Adherence to Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in diabetes mellitus patients in Saudi Arabia:A multicenter retrospective study

BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus(DM)are predisposed to an increased risk of infection signifying the importance of vaccination to protect against its potentially severe complications.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices(CDC/ACIP)issued immunization recommendations to protect this patient population.AIM To assess the adherence of patients with DM to the CDC/ACIP immunization recommendations in Saudi Arabia and to identify the factors associated with the vaccine adherence rate.METHODS An observational retrospective study conducted in 2023 was used to collect data on the vaccination records from 13 diabetes care centers in Saudi Arabia with 1000 eligible patients in phase I with data collected through chart review and 709 patients in phase II through online survey.RESULTS Among participants,10.01%(n=71)had never received any vaccine,while 85.89%(n=609)received at least one dose of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine,and 34.83%(n=247)had received the annual influenza vaccine.Only 2.96%(n=21),2.11%(n=15),and 1.12%(n=8)received herpes zoster,tetanus,diphtheria,and pertussis(Tdap),and human papillomavirus(HPV)vaccines,respectively.For patients with DM in Saudi Arabia,the rate of vaccination for annual influenza and COVID-19 vaccines was higher compared to other vaccinations such as herpes zoster,Tdap,pneumococcal,and HPV.Factors such as vaccine recommendations provided by family physicians or specialists,site of care,income level,DM-related hospitalization history,residency site,hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)level,and health sector type can significantly influence the vaccination rate in patients with DM.Among non-vaccinated patients with DM,the most reported barriers were lack of knowledge and fear of side effects.This signifies the need for large-scale research in this area to identify additional factors that might facilitate adherence to CDC/ACIP vaccine recommendations in patients with DM.CONCLUSION In Saudi Arabia,patients with DM showed higher vaccination rates for annual influenza and COVID-19 vaccines compared to other vaccinations such as herpes zoster,Tdap,pneumococcal,and HPV.Factors such as vaccine recommendations provided by family physicians or specialists,the site of care,income level,DM-related hospitalization history,residency site,HbA1c level,and health sector type can significantly influence the vaccination rate in patients with DM.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of silkworm pupa and its allergenicity evaluation by animal model with different immunization routes

Silkworm pupa is a nourishing food with high nutritional value,but its consumption has been greatly limited given its allergenicity.Enzyme hydrolytic technique is recognized as an effective method to reduce the allergenicity of protein.In this study,we aimed to investigate the effect of enzymolysis on the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.Crude silkworm pupa protein was extracted through alkali extraction and acid precipitation,which included 5 proteins with the molecular weights ranging from 34 kDa to 76 kDa,and silkworm pupa were then hydrolyzed by alkaline protease.The allergenicity of silkworm pupa protein and its enzymatic hydrolysates was evaluated by establishing BALB/c mice model,and the mice were immunized via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The results indicated that the intraperitoneal inj ection immunization route induced more by detecting with antibodies,histamine and Th2-related cytokines.Moreover,mice treated with silkworm pupa protein peptide displayed no obvious allergic symptoms,indicating that enzyme hydrolytic technique could significantly reduce the allergenicity of silkworm pupa.

Knowledge,perceptions,and practice towards adverse events following immunization surveillance among vaccination workers in Zhejiang province,China

Objective:To access the level of knowledge,perceptions,and practice towards adverse events following immunization(AEFI)surveillance among vaccination workers in Zhejiang province,China.Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey involving 768 vaccination workers.Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by using SAS 9.3 software.Knowledge,perceptions,and practice on AEFI surveillance were summarized using frequency tables.The mean±SD value was used as the cut-off for defining good(values≥mean)and poor(values<mean)knowledge,perceptions or practice.Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine sociodemographic variables associated with knowledge,perceptions,and practice towards AEFI.Results:The proportions of good knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance were 78.13%,57.81%and 66.15%,respectively.Having a higher education background,longer years of experience,previous training on AEFI and≥30 years of age were factors associated with good knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance among vaccination workers.Conclusions:Over half of the respondents had good knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance work.Interventions on improving the vaccination workers’knowledge,perceptions and practice on AEFI surveillance should be considered in order to develop a more effective surveillance system.

Factors Associated with Antibody Levels among Children Aged 15 to 59 Months Vaccinated against Hepatitis B during the Expanded Program on Immunization in Cameroon

Background: the hepatitis B virus infection remains a major public health problem worldwide. It can lead to a liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recommended the implementation of generalised vaccination programs against hepatitis B. In Cameroon, this vaccine was introduced in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) in 2005, but few studies have assessed the immune response. Objective: the general objective of this study was to identify factors associated with antibody levels among children aged from 15 to 59 months vaccinated against hepatitis B during the EPI in Cameroon. Method: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from December 2021 to June 2022 in a paediatric centre of Yaoundé (Cameroon). We analysed the antibody level in children vaccinated against hepatitis B within the framework of the EPI. We enrolled children who had received a series of 3 intramuscular doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 6, 10 and 14 weeks after birth. Some children could receive a 4th booster dose between 12 months. The antibody level was assessed by measuring the anti-HBs in such children, aged 15 - 59 months. A good immunization was defined as a serum level of anti-HBs antibody level above 100 IU/mL;a poor immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level between 10 and 100 IU/mL;and a non-immunization, for an anti-HBs antibody level < 10 IU/mL. Association between explored factors and poor or non-immunization was evaluated through the Chi square test. The significance threshold was defined at p < 0.05. Results: sixty subjects were included in the study with a slight female majority: 31 cases (52%). The average age was 38.5 ± 15.7 months (range 15 - 59 months). We found 32 (53%) cases of good immunization;21 (35%) of poor immunization;and 7 children (12%) with a non-immunization. The only factor associated with poor or non-immunization was the age between 37 - 59 months (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Anti HBs Antibody levels in children vaccinated against hepatitis B virus were globally satisfactory in our series. Results show an association between low antibody levels with older age (over 36 months), suggesting a circulating antibodies levels decrease over time, yet deemed protecting until 59 months.

Thinking Out-of-Box in Addressing Communication and Service Delivery Challenges: Use of a Traditional Communication Method for Improving Immunization Coverage in Remote Rural Hard-to-Reach Areas of India

Sirmaur district in the state of Himachal Pradesh in India is a hard-to-reach area situated in the western Himalayas having an extreme landscape with snow-laden mountains and extensive river systems that makes the delivery of immunization services extremely challenging. Vaccinators needed a long walk through the hilly terrain to reach outreach sites. Community mobilizers were unable to go house to house to inform the caregivers to bring children to the site for vaccination. Caregivers were unaware when the vaccinators arrive at the site. As a result, many children missed vaccination or were not vaccinated timely. Age-appropriate vaccination coverage (according to national immunization schedule) in the Sirmaur district was the lowest in the state. Thinking out-of-box to address the communication barriers with the caregivers, the traditional drum beating was used, for the first time in India, in two blocks of the Sirmaur district (Rajpura and Shillai). The initiative was planned and implemented by the district health system with the support of the local community leaders. An exit interview was conducted to know the reach of the drum beating to caregivers, and a baseline and end line household survey was conducted to know the outcome of the initiative on age-appropriate vaccination coverage. Analysis of exit interviews data indicated a very high reach of a drum beating to the caregivers;more than 97% of caregivers in Rajpura and 100% in Shillai heard drum beating, and almost 95% of caregivers in Rajpura and 98% in Shillai knew the purpose of drum beating. Analysis of immunization data from baseline and end line surveys showed improvement in age-appropriate vaccination coverage for all vaccines in Rajpura (by 2.2% for BCG, 15.3% for Pentavalent 1, 14.9% for Pentavalent 2, 14.1% for Pentavalent 3, and 6.5% for Measles/MR). In Shillai, age-appropriate vaccination coverage improved for Pentavalent 1 (by 3.4%), Pentavalent 2 (by 5%) and Measles/MR (by 1.7%). In addition, dropout rates were reduced in both the blocks, particularly in Rajpura Pentavalent 1 to Measles dropout rate was reduced by 13.5%. Both health workers and community leaders had positive perceptions of the drum beating initiative. However, another important lesson learned from the initiative was that both the access and demand-side barriers need to be addressed for the desired improvement of age-appropriate immunization coverage. In Shillai, there was lower coverage improvement and a reduction in dropout rates attributed to vacant positions of vaccinators that caused an issue with access to immunization services to people.

基于GEO数据库相关基因检测数据估算分析直肠癌组织免疫细胞分布变化

目的 基于GEO数据库相关基因检测数据估算直肠癌组织免疫细胞比例,分析不同免疫细胞之间以及免疫细胞与患者临床病理特征、预后的关系,以探讨直肠癌组织中免疫细胞的分布情况及其变化的临床意义。方法从GEO数据库中下载GSE87211数据集,从中提取直肠癌组织与直肠正常对照组织(简称对照组织)基因检测数据及直肠癌患者临床相关数据。应用CIBERSORT反卷积法估算直肠癌组织及直肠对照组织中22种免疫细胞(包括浆细胞、初始B细胞、记忆性B细胞、滤泡辅助性T细胞、调节性T细胞、γδT细胞、CD8+T细胞、初始CD4+T细胞、未活化CD4记忆T细胞、活化CD4记忆T细胞、未活化NK细胞、未活化肥大细胞、活化肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、活化NK细胞、单核细胞、M0巨噬细胞、M1巨噬细胞、M2巨噬细胞、未活化树突状细胞及活化树突状细胞)比例。采用Pearson相关性分析不同免疫细胞之间的相关性;应用Wilcox检验或Kruskal-Wallis检验比较不同临床病理特征直肠癌患者癌组织中免疫细胞比例;以不同免疫细胞比例中位值为界,将直肠癌患者分为高比例组和低比例组,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线对高、低比例组患者进行生存分析,并比较两组生存率。结果 与对照组织比较,直肠癌患者癌组织中初始CD4+T细胞、活化CD4记忆T细胞、调节性T细胞、未活化NK细胞、单核细胞、M0巨噬细胞、未活化树突状细胞、活化肥大细胞、中性粒细胞比例增加,记忆性B细胞、CD8+T细胞、浆细胞、未活化CD4记忆T细胞、滤泡辅助性T细胞、M2巨噬细胞、未活化肥大细胞比例降低(P均<0.05)。直肠癌组织中活化肥大细胞和中性粒细胞比例呈正相关(r=0.71,P<0.05),M2巨噬细胞和浆细胞细胞比例呈正相关(r=0.65,P<0.05),CD8+T细胞和浆细胞细胞比例呈正相关(r=0.62,P<0.05),中性粒细胞和M2巨噬细胞比例呈负相关(r=-0.62,P<0.05)。与KRAS野生型直肠癌患者相比,KRAS突变型直肠癌患者癌组织中活化CD4记忆T细胞及中性粒细胞比例增高、调节性T细胞比例降低(P均<0.05)。有淋巴结转移的直肠癌患者癌组织中浆细胞、γδT细胞及调节性T细胞比例低于无淋巴结转移患者。存在远处转移的直肠癌患者组织中未活化NK细胞比例高于未转移的患者(P均<0.05)。浆细胞高比例组的直肠癌患者较低比例组的患者具有更好的预后,中性粒细胞高比例组患者生存期短于低比例组(P均<0.05)。结论 直肠癌组织中免疫细胞分布与对照组织相比存在差异。不同临床病理特征直肠癌患者中免疫细胞亚群比例亦有所不同。浆细胞高表达、中性粒细胞低表达预示着患者更好的生存结局。

原发与继发免疫性血小板减少症患者血小板膜糖蛋白特异性抗体及其与出血评分关系的研究

目的探讨原发与继发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa及GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体的表达、抗体阳性表达与出血评分的关系,以及不同抗体类型出血评分的差异,为原发与继发ITP患者的诊治和出血严重程度提供临床依据。方法选取2013年10月—2020年8月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院诊断为原发ITP患者(42例)及继发ITP患者(42例)为研究对象,所有患者入院时采用ITP出血评分量表行出血评分。应用改良MAIPA法检测患者抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa和抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体。结果原发与继发组患者抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体、抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),原发组患者抗体表达以抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体为主,继发组抗体表达以抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体为主,两者抗体阳性构成比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。继发组患者整体出血程度较原发组重(P<0.05)。抗体阳性表达与出血程度的关系:(1)抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重(P<0.05)。(2)抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重(P<0.05),双抗体阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重(P<0.05)。结论抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体、抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体阳性表达对原发与继发ITP无鉴别意义,但原发ITP患者抗体表达以抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体为主,继发ITP患者抗体表达以抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体为主。继发ITP患者临床出血程度较原发ITP患者重。抗GPⅡb/Ⅲa抗体、抗GPΙb/Ⅸ抗体及抗体双阳性患者出血程度较抗体阴性患者重。

防风多糖体内外免疫调节活性研究

目的采用体内外多指标免疫调节活性评价方法,研究防风多糖体内外免疫功能的调节作用。方法体外实验选用RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞系,采用CCK-8法检测巨噬细胞的增殖能力,中性红染色法检测巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,Griess法测定巨噬细胞NO释放量,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)释放量。体内实验选用环磷酰胺诱导的免疫低下BALB/c小鼠,通过碳粒廓清实验探讨防风多糖对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能,以小鼠免疫器官指数评价防风多糖对小鼠免疫器官的影响,并采用ELISA法测定小鼠体内免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)含量。结果体外实验结果表明,防风多糖能够显著提高巨噬细胞的增殖和吞噬能力,并促进巨噬细胞释放NO、TNF-α和IL-6,但对IL-1β的释放量影响不显著。体内实验结果表明,防风多糖可使免疫低下小鼠模型的吞噬能力和免疫器官指数显著提高,并使免疫低下小鼠体内的免疫球蛋白(IgM、IgG、IgA)和补体(C3、C4)的含量升高。结论防风多糖在体内外水平均具有较好的免疫调节活性,参与调节机体的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫。

中草药添加剂对西门塔尔肉牛血清免疫、细胞因子、抗氧化指标及直肠菌群的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加中草药添加剂对西门塔尔肉牛血清免疫、细胞因子、抗氧化指标及直肠菌群的影响。采用单因素随机区组试验设计,选取20头健康的12月龄平均体重为(268.80±4.95)kg的西门塔尔肉牛,随机分为对照组(CG组)和试验组(AG组),每组10个重复,每个重复1头肉牛。CG组饲喂基础饲粮,AG组在基础饲粮中额外添加100 g/(头·d)中草药添加剂。预试期5 d,正式试验期60 d。结果表明:与CG组相比,AG组西门塔尔肉牛血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量提高了12.70%和7.58%(P<0.05),血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性提高了3.13%(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了28.87%(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)提高了1.39%(P>0.05)。AG组西门塔尔肉牛肠道菌群Shannon、Chao1和Ace指数比CG组分别提高了0.17%、1.51%和0.96%(P>0.05)。AG组西门塔尔肉牛肠道中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微杆菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度比CG组提高了6.50%和2.94%(P>0.05),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度比CG组降低了5.94%(P>0.05);未分类拟杆菌属(unclassified_Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度高于CG组(P<0.05),居海事城球杆菌属(Phocaeicola)和另枝菌属(Alistipes)的相对丰度比CG组提高了8.33%和16.45%(P>0.05)。研究表明,中草药添加剂可以提高西门塔尔肉牛的免疫水平、抗氧化能力、肠道菌群丰度,促进肠道有益菌群的生长,增强机体消化纤维的能力。

糖尿病肾脏疾病患者肠道菌群与免疫功能的关系

目的探讨分析糖尿病肾脏疾病患者肠道菌群与免疫功能的关系。方法选取河南科技大学第一附属医院2021年6—12月收治的88例2型糖尿病患者,根据是否发生慢性肾病分为单纯糖尿病组(52例)和糖尿病肾脏疾病组(36例),并选取同期进行健康体检的40例志愿者作为对照组。入院清晨取其粪便样本进行肠道细菌检测,测定患者肠道菌群分布情况。并采集血清样本进行免疫功能指标检测,测定患者免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平。采用Pearson相关性分析糖尿病肾脏疾病患者肠道菌群与免疫功能的关系。结果3组乳酸菌数、酵母菌数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);糖尿病肾脏疾病组大肠杆菌数高于单纯糖尿病组和对照组,双歧杆菌数、真杆菌数低于单纯糖尿病组和对照组(P<0.05)。3组IgG、IgA、IgM、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),糖尿病肾脏疾病组IgG、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)高于单纯糖尿病组和对照组,而IgA、IgM低于单纯糖尿病组和对照组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,大肠杆菌数与IgG、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)呈正相关,与IgA、IgM呈负相关(P<0.05);双歧杆菌数和真杆菌数与IgA、IgM呈正相关,与IgG、CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病肾脏疾病患者肠道菌群分布与免疫功能密切相关,肠道菌群分布紊乱,免疫功能下降,可能参与糖尿病肾脏疾病进展,可为疾病防治提供一定指导。

滋阴凉血方联合泼尼松对免疫性血小板减少性紫癜小鼠免疫功能及ST2/IL-33通路的影响

目的:探讨滋阴凉血方联合泼尼松对免疫性血小板减少性紫癜小鼠免疫功能及ST2/IL-33通路的影响。方法:40只BALB/c小鼠,其中32只采用注射抗血小板血清构建免疫性血小板减少性紫癜小鼠模型,造模成功后,随机分为模型、滋阴凉血方(0.2 ml/10 g)、泼尼松(0.2 ml/10 g)和滋阴凉血方+泼尼松(0.2 ml/10 g)共4组,每组8只,剩余8只小鼠设为空白组。分别按剂量灌胃给药,模型组与空白组灌胃等量生理盐水,1次/d×2周。采集血样和脾脏组织,使用全自动血液分析仪测定外周血小板数;HE染色观察脾脏组织病理学变化;酶联免疫吸附法检测血清转化生长因子β、白细胞介素(IL)-17及外周血血小板生成素水平;Western blot检测脾脏组织IL-33、s ST2、ST2表达;流式细胞术检测外周血Th17、Treg细胞数。结果:与空白组相比,模型组小鼠血小板数、血小板生成素、转化生长因子β水平及Treg细胞均明显降低(P<0.05),IL-17水平、Th17细胞及IL-33、s ST2、ST2蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01);与模型组相比,滋阴凉血方+泼尼松组血小板数、血小板生成素、转化生长因子β水平及Treg细胞均明显上升(P<0.05),IL-17水平、Th17细胞及IL-33、s ST2、ST2蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.01)。结论:滋阴凉血方+泼尼松可有效地调节Th17/Treg平衡,进而有效改善免疫性血小板减少性紫癜,其机制可能与调节ST2/IL-33信号通路有关。

小儿难治性支原体肺炎患儿免疫学水平对预后的影响

目的探讨小儿难治性支原体肺炎患儿免疫学水平对预后的影响。方法回顾性选择2021年6月至2022年4月福建省龙岩市第二医院收治的57例小儿难治性支原体肺炎患儿为研究对象,根据治疗预后分为预后良好组(n=46)和预后差组(n=11)。比较两组细胞免疫、体液免疫、白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,采用多因素logistic回归分析小儿难治性支原体肺炎患儿免疫学水平对预后的影响。结果预后良好组CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)均高于预后差组,CD8^(+)、免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgE、IgA、WBC和CRP均低于预后差组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,CD4^(+)(OR=3.582,95%CI=2.482~6.313)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)(OR=6.413,95%CI=5.682~8.452)、CD8^(+)(OR=4.083,95%CI=3.235~4.572)、IgG(OR=1.034,95%CI=0.283~4.394)、IgE(OR=1.593,95%CI=1.241~1.786)、IgA(OR=1.246,95%CI=0.987~1.583)、WBC(OR=1.692,95%CI=1.212~1.889)、CRP(OR=1.326,95%CI=1.021~1.984)均为小儿难治性支原体肺炎患儿预后的免疫水平因素(P<0.05)。结论细胞免疫与体液免疫在难治性支原体肺炎患儿中表达异常,能预测患儿治疗预后,可为临床诊疗提供参考依据。

6例免疫检查点抑制剂相关性结肠炎的临床特征分析

目的收集并总结免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)相关性结肠炎的临床特征。方法收集2021年1月至2022年2月上海中医药大学附属曙光医院收治的6例ICI相关性结肠炎患者的临床资料,分析并总结ICI相关性结肠炎的病程特点、临床表现、内镜及组织学特点、治疗方法以及患者预后转归情况。结果6例患者中男性5例,女性1例,ICI相关性结肠炎诊断年龄为48~70岁。6例患者在接受2~6次抗程序性死亡受体-1(Programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(Programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)疗程后,出现ICI相关性结肠炎,中位疗程为4.1个;首次抗PD-1/PD-L1治疗后,ICI相关性结肠炎起病时间为14~84 d,中位时间为53 d。6例患者中,4例为2级ICI相关性结肠炎,且病变在左半结肠,3级、4级各1例,病变范围均为全结肠。患者的症状主要为腹泻、腹痛、黏液血便。结肠镜下主要表现为弥漫而连续性的黏膜糜烂、充血和水肿,2例3~4级ICI相关性结肠炎患者结肠镜下可见多发不规则溃疡。黏膜活检病理均表现为黏膜活动性炎症伴隐窝炎、隐窝脓肿。6例患者完成结肠镜后,均接受了糖皮质激素治疗,其中2例3~4级ICI相关性结肠炎患者静脉使用甲基泼尼松龙3 d临床应答不佳,升级为英夫利昔单抗(IFX)治疗。6例患者均未重启ICI治疗。结论ICI相关性结肠炎有其相应的ICI治疗史以及临床、内镜、组织学特征,应根据患者症状予以分级治疗。糖皮质激素是最常用的治疗药物,应答不佳时,应尽早开启生物制剂治疗。

肠-肺微生物群在免疫系统构建和调节中的重要作用

微生物与人体免疫系统的互动一直是生物医学研究的焦点。新一代测序发现不仅肠道,呼吸道也存在着微生物群,且肠-肺微生物群之间通过免疫细胞及其活性因子等形成了一个相互关联的网络。本综述旨在探讨肠道和肺部微生物群如何调节免疫应答,包括其在局部和全身免疫调节中的作用;同时,解析肠-肺轴之间的免疫联系,对深入理解微生物在免疫系统的作用及探索新的疾病诊疗策略具有重要临床意义。

中医药调节IgA肾病免疫功能紊乱的研究

IgA肾病(IgA nephropathy,IgAN)是慢性肾脏病和终末期肾脏病的重要原因。本病的发病机制复杂,其中免疫机制一直是国内外研究的热点。近年来,中医学家从正邪失衡、营卫失和、脏腑功能失调、三焦功能紊乱、伏邪学说等方面探讨了本病免疫紊乱的病因病机,并通过临床和实验研究证实中医药可通过改善黏膜免疫、调节B细胞、调节T淋巴细胞、抑制补体系统异常激活等途径发挥调节IgA肾病免疫紊乱的作用。本文综述了中医药干预IgA肾病免疫机制的研究进展,并对其未来的研究方向进行展望,为中医药进一步临床实践及基础研究提供参考。

猪只健康与非洲猪瘟病毒感染的关系

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)感染引起,2018年传入我国。ASFV流行毒株不断变异,加之缺少有效疫苗,给我国ASF防控带来极大挑战。免疫接种动物的基础健康程度或免疫力水平可显著影响疫苗的使用效果,基础健康程度或免疫力水平较差的猪只感染ASFV后,其感染进程更加剧烈,预后更差。而使用营养干预如饲喂喷雾干燥猪血浆,或增强免疫力措施如移植疣猪粪便微生物群,可在一定程度上提高猪群的ASFV抵抗水平,两者紧密联系。提升猪只健康水平,将是有效防控ASF的根本。本文针对猪只健康状况或免疫力水平影响ASF疫苗免疫和病毒感染的相关研究数据进行综述,以期为我国ASF疫苗研究及防控政策制定提供参考。

饲料中添加褐藻寡糖对脊尾白虾免疫能力的影响

为了探究饲料中添加褐藻寡糖(AOS)对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)免疫和抵抗二尖梅奇酵母(Metschnikowia bicuspidate)能力的影响,试验设置4个不同褐藻寡糖添加量处理,分别为0 mg/kg(CK)、500 mg/kg(T1)、1000 mg/kg(T2)和2000 mg/kg(T3),在相同条件下饲养60 d。结果表明:T2处理脊尾白虾的终末质量、总质量增长率和特定生长率极显著高于CK(P<0.01);T3处理脊尾白虾存活率极显著高于CK(P<0.01)。相较于CK,T2处理脊尾白虾肝胰腺中SOD活性、肝胰腺和肌肉中ACP活性、肝胰腺和肌肉中AKP活性、肝胰腺中PO活性均极显著提高(P<0.01)。T1处理LGBP基因在脊尾白虾肝胰腺中相对表达量极显著高于CK(P<0.01),T2处理SOD、LGBP基因在脊尾白虾肝胰腺中相对表达量均极显著高于CK(P<0.01),各处理LZM、SR和CTSB基因在脊尾白虾肝胰腺中相对表达量与CK均无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明饲料中添加1000 mg/kg褐藻寡糖可以有效提高脊尾白虾体内部分抗氧化和免疫相关基因的表达量,提高脊尾白虾的抗氧化水平和免疫能力。基因相对表达量检测结果与酶活性检测结果一致。攻毒试验中,T1、T2和T3处理脊尾白虾存活率在第3~5 d均极显著高于CK(P<0.01),但各处理脊尾白虾最终存活率和CK相同,表明褐藻寡糖对二尖梅奇酵母MQ2101具有一定的防控作用,但并不能提高感染后的最终存活率。

痛风基因表达谱的差异基因表达及免疫细胞浸润分析

目的:研究痛风患者的差异基因表达及免疫细胞浸润情况,寻找痛风发病的关键基因及免疫细胞,探究免疫细胞与痛风的关系。方法:从GEO数据库下载痛风的芯片GSE160170,借助R语言筛选差异基因,随后采用STRING数据库对差异基因进行分析,并借助Cytoscape软件筛选关键基因,再对其进行富集分析,同时对免疫细胞浸润情况进行分析。结果:研究发现IL-6、IL-1β、TNF、CCL3、CXCL8和CXCL1为痛风发病的关键基因,主要通过IL-17、Toll样受体、NOD样受体、NF-κB等信号通路发挥细胞对脂多糖、细菌来源分子及生物刺激的反应等过程导致疾病发生;免疫浸润结果表明记忆性B细胞、活化的NK细胞、活化的树突状细胞、活化的肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞在痛风患者中表达显著;免疫细胞间的相关性分析结果表明滤泡辅助性T细胞与活化的肥大细胞表达呈正相关,未活化的NK细胞与单核细胞表达呈负相关。结论:关键基因和差异表达的免疫细胞与痛风发病机制密切相关,为痛风的免疫机制研究提供了新思路。

鱼用疫苗研究进展

近年来,随着高密度集约化等设施渔业的广泛应用,单位面积鱼产量有了大幅度提高,同时也对渔业养殖过程中的管理有更高的要求。鱼类病害,特别是病毒性疾病的暴发是危害鱼类养殖业的主要因素,它有发病快、范围广、致死率高等特点,其暴发往往造成严重的经济损失。鱼类病毒性疾病并无特定药物控制,疫苗是较好的病毒抑制剂,它能够有效抑制特定病毒的扩繁,起到提前预防的效果,因此鱼用疫苗的研究受到广泛的关注。本文介绍了鱼用疫苗的发展历程,总结了鱼用疫苗的种类、免疫方式等,旨在为研究鱼用疫苗提供参考信息。

百日咳病原新认识及其抗感染策略

百日咳是由百日咳鲍特菌感染引起的急性呼吸道传染病,本病历史悠久,任何年龄段的人群均可感染发病。百日咳再现已成为引起高度关注的全球性问题,包括我国在内。2022年起至今,我国报告百日咳病例数上升迅猛。当前百日咳鲍特菌流行株的主要抗原(百日咳毒素)的基因型已发生改变,相应抗原与疫苗株不同而产生免疫逃逸,是当前百日咳再现的重要原因之一。百日咳鲍特菌目前普遍对大环内酯类抗生素耐药是临床治疗失败的重要原因,因此不再推荐其作为百日咳抗感染治疗的首选用药。2月龄以上无磺胺禁忌症的患儿,百日咳卡他期和痉咳期推荐复方磺胺甲噁唑口服作为首选抗感染方案;对2月龄以下或症状危重的患儿,推荐哌拉西林或头孢哌酮-舒巴坦静滴治疗。改良或研发与流行株抗原一致的新一代百日咳疫苗将是提升易感人群免疫保护力、控制本病流行的长远策略。