Effects of Material Physical Properties on White-rot Fungi Mycelial Growth

[ Objective] The research aimed to study effects of material physical properties on white-rot fungi mycelial growth and provide theoretical basis for further expanding the application range of white-rot fungi. [ Method Four common species of white-rot fungi were cultivated by wood meal fowl dung mixture in test tube and culture dishes. The relationship between physical properties of culture material and the growth of these mycelials were studied. [Result] The results showed the water retention capacity of culture material was decreased with the increasing of its grain size and porosity, but the decrease of its specific gravity reduced the material water retention. And the dehydration rate of medium prepared with these materials at the same moisture conditions tended to increase. These physical properties of material, such as grain size, specific gravity, porosity, water retention and water drainage, influenced the growth of white-rot fungi mycelial by affecting the moisture and ventilation condition of media. The results hinted that above material physical properties had feedback effects on the growth of white-rot fungi mycelia. [ Conclution] Physical properties of culture material have significant effects on the growth of white-rot fungi mycelial.

Effects of White-Rot Fungi Composting on Wood Powder-Chicken Manure Mixture

[ Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lignin, cellulose, protein, fat, ash and crude polysaccharide as well as the mycelial growth was determined during this process. [ Result] The mixture was better composted with white-rot fungi than the control. The best effect was achieved in P. ostreatus composting group. In this group, the rate of weight reduction, lignin degradation and cellulose degradation were respectively 15.68% （6.79 times as great as that of the control group）, 39.92% （6.54 times as great as that of the control group） and 32.26% （2.77 times as great as that of the control group）. The weight of protein and fat were increased by 31.68% and 146.58%, respectively. The content of crude polysaccharide was 2.43%. No crude polysaccharide was detected, and the weight of protein and fat decreased by 21.96% and 70.99%, respectively. [ Conclusion] It is feasible to compost livestock and poultry manure with white-rot fungi.

Transcriptome Analysis of White-Rot Fungi in Response to Lignocellulose or Lignocellulose-Derived Material Using RNA Sequencing Technology

White-rot fungi are the only organisms that can completely degrade all components of lignocellulosic biomass, including the recalcitrant lignin polymer. Lignin degradation is important for the industrial application of lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for producing value-added chemicals and materials. Therefore, elucidating the lignin degradation mechanism in white-rot fungi will help researchers develop efficient and eco-friendly methods enabling the production of value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. A transcriptome analysis is an effective way to compare gene expression patterns between different samples under diverse conditions and can provide insights into biological processes. The democratization of next-generation sequencing technology, especially RNA-sequencing, has made transcriptome sequencing and analysis a common research approach for many laboratories. In this review, we focus on the transcriptome profiles of two well-characterized white-rot fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Dichomitus squalens) in response to various lignocellulosic materials. The application of RNA-seq technology combining with other techniques remains the best approach for investigating fungal secretomes and elucidating the mechanisms of fungal responses to lignocellulose.

Conditional Optimization of Laccase Production by Whiterot Fungi through Fermentation

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was selected as the production strain of laccase,and the effects of stirring speed,ventilation volume,culture temperature,inoculation amount and initial p H of medium on laccase production by liquid fermentation in cylinder were studied.On the basis of single factor test,an orthogonal test was carried out to find optimal conditions for laccase production P.chrysosporium through liquid fermentation.These results showed that the stirring speed of fermentation cylinder had the highest effect on laccase production,and the optimal conditions were shown as follows:the temperature at 28℃,the rotating speed at 300 r/min,the ventilation volume of 5 L/min(ventilation ratio of 1.0 vvm),the initial p H of medium of 5,and the inoculation amount of 15%,which gave the highest laccase level of 14.86 U/ml.

镉胁迫下复合菌剂对大豆的光合修复及其固定化效果的探究

镉(cadmium,Cd)作为对大豆等粮食类作物毒害最大的重金属之一,不仅会抑制植物生长发育,还会损害其光合系统致使光合速率下降。目前对于镉修复技术的探讨多集中于施加植物激素、改变种植模式等方向,微生物与植物互作的研究仍有待探索。本研究为探究复合白腐真菌(White rot fungi)对镉污染的修复效果和固定化技术的实际应用价值,以4种白腐真菌和大豆作为供试材料,制备固态菌剂并对大豆设置土培处理,且模拟镉污染土壤的浓度为0、50、100 mg L^(-1),对应每个浓度分别进行3种处理(CK组-不做处理、EG1组-加入游离菌株、EG2组-加入固态菌剂),研究混菌发酵与固定化技术对菌株吸附效能的影响,同时探明镉毒害、固定化菌球以及大豆植株三者间的关联性。结果表明:(1)除黄孢原毛平革菌外,其余3种菌株兼容性良好。(2)当混菌菌株组别为凤尾:云芝等于1∶1时,处理浓度为50 mg L^(-1)的镉溶液时可达到87.33%的吸附率。(3)为延长混合菌株的使用时效,提高吸附效果,以海藻酸钠(SA)质量浓度为10 g L^(-1)、生物炭(BC)质量浓度为15 g L^(-1)、加菌量为2%制得的PVA固定化小球,在加入适量添加剂后96 h吸附率可达(95.12±1.68)%。(4)将固定化混菌菌剂施加入模拟镉污染土壤后,大豆的各项生长和光合指标受到的抑制作用均得到缓释,其中Fo的最大降幅为42.5%,Fv/Fm最大增幅为17.2%。(5)大豆的抗氧化系统在菌剂处理14 d时得到增强,CK组中SOD、POD、CAT 3种酶最高活性均得以提升,分别为27.34%、12.41%、13.58%;此外,Pro及MDA含量分别呈上升和下降趋势,共同表现出植物抗性的提高。综上,镉胁迫下植株的PSII光化学反应中心受到抑制,混合菌株固定化与单个或游离状态的菌株相比吸附效率更高,施加固态菌剂后可有效开启大豆的光保护机制,产生渗透调节物质,同时激活抗氧化系统,保证了大豆体内稳定的氧化还原环境以应对镉胁迫。

白腐真菌产木质素降解酶及固定化载体研究

从四种白腐真菌中优选出最适产酶菌株黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium),并对其在不同载体的附着及产酶情况进行了相关研究。试验结果表明,白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的锰过氧化物酶(MnP)及木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)活性最高分别可达225.67 U/L、110.35 U/L,较其它三种菌株要高;Phanerochaete chrysosporium对尼龙纤维、厨用金刚砂尼龙、纤维海绵、玉米芯及海绵有较好的附着能力,但以厨用金刚砂尼龙、纤维海绵和玉米芯为最佳,而以玉米芯为载体所产生的MnP和LiP活性为最高,分别可达244.94U/L和263.71 U/L,较未加载体的酶活有所提高且持续时间较长。实验优选出白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium,且其以玉米芯为载体时所产MnP及LiP活性为最高。

接种白腐菌堆肥修复五氯酚污染的土壤

采用4组堆肥装置A、B、C、D,分别往五氯酚污染土壤中不加外来菌、加入固定化黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaetechrysosporium)、加入游离黄孢原毛平革菌及暴露在空气中不做任何处理.对其进行对比研究,探讨了利用堆肥的方法对五氯酚污染土壤进行生物修复的可行性.结果说明,添加黄孢原毛平革菌进行堆肥修复其效果要好于不加菌的效果,经过60d的堆肥,PCP基本得到降解,降解率都达到了94%以上,其中固定化菌又优于游离菌,固定化菌在第9d对PCP的降解率就达到了50%.此外,通过分析种子发芽率,有机质,微生物量碳等多项指标可以看出各组堆肥的腐熟情况都比较理想,为黄孢原毛平革菌降解五氯酚的过程提供了良好的外部环境,使土壤修复与堆肥能较好地结合起来.

固定化微生物对土壤中苯并芘的降解

研究了3株细菌与3株真菌对土壤中苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,从中筛选出1株细菌(Bacillus sp.)和1株真菌(Mucor sp.),并采用吸附法将混合菌固定在改性后蛭石上,研究了固定化混合菌对土壤中BaP的降解效果。结果表明:细菌中芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.,SB02)降解率最高,42 d对B[a]P的降解率为33.0%,降解速率也最快,1周可降解12.6%的BaP;真菌中毛霉(Mucor sp.,SF06)降解率最高,42 d对B[a]P的降解率为69.7%;以改性后蛭石为载体用吸附法制得的固定化混合菌,传质性能好,对BaP的降解率42 d可达95.32%,高于游离菌20个百分点。

固定化白腐菌处理氯漂碱抽提段废水的研究──驯化预处理的影响

将白腐菌在进行驯化预处理并固定化后，处理苇浆氯漂碱抽提段废水，发现驯化预处理能明显提高固定化白腐菌的脱色能力。将一次驯化，二次驯化和球体驯化的效果进行比较发现，一次驯化可达到较佳处理效果。固定化驯化Polystictusversicolor和Phlebiaradiata可在24小时内使废液脱色50％。

细胞固定化技术在食用菌方面的应用

介绍了细胞固定化技术近几年在食用菌液体发酵及菌种保藏方面的应用研究现状,对食用菌菌体细胞的固定化方法及载体基质作了说明,对其应用进行了展望。

六株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了6株真菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,6株真菌对芘和BaP的降解速率有显著性差异,降解率相差不大.产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum,SF04),在42d内对BaP的降解能力最强,可达71.31%,对芘的降解能力相对最弱.镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.,SF11),黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger,SF05),木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)42d对芘的降解率分别为86.22%,86.18%,85.41%,85.04%,对BaP的降解率分别为71.11%,69.44%,69.05%,69.72%.木霉(Trichodermasp.,SF02)和毛霉(Mucorsp.,SF06)对芘和BaP的降解速率均很快.

固定化白腐菌对造纸废水的生物降解研究

就具有较强木质素降解能力的白腐菌对造纸废水的降解效果及条件进行了初步研究。分别采用固定化白腐菌和悬浮态白腐菌在不同接种量下对造纸废水进行降解,对降解过程中的白腐菌生长量、pH、COD、木质素含量等废水降解指标进行测定。结果显示两种不同状态下的白腐菌均能降解造纸废水,但它们的降解程度不同。其中固定化白腐菌降解木质素效果较好,且呈现较明显规律,说明固定化的白腐菌较悬浮态的白腐菌更具有降解造纸废水的潜在能力。

白腐真菌产锰酶及对酸性蓝45的脱色

为提高白腐真菌在自由悬浮条件下锰过氧化物酶(MnP)的产量,在培养液中投加打结棉线载体,通过载体投加量和培养条件的调整,在载体投加量370g·L-1、转速130r·min-1、温度37℃,葡萄糖和酒石酸氨的质量浓度分别为10g·L-1和0.8g·L-1条件下,MnP产量从自由悬浮培养的7.10提高到24.5mkat,初始MnP也提前3d出现。以370g·L-1载体投加体系为例,考察其对不同含量酸性蓝45的脱色效果,2d内各含量染料的脱色率均超过94%,同时该体系对酸性蓝45具有一定重复脱色能力,重复脱色次数与染料的含量有关。

细菌纤维素负载白腐真菌处理染料废水

实验中分别采用三种方法固定化白腐真菌处理染料废水。结果表明:细菌纤维素静态吸附法固定化的白腐真菌对甲基橙、刚果红、次甲基蓝和孔雀石绿废水的处理效果最好,对单一染料废水的去除率均达到98%以上,对混合染料废水的色度去除率也达92%以上,且固定化菌反复处理六批染料废水,处理效果未见明显下降。细菌纤维素作为固定化载体还具有生物可降解、固定化操作简单等特点,适合于工业化生产。

白腐菌漆酶固定化及其在工业中的应用

对漆酶的几种定性及定量检测方法、漆酶固定化及其应用以及漆酶/介体系统在造纸工业中的应用进行了综述。

固定化白腐菌处理苇浆氯漂碱抽提段废水的研究──不同因素对脱色效果的影响

比较了几株不同白腐菌经固定化后处理E段氯漂废水的脱色效果。发现白腐菌Polystictusversicolor和Phlebiaradiata的脱色效果最好，废水色度在24h内可有效降低达50％。在处理废水过程中，不同的白腐菌对介质pH值的适应性有所不同。附加碳原和氛语的添加与否，对固定化白腐菌处理废水的脱色效果影响不大。

固定化真菌处理土霉素废水的研究

以自行分离培育的毛霉BFL-5优势菌株为试验菌种,采用海藻酸盐包埋法制备固定化真菌,经活化处理后,进行处理土霉素废水的试验,其COD去除率可稳定在80%以上,土霉素的降解率可达95%以上。显微镜观察结果说明了海藻酸盐包埋法制备的固定化真菌属固定化活细胞,包埋的孢子经活化后成长为菌丝体,因而降解活力显著增大。

两种载体固定化白腐真菌的优化实验及性能比较

采用SA—CaCl2包埋法和PVA—H3BO3交联法固定化白腐真菌,并进行固定化组分优化,并对两种方法所形成的固定化小球性能进行了比较。结果显示:固定化组分优化后,两种方法均能得到较好的固定化效果。由性能比较结果可知:SA、PVA固定化小球均有较好的细胞增殖能力和良好的传质性,SA固定化小球机械强度较低,剧烈搅动易破裂,只适宜保存在潮湿环境中,而PVA固定化小球强度较高,原料价格较低,固定化小球在空气或水中均适宜保存。

白腐真菌固定化技术及其研究进展

文章阐述了白腐真菌的生物学特性和降解机理及在难降解污染物处理中的优势,提出了白腐真菌生物技术在实际应用中所需解决的问题,讨论了微生物固定化技术及其影响因素,对白腐真菌固定化技术的优势进行了分析,综合评述了白腐真菌固定化技术中载体材料特性、固定化时间及固定方法研究的新进展。

全细胞生物催化竹笋壳制备燃料乙醇的研究

以竹笋壳为原料,采用白腐菌(TST-01)对其进行预处理后,选择纤维素酶和木聚糖酶进行酶解,并在酶解产物中添加固定化混合菌种(嗜单宁管囊酵母和酿酒酵母)进行乙醇发酵。结果表明:白腐菌表现出优良的木质素降解性能,经过24d,木质素的降解率达到62.1%;6%木聚糖酶和10%纤维素酶混合,在初始pH值为4.5的条件下酶解6h,总糖转化率可达到67.54%;固定化混合菌种在发酵48h的酒精质量浓度可达到19.84g/L,高于游离混合菌种,也远高于单一菌种。