Modelling Foot and Mouth Disease in the Context of Active Immigrants

This study employs mathematical modeling to analyze the impact of active immigrants on Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) transmission dynamics. We calculate the reproduction number (R0) using the next-generation matrix approach. Applying the Routh-Hurwitz Criterion, we establish that the Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) point achieves local asymptotic stability when R0 α1 and α2) are closely associated with reduced susceptibility in animal populations, underscoring the link between immigrants and susceptibility. Furthermore, our findings emphasize the interplay of disease introduction with population response and adaptation, particularly involving incoming infectious immigrants. Swift interventions are vital due to the limited potential for disease establishment and rapid susceptibility decline. This study offers crucial insights into the complexities of FMD transmission with active immigrants, informing effective disease management strategies.

Inflammatory bowel disease among first generation immigrants in Israel:A nationwide epi-Israeli Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Nucleus study

BACKGROUND Israel has a high rate of Jewish immigration and a high prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).AIM To compare IBD prevalence in first-generation immigrants vs Israel-born Jews.METHODS Patients with a diagnosis of IBD as of June 2020 were included from the validated epi-IIRN(Israeli IBD Research Nucleus)cohort that includes 98%of the Israeli population.We stratified the immigration cohort by IBD risk according to country of origin,time period of immigration,and age group as of June 2020.RESULTS A total of 33544 patients were ascertained,of whom 18524(55%)had Crohn’s disease(CD)and 15020(45%)had ulcerative colitis(UC);28394(85%)were Israel-born and 5150(15%)were immigrants.UC was more prevalent in immigrants(2717;53%)than in non-immigrants(12303,43%,P<0.001),especially in the<1990 immigration period.After adjusting for age,longer duration in Israel was associated with a higher point prevalence rate in June 2020(high-risk origin:Immigration<1990:645.9/100000,≥1990:613.2/100000,P=0.043;intermediate/low-risk origin:<1990:540.5/100000,≥1990:192.0/100000,P<0.001).The prevalence was higher in patients immigrating from countries with high risk for IBD(561.4/100000)than those originating from intermediate-/low-risk countries(514.3/100000;P<0.001);non-immigrant prevalence was 528.9/100000.CONCLUSION Lending support to the environmental effect on IBD etiology,we found that among immigrants to Israel,the prevalence of IBD increased with longer time since immigration,and was related to the risk of IBD in the country of origin.The UC rate was higher than that of CD only in those immigrating in earlier time periods.

Acculturation Gap Between Two Generation Immigrants:An Analysis of Fresh Off the Boat

Globalization facilitates the transnational and trans-regional flow of population.As new comers,immigrants need to adapt to new culture and conventions.The way of acculturation varies from individuals even within an immigrant family,with a problematic asymmetry that children acculturate faster than their last generations,as the acculturation gap-distress model demonstrates.However,empirical studies indicate that acculturation gap does not always associate with family and youth maladjustment,and parent’s attitude towards the host and origin culture rarely influences children.This paper analyses Fresh Off the Boat,a teleplay adapted from a Chinese American writer Eddie Huang’s memoir,to revile how different generation immigrants adapt to their new life.This paper finds that parents’orientations to Chinese and American culture affect their children,which is different from the previous study.Findings suggest that maintaining heritage culture is important for young immigrants’adjustment,while accepting host culture is crucial for their parents.Therefore,adopting a strategy of integration may be the ideal way of acculturation.

A Hybrid Immigrants Scheme for Genetic Algorithms in Dynamic Environments

Dynamic optimization problems are a kind of optimization problems that involve changes over time. They pose a serious challenge to traditional optimization methods as well as conventional genetic algorithms since the goal is no longer to search for the optimal solution（s） of a fixed problem but to track the moving optimum over time. Dynamic optimization problems have attracted a growing interest from the genetic algorithm community in recent years. Several approaches have been developed to enhance the performance of genetic algorithms in dynamic environments. One approach is to maintain the diversity of the population via random immigrants. This paper proposes a hybrid immigrants scheme that combines the concepts of elitism, dualism and random immigrants for genetic algorithms to address dynamic optimization problems. In this hybrid scheme, the best individual, i.e., the elite, from the previous generation and its dual individual are retrieved as the bases to create immigrants via traditional mutation scheme. These elitism-based and dualism-based immigrants together with some random immigrants are substituted into the current population, replacing the worst individuals in the population. These three kinds of immigrants aim to address environmental changes of slight, medium and significant degrees respectively and hence efficiently adapt genetic algorithms to dynamic environments that are subject to different severities of changes. Based on a series of systematically constructed dynamic test problems, experiments are carried out to investigate the performance of genetic algorithms with the hybrid immigrants scheme and traditional random immigrants scheme. Experimental results validate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid immigrants scheme for improving the performance of genetic algorithms in dynamic environments.

The Agony of Early Chinese Immigrants--A Review on Shanghai Girls

The article aims at exploring by the way of a traditional approach—Historical-Biographical the agony confronted by early Chinese immigrants in America based on the novel Shanghai Girls.Early Chinese Americans encountered numerous pains:hardship in their work,discrimination in their lives,and the threat of deportation from the host government.Generally,the sufferings of theirs derive from three sources,namely,their powerless homeland,the hostility of the white and their low education status.Due to the poverty and powerless their homeland,both the sisters encountered countless insults.

Immigrants’ Satisfaction from the National Health System in Greece: In the Quest of the Contributing Factors

Immigrants deserve special attention as they constitute a very sensitive social group, facing an increasing risk of social exclusion. The access of immigrants to health services is one of the most important factors, which contributes to their integration into the society of induction. The purpose of this study is to track and assess the immigrants’ satisfaction from the health services provided by the Greek National Health System (NHS). The satisfaction level assessment is examined in conjunction with demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the study participants, as well as with the characteristics that are related to their personal experience with the National Health System in Greece. The research was conducted from March 2012 to May 2013. The sample of the research comprises of 126 “first-generation” immigrants on legal permit of residence in Greece, who lived in the prefecture of Attica. It is panel study based on “snowball sampling” and the statistical analysis was conducted with the use of the Stata (ver. 11), while the statistical analysis used probit estimation techniques. The demographic and social variables—particularly the variables of gender, “understanding the Greek language”, “education”, “participation in the community of origin” and “insurance”—the variables of “health” and specifically “long-term diseases” and the variable of “trust” are found to be highly related with immigrants’ satisfaction degree from the Greek health system. Our research concludes that health is a fundamental, human right and immigrants’ access to health services is essential not only for their instant and effective treatment of their health problems and the improvement of their lives but also for ensuring the public health in Greece. In order to properly incorporate immigrants in Greece in particular, the health policy decision-makers have to pay attention to the contributing factors.

A Mathematical Modelling of the Effect of Treatment in the Control of Malaria in a Population with Infected Immigrants

In this work, we developed a compartmental bio-mathematical model to study the effect of treatment in the control of malaria in a population with infected immigrants. In particular, the vector-host population model consists of eleven variables, for which graphical profiles were provided to depict their individual variations with time. This was possible with the help of MathCAD software which implements the Runge-Kutta numerical algorithm to solve numerically the eleven differential equations representing the vector-host malaria population model. We computed the basic reproduction ratio R0 following the next generation matrix. This procedure converts a system of ordinary differential equations of a model of infectious disease dynamics to an operator that translates from one generation of infectious individuals to the next. We obtained R0 = , i.e., the square root of the product of the basic reproduction ratios for the mosquito and human populations respectively. R0m explains the number of humans that one mosquito can infect through contact during the life time it survives as infectious. R0h on the other hand describes the number of mosquitoes that are infected through contacts with the infectious human during infectious period. Sensitivity analysis was performed for the parameters of the model to help us know which parameters in particular have high impact on the disease transmission, in other words on the basic reproduction ratio R0.

Cigarette use attitudes and effects of acculturation among Arab immigrants in USA: A preliminary study

The purpose of this study is to explore cigarette use patterns, which include current use, beliefs, attitudes, attempts to quit, and acculturation, among Arab immigrants. A sample of self-identified Arab immigrants (221) living in the Richmond, VA metropolitan area was recruited from Middle Eastern groceries, restaurants/lounges, and faith and charitable organizations. Men in this sample had higher rates of cigarette smoking (67.6%) than the rest of the general adult US population. Many smokers in the study had the desire to quit and had made attempts to quit. Further analysis of acculturation in relation to the risk of not considering quitting was performed using logistic regression. The older an individual was when he/she moved to the US (OR = 0.93, CI: 0.87, 0.98) and the more time an individual had spent in the US (OR = 0.93, CI: 0.88, 0.98) contributed significantly to the least number of quit attempts. Further random sampling and study is needed to confirm the high prevalence of tobacco use among this minority group.

From “Employer-Employee” to “Family of Choice”: The Development of the Relationship between Philippine Worker Immigrants and Elderly Care Recipients

The current study adds to the pool of findings regarding experiences of female Philippine work immigrants employed in elderly caregiving in Israel, as they cope with their role as caregivers. Based on an analysis of the qualitative interviews with 27 Philippine women, three themes emerged. The first is the manner in which these caregivers perceive the treatment and care they give their elderly employers, taking into account the initial stage of the professional relationship, the various types of support, and the employer-employee interactions. The second theme deals with the manner in which these caregivers perceive their role once the relationship with the elderly care recipient is established and the employer’s needs and preferences become familiar;that is, once there is a clear caregiver-client relationship. The third theme deals with the manner in which the caregivers perceive their relationship with their elderly employers and with the employers’ family members, and the way they believe their employer and family perceive their role as caregivers. This stage of the relationship they define as “family of choice”. The combination of the three themes presents a comprehensive picture of positive change in terms of the caregivers perception of their role, and a shift in the manner in which they perceive their employers: from a “source of income” to “parent”.

Mathematical Analysis of Control Strategies of HCV in a Community with Inflow of Infected Immigrants

In this paper, we derive and analyse rigorously a mathematical model of control strategies (screening, education, health care and immunization) of HCV in a community with inflow of infected immigrants. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the model is performed with respect to stability of the disease free and endemic equilibria. The results show that the disease free equilibrium is locally stable at threshold parameter less than unity and unstable at threshold parameter greater than unity. Using Lyapunov method, endemic equilibrium is globally stable under certain conditions. Numerical simulation of the model is implemented to investigate the sensitivity of certain key parameters on the HCV model in a community with inflow of infected immigrants. However, analysis shows that screening, education, health care and immunization have the effect of reducing the transmission of the disease in the community.

Immigrants and the utilization of hospital emergency departments

BACKGROUND：Immigrants with language barriers are at high risk of having poor access to health care services. However, several studies have indicated that immigrants tend to use emergency departments （EDs） as their primary source of care at the expense of primary care. This may place an additional burden on already overcrowded EDs and lead to a low level of patient satisfaction with ED care. The study was to review if immigrants utilize ED care differently from host populations and to assess immigrants＇ satisfaction with ED care. METHODS：Studies about immigrants＇ utilization of EDs in Australia and worldwide were reviewed.RESULTS：There are conflicting results in the literature about the pattern of ED care use among immigrants. Some studies have shown higher utilization by immigrants compared to host populations and others have shown lower utilization. Overall, immigrants use ED care heavily, make inappropriate visits to EDs, have a longer length of stay in EDs, and are less satisfied with ED care as compared to host populations.CONCLUSION：Immigrants might use ED care differently from host populations due to language and cultural barriers. There is sparse Australian literature regarding immigrants＇ access to health care including ED care. To ensure equity, further research is needed to inform policy when planning health care provision to immigrants.

The Role of the European Union in Socio-economic Integration of Immigrants Residing in Azerbaijan: Current Problems, Tendencies, and Perspectives

The chosen study mainly concerns on the migration issue,which has become a phenomenon in the European Union’s political economy in the contemporary era,within the recent years,which identifies the role of migrants in Azerbaijani labor market and other areas of economic integration involving the current trends,challenges,and perspectives in the political or socio-economic fields.The long-brewing Civil War in Syria created a large-scale trajectory of migrants,resulting in a massive influx of refugees from Turkey to Greece and then to Germany.Recently,the issue of migration is now transforming into a phenomenon among the member states of the European Union prompting them to take immediate action and make crucial decisions in the country’s political economy.As a result,modern migration can play a pivotal role both for the EU and for Azerbaijan in the direction of flow of people,capital and services,remittances,improving socio-economic well-being and the cheap labor force in the international labor market.The key criterion of the study is to identify specific ways in which persons or migrants who are involved in the migration process can be able to also contribute to the sustainable economic development of the region by positively influencing IDPs on the local population,labor market activities,and overall political and economic activity.The main idea behind the research is to investigate the economic integration of immigrants in Azerbaijan through its original theoretical and empirical study of migration that plays an important role in the EU’s political economy.The research aims to better regulate labor migration processes in Azerbaijan with the help of the European Union and to optimize the impact on labor productivity in the country by providing economic integration of migrants in the local labor market.The main focus of this study is to identify the role of the European Union in the economic integration of immigrants in Azerbaijan,the legal migration and migration process,based on the Joint Declaration on Resettlement Partnership launched between the EU and Azerbaijan.

Chronic Stress and Its Symptoms among Mexican Immigrants in Edmonton, Canada

Immigration-related stress is the result of an environment that imposes demands surpassing the psychological resources of those suffering from it with a destabilizing effect on their physical and psychological health. The purpose of this study is to determine what the chronic stress levels are and their association with psychophysiological symptoms and gender in Mexican immigrants living in Edmonton, Canada. A representative random sample was made of 237 immigrants in 2012. The stress symptoms inventory was used and a multiple regression and multivariate analysis was made. Results indicated that chronic stress levels were: 14% high, 46% medium and 40% low and psychophysiological predictor symptoms were: fatigue, constipation, frequent colds, cold hands and feet and insomnia, and the female gender. Therefore one may conclude that a precise identification of the predictor symptoms of chronic stress may help promote and implement programs aimed at timely prevention of stress before they affect the health and occupational safety of Mexican immigrants living in Edmonton, Canada.

The Positioning Strategies of Immigrants： A Case Study of Female Immigrants to Germany From Former Soviet Countries

In the process of transition from one social order to another, immigrants implement intentional or circumstantial adjustment strategies to position themselves in the new social structure, Within the broad perspective of immigrants＇ incorporation into the receiving society, the present paper focuses on analysis at the micro-level, i,e., bottom-up strategies. These coping strategies define the social positioning of an individual. Through the structure-agency theoretical framework, this article analyses adjustment strategies used by immigrants in order to become members of the receiving society. This is discovered through semi-structured biographical interviews with female immigrants to Germany from former Soviet countries conducted by the author in 2012-2013 in Kaiserslautern. Several positioning strategies emerged in the course of these interviews： ＂destination as a way to a better life＂; ＂trip to joint self＂ which includes ＂identity as a task＂ and change of the behavioral patterns; shift in gender roles; usage of the imported educational capital; work of a ＂stranger next door＂; and social networking, The analysis of immigrants＇ adjustment strategies allows one to see the complexity of the incorporation processes into the receiving society： from essential personality traits such as imagination and aspirations, identity and roles to practically applicable aspects such as education, work, and networking.

Diminished Health Returns of Own and Parental Education for Immigrants in the United States

Background:Educational attainment is a strong social determinant of health.Marginalization-related Diminished Returns(MDRs),however,refer to smaller health effects of socioeconomic status,particularly educational attainment for marginalized groups compared to mainstream populations.While multiple studies have documented MDRs of educational attainment for racial,ethnic,and sexual minorities,there are no previous studies on MDRs of education among immigrants.Aims:To understand if the MDRs phenomenon also applies to immigrants,we compared immigrant and non-immigrant American adults for the effects of their own and parental educational attainment on subjective health.Methods:This study used a cross-sectional design and borrowed data from the General Social Survey(1972-2018).GSS is a series of nationally representative surveys in the U.S.Our analytical sample included 38,399 adults who were either non-immigrants(n=34903;90.9%)or immigrants(n=3496;9.1%).The main independent variables were own and parental educational attainment measured as four-level categorical variables.The dependent variable(DV)was poor subjective health,measured using a single item.Age,sex,marital status,and year of the survey were the covariates.Immigration status was the moderator.Results:Overall,individuals with higher educational attainment of own and parents reported better subjective health.We,however,found significant interactions between immigration status and both own and parental educational attainment on subjective health,which was suggestive of weaker protective effects of own and parental educational attainment against poor subjective health in immigrants than non-immigrant individuals.Conclusions:In the United States,immigrant adults experience poor subjective health disproportionate to their own and their parents educational attainment.That means we may observe worse than expected health of immigrants across all educational levels and social classes.Public policies should go beyond equal access to education by empowering marginalized people to leverage their education and secure better outcomes.

Turkish Muslim Immigrants in Britain： Religious Life and Religious Organizations

Turkish Muslim immigrants in Britain consist of Turks, Kurds and Turkish Cypriots migrating for different reasons at different times for immigration and asylum. This migrant community has a non-homogeneous structure owing to differences in their life styles, experiences, ideas, feelings, hopes and expectations. Therefore, Turkish Muslim immigrants have been observed living for a long time in the different ethnic, ideological, cultural and religious communities. In this paper, these immigrants＇ religious life and religious organizations in Britain will be focused on. The methodology of this research is based on the field research that the author did from July 9, 2012 to September 9, 2012 in London. According to the investigations, there are mainly four different Turkish Islamic tendencies in Britain. Also, there are about 10 Turkish religious organizations and 27 places of worship belonging to these Islamic discourses in Britain.

Conservative Immigration Reform and Illegal Immigrants

In 1996, Congress enacted Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 （IIRIRA）. Actually, it was a conservative legislation. It not only tightened border control but also strictly limited the public benefits about illegal immigration. Why Congress enacted serious immigration legislation in the 1990s？ Generally speaking, economic factor and politics played an important role in it. In derails, several reasons can account for its conservatism： （1） The first reason is that the increase number of illegal immigration led to the high cost of state governments, many state governments complained it; （2） The second reason is the influence of 187 Act which deported illegal immigration in primary and high school and it produced chain effect for other states; （3） The third reason is political election, including Congress election and president campaign. 187 Act greatly influenced GOP （Grand Old Party） and Congress, which was controlled by GOP, tended to take serious measures to contain illegal immigrants. Did IIRRA work？ In fact, it did not control illegal immigration. After 1990s, more and more illegal immigration entered into America and U.S, has become the nation with the most illegal immigrants in the world. Therefore, Congress should consider comprehensive immigration reform.

The research on the current situation of the foreign immigrants maintain their native culture in China

Under the influence of globalization,China has attracted more and more foreign immigrants by virtue of highspeed economic development and unique history and culture.In this context,this article fouces on exploring the current situation of the foreign immigrants and their children in maintaining their own national cult:ures while living in China.

Shifting Identities in European Union(EU)Immigrants

Arguably,globalisation has caused an identity crisis in Europe.As national borders became more integrated in the last few decades,the volume of migrants into the EU and the value of ethnicity held by Europeans have also been on the rise.Particularly,the bloc has been facing an influx of immigrants from the African and Middle East continents.As for the EU leaders,their stance on a common migration policy is entrenched in the wider social,cultural,and political processes that depict an endangered European identity.This would explain the current debate on immigration in many of the European countries appears to have been securitised.This paper takes a wider look into how immigration has reshaped the EU,as well as,how EU immigrants have had to shift their identities as they struggle to fit into their new society.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in female Vietnamese immigrants to Korea

AIM： To investigate the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） and its relationship to nutritional fac- tors in female Vietnamese immigrants to Korea. METHODS： A total of 390 female immigrants from Vietnam and 206 Korean male spouses participated in the study. Blood samples from 321 female immigrants and 201 Korean male spouses were analyzed for H. py- Iori antibodies. Data on age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking status, dietary nutritional factors and gastro- intestinal symptoms were collected using question- naires. The daily intakes of the following nutrients were estimated： energy, protein, niacin, lipid, fiber, calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, zinc, folate, cholesterol, and vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C and E. RESULTS： The prevalence of H. py/ori positivity was lower in the immigrants than in age-matched Koreanfemales （55.7% vs 71.4%, respectively; P 〈 0.0001） and the domestic population of Vietnam. The preva- lence of H. pylori positivity among married couples was 31.7% for both spouses. There were no statistically sig- nificant differences in the incidence of smoking, amount of alcohol consumed, or nutritional factors between the H. pylori-positive and negative groups. CONCLUSION： The prevalence of H. pylori positivity was lower among female Vietnamese immigrants than among Korean females. Nutritional factors did not differ between the H. pylori-positive and negative groups.