰阴性杆菌,需采用持续输注法才能获得理想的抗菌疗效。

Controversies regarding transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have tantalized regenerative medicine with their therapeutic potential,yet a cloud of controversies looms over their clinical tran-splantation.This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of MSC controversies,drawing upon 15 years of clinical experience and research.We delve into the fundamental properties of MSCs,exploring their unique immuno-modulatory capabilities and surface markers.The heart of our inquiry lies in the controversial applications of MSC transplantation,including the perennial debate between autologous and allogeneic sources,concerns about efficacy,and lingering safety apprehensions.Moreover,we unravel the enigmatic mechanisms surro-unding MSC transplantation,such as homing,integration,and the delicate balance between differentiation and paracrine effects.We also assess the current status of clinical trials and the ever-evolving regulatory landscape.As we peer into the future,we examine emerging trends,envisioning personalized medicine and innovative delivery methods.Our review provides a balanced and informed perspective on the controversies,offering readers a clear understanding of the complexities,challenges,and potential solutions in MSC transplantation.

Clinacanthus nutans:a review of the medicinal uses,pharmacology and phytochemistry

Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanlhaceae family.This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin rashes,insects and snake bites,lesions caused by herpes simplex virus,diabetes,and gout in Malaysia.Indonesia.Thailand and China.Phylochemieal investigations documented the varied contents of bioaclive compounds from litis plant namely flavonoids,glycosides,glycoglyeerolipids.cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol.The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory,antiviral,antioxidant,and anti-diabetic activities.The lindings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions.However,further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability tor future drugs.This review summarizes the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.

High-intensity focused ultrasound extracorporeal ablation of liver tissuesin rabbits

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尿源性脓毒症患者个体化诊治分析

目的结合国内外指南,探讨尿源性脓毒症患者的个体化治疗策略,为尿源性脓毒症患者的规范化诊疗提供参考.方法分析2021年4月15日入住西安交通大学第一附属医院重症医学科的1例尿源性脓毒症患者的诊断和治疗过程.诊疗过程中第一时间行穿刺引流液及尿液培养,从病原学角度明确诊断.从感染部位常见病原菌、医疗单元病原菌耐药情况、用药安全等方面考虑,给予亚胺培南西司他丁经验性抗感染治疗;根据药物药效动力学/药代动力学(PK/PD)特点采用两步法给药及进行药物浓度监测,并对患者进行出院随访.结果患者入院时病情危重,诊断为尿源性脓毒症.在经验性抗感染治疗的同时根据抗菌药物PK/PD特点进行优化.行超声引导下左肾盂经皮肾脏穿刺造瘘术以对感染灶充分引流.穿刺引流尿液培养回报为产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌,明确了病原学诊断.经治疗7d后患者病情好转,将抗菌药物降阶梯为哌拉西林他唑巴坦,抗感染总疗程14 d.患者出院2个月后情况良好,于当地医院行左输尿管结石碎石治疗并拔除左肾造瘘管.出院后患者的病情平稳,随访7个月未再复发,日常生活未受影响.结论尿源性脓毒症患者感染灶的处理至关重要.诊治需参考国内外指南,结合当地的病原菌分布、耐药情况及患者的临床实际情况来制定治疗策略.使用抗菌药物依据其PK/PD特点进行优化,监测抗菌药物浓度,进而实现个体化诊疗.

美罗培南与亚胺培南治疗重症肺炎患者的临床疗效及对血清hs-CRP、PCT、IL-6水平的影响

目的 观察在重症肺炎疾病治疗中采用美罗培南与亚胺培南治疗的临床效果。方法 80例重症肺炎患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组40例。对照组患者采用亚胺培南治疗,观察组患者采用美罗培南治疗。对比两组患者炎性因子[降钙素原(PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]水平、临床症状改善时间及机械通气时间、临床疗效。结果 治疗后,观察组PCT、hs-CRP及IL-6水平分别为(1.02±0.29)μg/L、(2.33±0.65)mg/L、(3.65±1.13)ng/L,低于对照组的(2.33±0.54)μg/L、(6.74±1.16)mg/L、(5.42±1.12)ng/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者体温恢复正常时间、肺部炎性吸收时间、痰液性状改善时间及机械通气时间分别为(5.13±0.58)、(6.25±0.65)、(4.12±1.75)、(1.74±0.25)d,短于对照组的(8.24±1.32)、(8.53±0.52)、(5.65±1.85)、(3.47±1.02)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗总有效率为95.00%,高于对照组的80.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在重症肺炎患者治疗中应用美罗培南治疗的临床疗效明显优于亚胺培南,且能够缩短患者临床症状改善时间及机械通气时间,降低炎性反应,推荐在临床上大力使用。

The role of drug utilization evaluation in medical sciences

Background:Drug utilization evaluation(DUE)is defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and focuses on the medical,social,and economic consequences of pharmaceutical marketing,distribution,prescribing,and usage in society.The WHO recommends a physician to every 1000 people.According to the recent data from the Health Ministry in 2019,in which 1.16 million doctors are of active population with just 80%,or 0.9 million,practicing.As a result,a ratio of 0.68 doctors for every 1000 people,which is much below as per the WHO reports.This article describes history,types,WHO guidelines,need and purpose of DUE.Objective:The main aim of this paper is to provide information about the rational use of medication in outpa­tient and inpatient department with special emphasis of DUEs.It also provides awareness directly to healthcare professionals,researchers,academicians,pharmacist and nurses to reduce the irrationality of medicines.Methods:The method used to compile this review information gathered from websites,Google scholar,PubMed,Research gate,and studies published on DUE from July 20 to Oct 22 were included as source of information.Results:We studied more than 35 published study on DUE,that reveals most of the physicians prescribed branded drugs not generic drugs,but WHO prescribing indicator allows to prescribe generic drugs in the hospital pharmacy to maintain better inventory control.It may also help to prevent pharmacist misunderstanding during dispensing.Conclusion:The use of generic prescription names avoids the possibility of medication product duplication and lowers patient costs.It is important to remember that incorrect medication prescriptions have impact on both patients and their family members.WHO indicators identify irrational prescribing behaviours to make therapy more rational and cost-effective.

USE OF CELL-BASED BIOASSAY FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF BOTANICAL THERAPEUTICS

The single most important factor in modernization efforts of traditional oriental medicines is the limited understanding of active compounds responsible for claimed therapeutic effects.Indeed,the unknown identity of biologically active molecules generates major difficulties associated with botanical therapeutics in general.This includes management of raw materials,poor understanding of

亚胺培南在感染性疾病中的合理应用和疗效评价

目的评价细菌对亚胺培南的耐药性和合理应用。方法选择2000年1月～2002年11月华西医院7个科室的住院患者,抽取使用过亚胺培南的病例共85份,收集有关数据(年龄,疾病种类,亚胺培南应用指征、剂量、疗程,细菌耐药,二重感染等)进行分析。结果假单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属和黄杆菌属的耐药率高,分别为45.16%、80%和66.67%。肠杆菌属100%敏感。亚胺培南总有效率52.38%(45例)。26例在亚胺培南使用中或停用后发生真菌感染,与纳入老年人多、合并症多及使用亚胺培南之前已反复使用第三代头孢菌素、酶抑制剂或喹诺酮类有关,而与亚胺培南无直接关系。另外,亚胺培南选用标准、方法、剂量不当及未针对敏感菌选药也影响疗效。结论针对敏感菌和正确使用,亚胺培南仍能在中、重度感染性疾病中发挥很好疗效。同时,加强对医师合理使用亚胺培南的教育也是重要的。

重症患者亚胺培南血药浓度监测结果的相关因素分析

收集109例重症患者基本临床资料与亚胺培南血药浓度,统计分析患者年龄、性别、剂量、连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)、序贯性器官衰竭(SOFA)评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分,以及肝肾功能情况对血药浓度和药动学/药效学(PK/PD)达标情况的影响。其中67例患者测定了谷浓度,平均浓度为(3.52±2.59)μg·m L-1,42例测定了40%T浓度,平均浓度为(13.28±6.46)μg·m L-1,总体PK/PD达标率为61.5%。不同剂量组间达标率有差异(P<0.05);不同浓度组间肌酐清除率(CLcr)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿素(UREA)、估算肾小球滤过率(e GFR)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示肾功能情况对亚胺培南浓度影响较大,应根据患者总体情况制定个体化给药方案,以提高抗菌治疗的有效率。

亚胺培南西司他丁钠和美罗培南治疗急性白血病粒细胞减少期合并重症肺部感染的效果比较

目的:比较亚胺培南西司他丁钠和美罗培南治疗急性白血病粒细胞减少期合并重症肺部感染的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取2015年7月-2016年7月儋州市人民医院收治的急性白血病粒细胞减少期合并重症肺部感染患者64例作为研究对象,按照入院顺序号,单数为试验组,双数为对照组,各32例。对照组患者给予注射用美罗培南1 g+0.9%氯化钠注射液100 mL,ivgtt(约30 min),q8 h;试验组患者给予注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠1 g+0.9%氯化钠注射液100 mL,ivgtt(约30 min),q12 h。两组患者均治疗14 d。观察两组患者临床疗效、治疗前后的血气参数{血氧分压[p(O_2)]、血二氧化碳分压[p(CO_2)]、血氧饱和度(Sa O_2)}水平和病原菌清除情况,并记录不良反应发生情况。结果:试验组患者的临床总有效率(78.13%)明显高于对照组(71.88%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者血气参数和病原菌检出株数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者p(O_2)和Sa O_2水平均明显升高,p(CO_2)水平明显降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组患者病原菌清除27例(清除率为84.38%),多于对照组的26例(清除率为81.25%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组患者的总不良反应发生率(9.38%)明显低于对照组(15.63%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:亚胺培南西司他丁钠和美罗培南治疗急性白血病粒细胞减少期合并重症肺部感染的临床疗效、对血气参数的改善作用、病原菌清除效果均较好,亚安全性均较高。

抗菌药物诱导大肠杆菌内毒素释放的研究

目的：探讨不同类型的抗菌药物释放细菌内毒素潜能和速率的不同。方法：选择５ 种不同类型抗菌药物单独或联合作用于大肠杆菌，比较４ ｈ 期间游离内毒素，同时作菌落计数和细菌形态学检查。结果：亚胺培南西司他丁杀菌作用和释放内毒素最快，但释放内毒素量较少；头孢他啶释放内毒素较快，量较多；环丙沙星释放缓慢，量中等；阿米卡星释放缓慢，量最小；头孢曲松致细菌丝状体形成，杀菌并释放内毒素最慢但量最大；阿米卡星和头孢曲松联合用药有协同抗菌作用，且明显减少头孢曲松释放内毒素的量，与单独使用阿米卡星释放内毒素的量近似。结论：不同类型抗菌药物诱导细菌内毒素释放的量和速率不同。

美罗培南与亚胺培南西司他丁钠治疗重症肺炎的效果及安全性比较

目的比较美罗培南与亚胺培南西司他丁钠治疗重症肺炎患者的临床效果及安全性。方法回顾性分析2021年3月—2022年3月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九○○医院仓山院区收治的重症肺炎患者117例,在常规治疗基础上,应用美罗培南治疗患者(59例)纳入研究组,应用亚胺培南西司他丁钠治疗患者(58例)纳入对照组,2组均连续治疗7 d。比较2组患者治疗效果、临床症状改善时间,治疗前后血清炎性因子水平及不良反应。结果研究组治疗总有效率为98.31%,高于对照组的86.21%(χ^(2)=6.029,P=0.014);研究组恢复正常体温时间、呼吸困难改善时间、咳嗽停止时间、咯痰缓解时间均短于对照组(P<0.01);治疗7 d后,2组降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平均较治疗前降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);研究组不良反应总发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(1.69%vs.13.79%,χ^(2)=4.445,P=0.035)。结论重症肺炎患者采用美罗培南治疗有助于病情的早期控制,对血清指标的改善、疗效的提升有积极意义,且安全性较高,值得借鉴应用。