Enrichment conditions and distribution characteristics of lacustrine medium-to-high maturity shale oil in China

Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.

A Review of Main Factors Involved in the Maturation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fruit Bunches

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a diploid perennial plant of the Arecaceae family. It is the most important plant cultivated for oil production. To ensure this production, certain optimal conditions are required: temperature, sunshine, rainfall, etc. The oil palm ensures its survival through the fruits borne on bunches located at the axis of the 17th to 20th leaves from the central stem. From pollination to the maturity of a bunch it takes about 4.5 to 6 months. Several events occur during this period: seed enlargement, weight increase, colour change, etc., but also important physiological changes: synthesis of some pigments (anthocyanin), increase in oil content correlated with the decrease in water content, etc. All of these constitute factors that can provide a better understanding of the biology of the seed. The aim of this work was to review some of the important parameters involved in the development and maturation of oil palm fruit bunches. These factors are classified into physiological, biochemical as well as environmental. The physiological parameters are color, appearance of embryo, seed weight and fruit detachment from bunches;Biochemical parameters include water content, oil content, carbohydrate, protein, mineral contents and lipase activity while temperature is the main environmental factor that affects fruit maturation. Thorough research has not yet been done at the different stages of maturation and ripening, thus a deep look into this may open up new avenues for research on early germinated oil palm seed production prior to seed dormancy.

Study on Immature and Low Mature Oilin Huanghua Depression

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Influence of Jatropha Fruit Maturity on Seed Oil Yield, Composition and Heat of Combustion of Derived Biodiesel

Maturity of Jatropha fruits has influence on oil yield, chemical composition and physicochemical properties of derived biodiesel. Oil yield was determined using soxhlet extraction while biodiesel was prepared through the process of transesterification. Fatty acid profile was determined according to test method EN 14103 using Agilent Technologies GC System 7890. The calorific value of biodiesel was determined using Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter, IKA C200 according to test method ASTM D5865. Results showed that Yellow Jatropha fruit seeds have the highest oil yield and energy content, coupled with the best mix of fatty acid methyl esters.

Origin and accumulation of high-maturity oil and gas in deep parts of the Baxian Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Great quantities of light oil and gas are produced from deep buried hill reservoirs at depths of 5,641 m to 6,027 m and 190 °C to 201 °C in the Niudong-1 Well, representing the deepest and hottest commercial hydrocarbons discovered in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China. This discovery suggests favorable exploration prospects for the deep parts of the basin. However, the discovery raises questions regarding the genesis and accumulation of hydrocarbons in deep reservoirs. Based on the geochemical features of the hydrocarbons and characteristics of the source rocks as well as thermal simulation experiments of hydrocarbon generation, we conclude that the oil and gas were generated from the highly mature Sha-4 Member (Es4 ) source rocks instead of thermal cracking of crude oils in earlier accumulations. The source kitchen with abnormal pressures and karsted carbonate reservoirs control the formation of high-maturity hydrocarbon accumulations in the buried hills (i.e., Niudong-1) in conjunction with several structural-lithologic traps in the Es4 reservoirs since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation. This means the oil and gas exploration potential in the deep parts of the Baxian Depression is probably high.

The Occurrence of Oleananes in the Beibuwan Basin and Its Application to the Study of Maturity and Oil-Source Rock Correlation

摘要： oleanane 参数，即，在 Beibuwan 盆的二沉积的列的 OP (oleananes/( oleananes+C30hopanes ))，华南海，能被用来限定油产生窗户的顶，与在井 M1 的 0.53 的 Ro (/%)并且 0.55 在井 H1/Hd1/Hd2 ，分别地。与 vitrinite 反射(Ro/%) 作比较， OP 展示一个动态范围和罐头更精确显示油产生窗户。由使用 OP 和另外的 geochemical 索引，油来源关联也被进行。它建议在井 M1 和 M2 的油在 situ 从来源岩石被导出。在 Huachang 的 mudstone 高举不是为在这个区域的油的主要来源岩石。OP 也是在一些第三级的湖的盆的一个有用油来源关联参数。

Accumulation and Mixing of Oils in Jinghu Sag of Subei Basin:Constraints from Thermal Maturity Parameters

Oils in Jinghu sag are abundant with high content of polar compounds and have a low ratio of saturate to aromatic hydrocarbons and a high ratio of resin to asphaltene. The gross composition of oils in the Jinghu sag suggests typical immature to low mature characteristics. Some compounds with low thermal stability were identified. Light hydrocarbons, a carbon preference index, an odd even index, n-alkane and hopane maturity parameters show mature features and little differences in the maturity level among oils. Sterane isomerization parameters indicate an immature to low mature status of oil. Transfer of the sedimentary center during sedimentation has led to different thermal histories among subsags and thus generated oils with different maturities. On the basis of source analyses, four migration and accumulation patterns with different maturity can be classified. Combined with available information on mergers of source, reservoir and long distance oil lateral migration, mixing conditions were present in the Jinghu sag. Experimental results indicate that maturity variations are caused by mixtures of hydrocarbons with different maturity.

Hydrocarbon generation from lacustrine shales with retained oil during thermal maturation

Thermal maturation in the shale oil/gas system is inherently complex due to the competitive interplays between hydrocarbon generation and retention processes.To study hydrocarbon generation characteristics from shales within different stages of thermal maturation under the influence of retained oil,we performed Micro-Scale Sealed Vessels(MSSV)pyrolysis on a set of artificially matured lacustrine shale s amples from the Shahejie Formation in the Dongpu Depression in Bohai B ay Basin,China.Experimental results show that hydrocarbon yields of shale samples with or without retained oil at various thermal maturities follow different evolution paths.Heavy components(C15+)in samples crack at high temperatures and generally follow a sequence,where they first transform into C6-14 then to C2-5 and C1.Methane accounts for most of the gaseous products at high temperatures in all samples,with different origins.The cracking of C2-5 is the main methane-generating process in samples with retained oil,whereas the source of methane in samples without retained oil is kerogen.In the studied shales,retained oils at early-mature stage retard the transformation of liquid to gaseous hydrocarbon and prompt the cracking of C2-5 to C1 to some extent.TSR reaction related to gypsum in the studied samples is the primary reason that can explain the loss of hydrocarbon yields,especially at high temperatures.In addition,transformation of volatile hydrocarbons to gas and coke also accounts for the loss of generated hydrocarbon,as a secondary factor.

Heterogeneous geological conditions and differential enrichment of medium and high maturity continental shale oil in China

Based on the comparison of basic geological conditions and enrichment characteristics of shale oil plays, the heterogeneity of source and reservoir conditions and differential enrichment of medium-high maturity continental shale oil plays in China have been confirmed.(1) Compared with the homogeneous geological settings and wide distribution of marine shale oil strata in North America, the continental medium and high maturity shale oil plays in China are significantly different in geological conditions generally;continental multi-cyclic tectonic evolution forms multiple types of lake basins in multi-stages, providing sites for large-scale development of continental shale oil, and giving rise to large scale high-quality source rocks, multiple types of reservoirs, and diverse source-reservoir combinations with significant heterogeneity.(2) The differences in sedimentary water environments lead to the heterogeneity in lithology, lithofacies, and organic material types of source rocks;the differences in material source supply and sedimentary facies belt result in reservoirs of different lithologies, including argillaceous and transition rocks, and tight siltstone, and complex source-reservoir combination types.(3) The heterogeneity of the source rock controls the differentiation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, the diverse reservoir types make reservoir performance different and the source-reservoir configurations complex, and these two factors ultimately make the shale oil enrichment patterns different. Among them, the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion capacity of high-quality source rocks affect the degree of shale oil enrichment. Freshwater hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC larger than 2.5% and saline hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC of 2% to 10% have a high content of retained hydrocarbons and are favorable.(4) High-abundance organic shale is the basis for the enrichment of shale oil inside the source. In addition to being retained in shale, liquid hydrocarbons migrate along laminae, diagenetic fractures, and thin sandy layers, and then accumulate in laminae of argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, and argillaceous dolomite, and dolomitic siltstone suites, etc. with low organic matter abundance in the shale strata, resulting in differences in enrichment pattern.

塔河油田盐下地区原油地球化学特征及不同期次油气成藏贡献

对于多旋回叠合盆地,油气藏形成的过程往往伴随着多期次的原油充注,但并非每一期原油充注都对现今油藏形成起到关键作用。流体包裹体方法只能对原油充注期次和时间进行限定,而无法确定各期充注原油对油藏的贡献。针对上述问题,以塔河油田盐下地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏为例,采用原油地球化学、流体包裹体法、荧光光谱和单井模拟分析方法,系统揭示了研究区原油的荧光特征、油气成藏期次和成藏时间。原油生物标志化合物参数分析结果表明,其母质相同且沉积于海相弱还原环境,再通过与研究区烃源岩进行油源对比,确定了原油均来自下寒武统玉尔吐斯组烃源岩。原油芳烃中甲基菲指数和二苯并噻吩参数是定量评价原油成熟度的有效指标,计算得到塔河油田盐下地区原油成熟度(R_(o))在0.90%~1.47%之间,可能对应了多期油气充注。此外,在对盐下地区奥陶系储层油包裹体荧光光谱分析、共生盐水包裹体测温和测盐的基础上,结合单井埋藏史和热史模拟,确定盐下地区存在加里东中期(420 Ma)、海西中期(318 Ma)和喜马拉雅晚期(10 Ma)3期原油充注。对比原油和3期油包裹体荧光光谱参数,认为喜马拉雅晚期是盐下地区的主成藏期,为盐下地区的奥陶系油藏贡献了最多的原油。

塔里木盆地塔河油田塔深5井震旦系原油地球化学特征及地质意义

塔深5(TS5)井于2021年完钻,井深9 017 m,是目前亚洲第一深井,同时也是塔里木盆地台盆区第一口在8 780~8 840 m的上震旦统白云岩段获得油气突破的钻井,也是继轮探1井寒武系盐下突破后,超深层白云岩领域的又一重大发现。为了探究其油气成因,分别对TS5井震旦系凝析油和上部奥陶系重质油,及其邻区寒武系挥发油和奥陶系凝析油进行了有机地球化学特征对比。结果表明,TS5井震旦系凝析油和白云岩储层氯仿抽提物的正构烷烃系列均分布完整,指示了其生烃母质形成于强还原环境;其与奥陶系正常油-超重质油和雅克拉地区凝析油总体具有相似的生物标志化合物和碳同位素分布特征,反映均具有相似的油源;其等效镜质体反射率(Rc)值为1.7%,成熟度高于奥陶系重质油、寒武系挥发油,与邻区凝析油相当,处于高成熟阶段。综合生物标志化合物和碳同位素证据,推测TS5井震旦系油气源来自下寒武统玉尔吐斯组,其与上覆玉尔吐斯组泥页岩构成良好的储盖组合,喜马拉雅晚期来自周边较低部位玉尔吐斯组生成的高成熟凝析油气,沿斜坡运移至震旦系白云岩构造圈闭内形成了一定规模的凝析气藏。TS5井震旦系油气突破,发现了新的含油气层系,丰富了超深层油气成藏过程,为塔里木盆地超深层勘探指明了新的探索方向。

浙江省3个油橄榄主栽品种果实表型与品质性状分析

为摸清油橄榄Olea europaea引入浙江栽植后的表现,以3个主栽品种‘城固32号’O.uropaeain‘Chenggu32’‘鄂植8号’O.uropaeain‘Ezhi 8’和‘豆果’O.uropaeain‘Arbequina’的果实为材料,测定不同成熟度下的果实表型和品质性状,并采用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析法确定最佳采收期及果实表型与品质性状的差异性。结果表明,3个品种果实的成熟时间不同,成熟时间从早到晚依次为‘城固32号’(9月18日)、‘鄂植8号’(10月7日)和‘豆果’(10月28日);3个品种果实的成熟期也不同,分别为28 d(‘城固32号’)、47d(‘鄂植8号’)和68d(‘豆果’);根据鲜果质量和含油率确定‘城固32号’‘鄂植8号’和‘豆果’的最佳采收期分别为第5成熟度、第4成熟度和第5成熟度;方差分析结果表明,3个油橄榄品质性状在品种间差异显著(P<0.05),同一品种不同成熟度也存在显著差异(P<0.05);相关性分析分析结果表明,油橄榄果实表型性状间和品质性状间存在显著相关性,通过果实表型性状可以推测果实品质的差异;通过油橄榄果实品质性状主成分分析结果表明,前三个主成分的特征值最大,分别为5.88、3.52和2.16,累积贡献率达到88.86%。本文研究结果有助于通过不同油橄榄品种的表型性状差异来推断果实品质性状的差异性,可为浙江油橄榄品种引种工作提供重要参考。

高含水老油田化学驱综合治理新方法及工程实践路径

针对胜利高含水老油田化学驱在科学、技术、管理、工程四个角度面临的开发矛盾,以渤76块为典型单元,在工程实践中进行具体对策分析,构建了“适、专、快、集”的老油田化学驱综合治理新方法。“适”指在老油田科学开发方式转化上,构建不同油藏类型老油田化学驱最佳介入时机模型,提出了在含水率相对较低的阶段,是适合化学驱的有利时机,高效开发方式需“适”介入。“专”指在老油田开发技术应用上,改变传统聚合物先溶解后注入的开发思路,研制可控相转化聚合物,使聚合物先注入后溶解,解决炮眼剪切降解的难题,提高油水流度控制能力,老油田开发矛盾需“专”治理。“快”指在老油田综合管理模式上,改变传统方式,即矿场提问题、研究院设计方案、化工厂生产驱油剂的“串联”管理模式,提出充分发挥矿场、研究院、生产厂三方优势的“并联”管理模式,形成针对单一油藏的产品工业化工艺包以及产业化落地方案,老油田开发技术实现“快”转化。“集”指在老油田工程应用实践上,打破老油田化学驱地面大规模建站的工程工艺模式,采用集约化撬装配注设备,实现老油田化学驱的集约快速配注,老油田工程工艺实现“集”应用。运用上述方法,在胜利油田渤76块综合含水率上升初期,实施由水驱转为可控相转化聚合物驱,实施后一年即见到明显的降水增油效果,单井日产油水平增加8.6t/d,综合含水率降低3.1%,验证了综合治理模式的可行性,为高含水老油田化学驱高效开发提供了有效路径。

四川盆地仪陇—平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油地质特征及富集条件

基于钻井岩心的地球化学及其他实验分析结果,结合生产测试资料,对四川盆地仪陇—平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油地质特征及富集条件进行研究,并划分了勘探有利区。研究结果表明:(1)仪陇—平昌地区凉高山组为早侏罗世第3次湖盆扩张期的沉积产物,整体经历了凉下段滨湖—浅湖、凉上段中—下部深湖—半深湖及浅湖、凉上段上部三角洲前缘和浅湖的沉积环境变化。(2)研究区凉高山组页岩可分为长英质页岩、钙质页岩、黏土质页岩等3种;页岩有机质丰度高,TOC值为0.50%~3.39%,平均值为1.30%,有机质类型以Ⅱ_(1)和Ⅱ_(2)型为主,热演化程度高,镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.00%~1.90%,处于高—过成熟阶段。(3)凉高山组页岩物性较好,孔隙度为0.48%~7.17%,平均为3.61%,发育无机成因孔、有机孔和构造缝等储集空间类型;含油性较好,以轻质组分为主,整体呈零散状、点状分布,局部呈团块状富集;凉上段下部富有机质页岩更发育,是目前勘探的重点层位。(4)凉高山组页岩油气的富集受控于前陆盆地过渡期的弱沉降环境、大面积分布的深湖相沉积、较高的热演化程度以及普遍发育的微裂缝。中南部为页岩油气潜力区,页岩储层厚度一般大于15 m,TOC值大于1.50%,孔隙度大于4.00%,R_(o)大于1.30%;凉高山组页岩油资源量为26.75×10^(8)t、页岩气资源量为1.72×10^(12)m^(3),有望成为四川盆地石油产量增加的主力层系。

江陵凹陷古近系新沟嘴组下段原油芳烃馏分地球化学特征及油源对比

【目的】油气来源对比是油气勘探的基础,为扩大江陵凹陷油气资源勘探领域。【方法】基于前期饱和烃分析结果,利用色谱—质谱分析技术对江陵凹陷古近系新沟嘴组下段原油的芳烃馏分进行了分析研究,对原油来源进行了探讨。【结果】研究区原油可分为两大类:Ⅰ类原油取自万城断裂构造带和公安单斜带,其母源形成于一般还原环境并且水体具有一定盐度的半深湖相沉积环境,萘系列及三芳甾烷系列高碳数异构体比值体现其母质类型较好以及陆生高等植物输入较少的特点,该类原油整体处于成熟—高熟阶段,其中万城断裂构造带中的万13井和万12井和公安单斜带中的耀5井是高成熟原油,推测处于各自构造单元中最接近油藏充注点的位置;Ⅱ类原油取自荆州背斜带,成熟度低于Ⅰ类原油,母质类型以低等水生生物输入为主但相较于Ⅰ类原油接受了更多的陆生高等植物输入,形成于高盐度、强还原的深湖相沉积环境,且位于荆州背斜带中部及东南部的Ⅱ2类原油相较于荆州背斜带西北部的Ⅱ1类原油成熟度更低、陆生高等植物输入更多。【结论】万城断裂构造带的Ⅱ油组和Ⅲ油组为Ⅰ类原油的主要烃源岩,同时存在来自荆州背斜带Ⅰ油组的贡献,高的成熟度特征可能指示该类原油还存在除本文外的其他区域或层位的贡献;Ⅱ类原油主要来自荆州背斜带和万城断裂构造带的Ⅱ油组,同时存在荆州背斜带北部Ⅲ油组的贡献。

深水中大型气田滚动勘探技术体系与成效——以琼东南盆地中央峡谷A边际气田为例

为了促进琼东南盆地中央峡谷深水A边际气田开发,引入目标搜索研究、目标评价研究、目标钻探研究等完整气田滚动勘探技术体系。A边际气田目标搜索除利用传统的区带油气潜力目标搜索技术外,提出评价过程目标搜索技术,共搜索了5个油气潜力区块,并优选A4构造进行油气目标评价。从圈闭解释与落实、圈闭烃类检测两方面对A4构造油气成藏主控因素开展研究。A4构造中部预测优势含气区具有强振幅属性、低密度、低速度、低纵波阻抗、低纵横波速度比等有利含气信息特征,总体为Ⅲ类AVO异常,且能够升级HL_0气组控制天然气地质储量,部署滚动探井A4-1井实施钻探,在黄流组钻遇气层超20 m,莺歌海组二段钻遇可疑气层近10 m,获得天然气探明地质储量近30亿立方米,钻探效果好。滚动勘探研究在深水A边际气田的应用,不仅有效地促进了A边际气田后续滚动勘探活动,而且证实了滚动勘探同样适用于深水油气勘探。

基于AHP-EWM-模糊综合评价的智能油库成熟度评价

随着物联网、大数据等技术的发展,石化行业正朝着智能化的方向迈进。作为储存石油产品的重要场所,油库的智能化发展相对缓慢。为提升油库的智能化水平、促进油库的智能化发展,基于中国国内油库智能化现状,从生产运行管理、环保安全管理、巡检设备管理等三大业务维度,建立了智能油库成熟度评价模型,将层次分析法和熵权法相结合,得出智能油库成熟度模型的各指标权重,并通过模糊综合评价分析评估智能油库的得分情况,进一步得出智能油库的成熟度等级。最后,以某油库为例进行了智能油库成熟度的评价分析,根据最终成熟度等级评估结果分析了该油库关键业务的不足,提出了针对性的改进优化措施,以期提升其整体智能化水平。

中高成熟度页岩油地面工艺探索与认识

中高成熟度页岩油特性与常规原油在开发方式与生产规律等方面存在较大差异,采用传统的地面工程建设技术难以满足低成本、高效开发的要求,且不同类型页岩油差异较大,因此结合页岩油物性特点和生产规律,开展了针对页岩油地面工艺的研究。通过现场试验、分析,结合国内外页岩油地面工艺现状,探讨中高成熟度页岩油地面工艺技术,包括单管不加热混输或分输的集输工艺、多井轮回计量的计量工艺、加注破乳剂的加药工艺、两级热化学脱水的脱水工艺、管输和拉运的原油外输工艺、分子筛脱水+丙烷制冷的天然气处理工艺以及其他相关的地面建设,如橇装化、数字化和返排液处理工艺技术。并通过对地面工艺的分析,总结了页岩油地面工程与油藏工程、钻井工程、采油工程等开发专业协调优化的必要性,地上、地下一体化联动,滚动开发,降低地面工程投资;工艺技术采用密闭工艺、分质处理、分质销售,降低油气损耗,增加产品附加值,提高效益;建设方式采用橇装设备分列布置、数字化建设,适应快速建产、后期扩改建需要,提升管理水平;返排液处理采用循环复配回用的方式,实现注采平衡,绿色开发。