Investigation of the epidemiology,pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from cats and dogs in China from 2021 to 2023

Bordetella bronchiseptica(Bb)is recognized as a leading cause of respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.However,epidemiological data on Bb in dogs and cats in China are still limited,and there is no commercially available vaccine.Live vaccines containing Bb that are widely used abroad are generally efective but can establish latency and potentially reactivate to cause illness in some immunodefcient vaccinated recipients,raising safety concerns.In this study,34 canine-derived and two feline-derived Bb strains were isolated from 1809 canine and 113 feline nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from eight provinces in China from 2021 to 2023.The PCR results showed that the percentage of positive Bb was 22.94%(441/1922),and more than 90%of the Bb isolates had four virulence factor-encoding genes(VFGs),namely,fhaB,prn,betA and dnt.All the isolated strains displayed a multidrug-resistant phenotype.The virulence of 10 Bb strains isolated from dogs with respiratory symptoms was tested in mice,and we found that eight isolates were highly virulent.Furthermore,the eight Bb isolates with high virulence were inactivated and intramuscularly injected into mice,and three Bb strains(WH1218,WH1203 and WH1224)with the best protective efcacy were selected.Dogs immunized with these three strains exhibited strong protection against challenge with the Bb feld strain WH1218.Ultimately,the WH1218 strain with the greatest protection in dogs was selected as the vaccine candidate.Dogs and cats that received a vaccine containing 109 CFU of the inactivated WH1218 strain showed complete protection against challenge with the Bb feld strain WH1218.This study revealed that Bb is an important pathogen that causes respiratory diseases in domestic dogs and cats in China,and all the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance.The present work contributes to the current understanding of the prevalence,antimicrobial resistance,and virulence genes of Bb in domestic dogs and cats.Additionally,our results suggest that the WH1218 strain is a promising candidate safe and efcacious inactivated Bb vaccine.

Ⅰ群4型禽腺病毒Y17215-1株体外增殖规律及免疫原性研究

为探讨禽腺病毒4型分离株Y17215-1的体外增殖特性和免疫原性,本研究以LMH细胞为模型,摸索Y17215-1株最佳接种剂量和收获时间;通过活毒滴鼻接种和灭活疫苗肌肉注射的方式免疫SPF鸡,测定其免疫原性。结果显示:Y17215-1株0.1 MOI接种LMH细胞,培养48~72 h病毒滴度达到峰值108.625 TCID_(50)/mL。该病毒经肌肉注射对42日龄SPF鸡具有较强致病性,LD_(50)为103.000 TCID_(50)/0.2 mL。以10^(7.676) TCID_(50)的Y17215-1株滴鼻免疫21日龄SPF鸡,免疫后7 d 100%试验鸡产生中和抗体,14 d达到高峰。以Y17215-1株制备灭活疫苗肌肉注射免疫21日龄SPF鸡(10^(7.676) TCID_(50)/羽),免疫后7 d 70%试验鸡产生中和抗体,21 d达到高峰。在免疫后21 d用1000LD_(50)的Y17215-1株进行攻毒,活毒和灭活疫苗的保护率均为100%。以上结果表明:Y17215-1株具有很好的体外增殖特性和免疫原性,可以作为候选疫苗毒株。

猪丹毒杆菌SpaA优势表位的串联表达及其免疫效果分析

构建串联SpaA优势表位的猪丹毒亚单位疫苗,对其免疫原性进行研究。将猪丹毒杆菌表面保护抗原A优势表位串联表达,提取并经亲和层析纯化获得重组蛋白,制备亚单位疫苗,分别免疫小鼠和猪,21日后攻毒。成功制备串联SpaA优势表位的猪丹毒亚单位疫苗,2μg重组蛋白可为小鼠抵抗1000MLD强毒攻击提供100%保护,100μg重组蛋白可为猪抵抗1MLD强毒攻击提供100%保护,可为猪抵抗2MLD强毒攻击提供67%保护。串联SpaA优势表位的猪丹毒亚单位疫苗具有良好的免疫原性。

牙龈卟啉单胞菌:从毒力因子到疫苗研发

牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis,Pg)是革兰氏阴性口腔致病菌之一,其定植于牙龈内厌氧菌生物膜中,引起局部牙周炎。Pg由定植的牙龈局部通过体液扩散到全身引起多种疾病,如:心脑血管疾病、自身免疫性疾病、阿尔兹海默症、癌症等。药物难以到达牙龈部位且持续给药易引起菌体的耐药,不能达到根除的效果。因此,选择合适的抗原位点刺激机体免疫系统产生中和抗体是疫苗研究的关键。本文对Pg的致病及其机制进行了概括,并全面综述了相关的毒力因子,为清除和预防Pg感染提供靶标,同时从疫苗学角度评价和分析这些毒力因子作为疫苗的潜力。

密码子优化的RHDV2双VP60基因重组杆状病毒构建及表达蛋白免疫原性分析

[目的]试验旨在优化兔出血症病毒2型(Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2,RHDV2)病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle, VLP)疫苗的制备策略,探究RHDV2 VLP疫苗对家兔的免疫原性,为低成本、高产量RHDV2新型疫苗研发提供新思路。[方法]根据昆虫细胞的密码子偏好性优化合成RHDV2 VP60全基因,将双VP60基因插入真核载体pFastBacTMDual,转化携带Bacmid质粒的大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,构建含双VP60基因的重组杆粒Bacmid-VP60-VP60,转染Sf9昆虫细胞,通过Western blotting、间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)及透射电镜对重组杆状病毒Bacmid-VP60-VP60进行表达验证;将优化策略制备的重组蛋白抗原与氢氧化铝佐剂按照9∶1比例制备VLP灭活疫苗,通过安全性检验、最小免疫剂量、免疫持续期等评估优化策略制备的RHDV2 VLP疫苗的保护效果。[结果]试验成功构建重组杆粒Bacmid-VP60-VP60。Western blotting鉴定结果显示,重组杆状病毒转染Sf9细胞表达出大小约60 ku的RHDV2 VP60蛋白。IFA鉴定结果显示,感染重组杆状病毒的Sf9细胞产生了大量的黄绿色荧光,表明重组杆状病毒在Sf9细胞中大量表达VP60蛋白。透射电镜观察结果显示,VP60蛋白折叠成VLP,大小为40 nm左右,呈现球形结构,表面光滑。优化策略制备的RHDV2 VLP疫苗对家兔具有良好的安全性和免疫原性,最小免疫剂量为0.5 mL/只,免疫持续期可达210 d以上。[结论]试验构建了含有密码子优化的双VP60基因的重组杆状病毒,并在昆虫细胞中成功表达RHDV2 VP60蛋白,该蛋白制备的VLP疫苗对家兔具有良好的免疫原性。

食蟹猴重复给予溶瘤病毒药物HSV-1/hPD-1的毒性研究

目的:考察食蟹猴重复给予溶瘤病毒药物HSV-1/hPD-1后的体内毒性,探索安全剂量范围,为后续临床试验提供参考信息。方法:30只食蟹猴随机分成3组,包括溶媒对照组和低、高剂量(1.0×10^(8)、4.0×10^(8)pfu)组,每组10只,雌雄各半。采用肌肉注射给药,每周给药2次,连续给药6周,恢复期8周。试验期间,每天观察动物的临床症状和摄食量,每次给药后1~2天观察注射部位症状,每周称量体重。分别在检疫期、首次给药后、给药期结束、恢复期结束的不同时间点进行安全药理(体温、血压、心电图)测定、临床病理(血液学、血凝、血清生化、尿生化)检查、免疫学(T淋巴细胞、细胞因子、免疫原性)测定、组织病理学检查和脏器称重。结果:给药后,动物未见异常症状、注射部位刺激性、体重和摄食量改变,未见安全药理和临床病理指标有意义的变化。与溶媒对照组比较,第41天,低剂量会引起动物CD3^(+)CD4^(+)T细胞比例升高,高剂量未见明显变化。第13至97天,低、高剂量均能引起动物产生抗载体结合抗体、抗抗体,以及个别动物检出hPD-1表达产物。证明药物在体内产生免疫活性和介导免疫原性。组织病理学检查显示,给药期结束时,低、高剂量组动物注射部位极轻度至中度混合细胞浸润,高剂量组动物坐骨神经极轻度髓鞘/轴突变性;恢复期结束时注射部位病变减为极轻度,坐骨神经病变未见恢复趋势。低、高剂量组动物未见组织脏器重量改变。结论:食蟹猴重复给予溶瘤病毒药物HSV-1/hPD-1后,动物体内耐受良好,受试物未见毒性反应剂量(NOAEL)是1.0×10^(8)pfu。上述研究结果为药物开展临床试验提供了数据支持。

气肿疽梭菌C54-1株的制备与检定

为研究气肿疽梭菌C54-1株(CVCC60001)的菌种特性,制备了1批气肿疽梭菌C54-1株,并对菌种的形态及生化特性、培养特性、血清学特性、真空度、纯粹、剩余水分、毒力及免疫原性、16S rDNA等进行检定,以及对于该菌的适宜培养基促生长能力等方面进行了比较。实验结果表明,该冻干菌种的形态及生化特性、培养特性、血清学特性、真空度、纯粹、剩余水分、毒力及免疫原性均符合《中华人民共和国兽用生物制品规程》二〇〇〇版质量标准的规定。16S rDNA鉴定为气肿疽梭菌,相似度为99.93%。在免疫原性检定中,使用致死剂量攻毒时,免疫组能够4/4被保护,证明该菌明矾苗免疫效果良好。使用商品化梭菌培养基对于该菌培养进行了比对,证实商品化培养基替代厌气肉肝汤的可能性。本研究为气肿疽梭菌的制备和检定提供参考依据,并使用不同培养基进行比对研究,为该菌的稳定培养和疫苗工艺改进提供了研究基础。

光动力治疗与肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡

抗癌治疗的成功依赖于免疫系统介导的长期特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应。而近年来肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡(ICD)被认为是诱发机体产生这种反应的重要方式。光动力疗法(PDT)已被证实可引发肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡。ICD的核心是垂死癌细胞表达或释放危险相关分子模式(DAMPs),这些DAMPs对激活树突状细胞(DC)和激活T细胞适应性免疫反应至关重要,并导致长期免疫记忆的形成。本文将介绍ICD的研究进展以及通过改善肿瘤微环境缺氧和光敏剂的亚细胞定位增强PDT诱导ICD的能力的探索。

Effect of Aspergillus niger prolyl endopeptidase in patients with celiac disease on a long-term gluten-free diet

BACKGROUND The gluten-free diet(GFD)has limitations,and there is intense research in the development of adjuvant therapies.AIM To examine the effects of orally administered Aspergillus niger prolyl endopeptidase protease(AN-PEP)on inadvertent gluten exposure and symptom prevention in adult celiac disease(CeD)patients following their usual GFD.METHODS This was an exploratory,double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled trial that enrolled CeD patients on a long-term GFD.After a 4-wk run-in period,patients were randomized to 4 wk of two AN-PEP capsules(GliadinX;AVI Research,LLC,United States)at each of three meals per day or placebo.Outcome endpoints were:(1)Average weekly stool gluten immunogenic peptides(GIP)between the run-in and end of treatments and between AN-PEP and placebo;(2)celiac symptom index(CSI);(3)CeD-specific serology;and(4)quality of life.Stool samples were collected for GIP testing by ELISA every Tuesday and Friday during run-ins and treatments.RESULTS Forty patients were randomized for the intention-to-treat analysis,and three were excluded from the per-protocol assessment.Overall,628/640(98.1%)stool samples were collected.GIP was undetectable(<0.08μg/g)in 65.6%of samples,and no differences between treatment arms were detected.Only 0.5%of samples had GIP concentrations sufficiently high(>0.32μg/g)to potentially cause mucosal damage.Median GIP concentration in the AN-PEP arm was 44.7%lower than in the run-in period.One-third of patients exhibiting GIP>0.08μg/g during run-in had lower or undetectable GIP after AN-PEP treatment.Compared with the run-in period,the proportion of symptomatic patients(CSI>38)in the AN-PEP arm was significantly lower(P<0.03).AN-PEP did not result in changes in specific serologies.CONCLUSION This exploratory study conducted in a real-life setting revealed high adherence to the GFD.The AN-PEP treatment did not significantly reduce the overall GIP stool concentration.However,given the observation of a significantly lower prevalence of patients with severe symptoms in the AN-PEP arm,further clinical research is warranted.

Mycobacterium smegmatis enhances shikonin-induced immunogenic cell death—an efficient in situ tumor vaccine strategy

Tumor vaccines are a promising avenue in cancer immunotherapy.Despite the progress in targeting specific immune epitopes,tumor cells lacking these epitopes can evade the treatment.Here,we aimed to construct an efficient in situ tumor vaccine called Vac-SM,utilizing shikonin(SKN)to induce immunogenic cell death(ICD)and Mycobacterium smegmatis as an immune adjuvant to enhance in situ tumor vaccine efficacy.SKN showed a dose-dependent and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on the tumor cell line and induced ICD in tumor cells as evidenced by the CCK-8 assay and the detection of the expression of relevant indicators,respectively.Compared with the control group,the in situ Vac-SM injection in mouse subcutaneous metastatic tumors significantly inhibited tumor growth and distant tumor metastasis,while also improving survival rates.Mycobacterium smegmatis effectively induced maturation and activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(DCs),and in vivo tumor-draining lymph nodes showed an increased maturation of DCs and a higher proportion of effector memory T-cell subsets with the Vac-SM treatment,based on flow cytometry analysis results.Collectively,the Vac-SM vaccine effectively induces ICD,improves antigen presentation by DCs,activates a specific systemic antitumor T-cell immune response,exhibits a favorable safety profile,and holds the promise for clinical translation for local tumor immunotherapy.

Construction and Immunogenicity of Associated DNA Vaccine of PRRS and PCV-2 Disease

[ Objective ] The aim of the study was to construct associated DNA vaccine of PRRS （Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome） and PCV-2 （Porcine circovirus type 2） disease and study its immunogenicity. [ Method] In_ this study, the ORF5 gene of PRRSV isolated in Liaoning was cloned into plRES-neo expression vector, and the neo gene of plRES-neo expression vector was substituted by the ORF2 gene of the PCV-2 Mongolia strain to construct the recombinant expression vector. The expression in BHK cells was detected through Western blot and IFA. Then the ELISA antibody level and the number of spleen T lymphocytes were detected after Balb/c mice were immunized with this DNA vaccine. E Result] The recombinant plasmid plRES-ORF2-ORF5 was constructed successfully and could express the target proteins in BHK cells, as indicated by Western blot and IFA. There was no significant difference in ELISA antibody between plRES-ORF2-ORF5 immunized group and inactived vaccine immunized groups, while the number of spleen T lymphocytes induced by DNA vaccine was higher than that induced by inactived vaccine. [ Conclusion] The recombinant plasmid plRES-ORF2-ORF5 should induce good humoral immune response and cellular immune response in mice, providing the conditions for better prevention and control of PRRS and PCV-2 disease.

牛种布鲁氏菌A19ΔBtpA缺失株生物学特性及其免疫原性研究

布鲁氏菌四型分泌系统(T4SS)效应物BtpA是布鲁氏菌的重要免疫抑制分子之一。为了进一步了解BtpA对牛种布鲁氏菌生物学特性的影响,并探究BtpA基因缺失是否会影响布鲁氏菌的免疫原性。在牛种布鲁氏菌疫苗株(A19株)上对BtpA基因进行了缺失,通过qRT-PCR检测布鲁氏菌A19ΔBtpA缺失株中的BtpA mRNA表达水平,并探究布鲁氏菌A19株和A19ΔBtpA缺失株在生长曲线、胞内生存、黏附侵袭和体外应激方面的差异。此外,将A19株和A19ΔBtpA缺失株免疫小鼠,在免疫后的第7、14、21、28和35天使用间接ELISA检测小鼠体内的布鲁氏菌特异性抗体水平;通过ELISpot检测免疫第21天时小鼠脾淋巴细胞中IFN-γ的表达水平,利用流式细胞术测定了小鼠脾淋巴细胞中IFN-γ阳性CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞以及CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞的分类情况。结果表明:成功构建了A19ΔBtpA缺失株,A19ΔBtpA缺失株中BtpA的转录水平显著低于A19株,A19ΔBtpA缺失株与亲本株在生长曲线、胞内生存和黏附侵袭方面呈现相似的趋势。而体外应激试验显示,高渗应激条件下A19ΔBtpA缺失株的存活菌量明显低于A19株(P<0.05)。免疫原性研究中,与PBS组相比,A19组和A19ΔBtpA组均可极显著诱导小鼠产生布鲁氏菌特异性抗体(P<0.01);与A19组相比,A19ΔBtpA组淋巴细胞IFN-γ表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),使小鼠产生的IFN-γ阳性CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞以及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)T细胞比值显著增高(P<0.05)。BtpA基因缺失不会影响布鲁氏菌A19体外胞内增殖,但可能参与布鲁氏菌抗高渗环境能力相关。此外,A19ΔBtpA缺失株比A19株更好地诱导Th1型免疫应答,诱导宿主产生与A19株相当的IgG特异性抗体,具有布鲁氏菌基因缺失疫苗的潜力。该研究将为进一步探究布鲁氏菌的致病机制和开发基因缺失株疫苗提供理论基础和数据支持。

副鸡禽杆菌lpxM蛋白的原核表达及免疫原性研究

[目的]探究副鸡禽杆菌(Avibacterium paragallinarum)外膜蛋白lpxM的免疫原性,为预防鸡传染性鼻炎提供理论参考。[方法]构建pET-28a-lpxM原核表达载体,经PCR扩增和双酶切鉴定后将阳性质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,用IPTG进行诱导表达,并对诱导时间和诱导浓度进行优化,用尿素缓冲液纯化重组蛋白lpxM并进行SDS-PAGE分析。利用Western blotting鉴定重组蛋白的特异性。将重组蛋白与MONTANIDEISA 71 VG佐剂制备成疫苗v-lpxM,通过动物试验观察重组蛋白的免疫效果。[结果]重组质粒pET-28a-lpxM转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导后成功表达,在37 ku处有目的蛋白特异性条带,在37℃、700 mmol/L IPTG、诱导4 h时蛋白表达量最高;重组蛋白lpxM在上清和沉淀中均有表达,且在沉淀中表达量相对较高;Western blotting结果显示,C型副鸡禽杆菌Modesto株的阳性鸡血清与纯化后的重组蛋白可发生免疫反应。免疫保护试验结果显示,v-lpxM疫苗对A、B和C型副鸡禽杆菌的保护率分别为0、20%和60%。[结论]本研究成功构建了原核表达载体pET-28a-lpxM,实现了lpxM重组蛋白的高效表达,且表现出良好的免疫原性。研究结果为探究副鸡禽杆菌外膜蛋白lpxM的免疫学特性以及为鸡传染性鼻炎的预防和疫苗的研发奠定了基础。

猪流行性腹泻灭活疫苗毒株的培育

为培育出毒力弱、病毒含量高、免疫原性好的猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)疫苗株,将PEDV-YL株在Vero细胞上连续传代并进行噬斑克隆纯化,测定病毒含量后进行毒力试验及免疫原性试验。结果显示:将健康仔猪接种F22代clone6、clone7毒种后,试验猪均表现出腹泻症状且均能检测到PEDV,剖检后各脏器未见异常;攻毒保护率为60%,各脏器均未出现病变。健康仔猪接种F32代clone10、clone12毒种后,60%试验猪出现腹泻症状且检出PEDV,剖检后各脏器无明显变化;一次免疫组攻毒保护率为60%~80%,二次免疫组为100%,各脏器均未发生病变。F32代clone10病毒含量略低于clone12且两者免疫原性相当。结果说明:PEDV-YL株F32代clone12更适合作为疫苗研制候选毒株,且二次免疫保护效果更好。本研究为猪流行性腹泻灭活疫苗研发提供了技术支撑。

猪轮状病毒G1P[7]株分离鉴定及多克隆抗体制备

旨在明确猪场腹泻原因并分离猪轮状病毒(PoRV)。采集腹泻猪粪便,经RT-PCR检测为阳性的样品接种于单层细胞,通过细胞病变(CPE)和间接免疫荧光(IFA)来检测病毒增殖;RT-PCR扩增VP4和VP7基因并测序以确定G/P基因型,生物信息学软件分析VP4和VP7基因的遗传进化特征;传代病毒灭活后制苗接种家兔制备多克隆抗体,测定中和抗体,并经Western blot和IFA鉴定其特异性。结果:猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)、传染性胃肠炎(TGEV)、猪德尔塔冠状病毒(PDCoV)、伪狂犬病毒(PRV)和牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)均为阴性,只有PoRV为阳性;过滤粪便样接种单层MA104细胞,连续传5代均可观察到以细胞圆缩、最后瓦解脱落为特征的CPE,IFA检测到PoRV的特异性荧光,表明病毒分离成功,命名为JSNJ2019;分离株连续传代,病毒滴度逐步升高,介于105~106.5 TCID50/mL;分离株JSNJ2019为G1P[7]基因型;3次免疫后家兔血清的中和抗体滴度最高可达211,Western blot出现特异性条带且IFA荧光亮而特异。本研究成功分离PoRV JSNJ2019(G1P[7])且免疫原性良好,制备的多克隆抗体特异性强,为研究PoRV致病机制奠定基础。

蛋白药降免疫原性改造策略

蛋白药是一种生物活性大分子,可高效治疗多种疾病,近年来在生物医疗领域受到了广泛关注。然而,由于免疫原性的问题,蛋白药很容易被患者的免疫系统快速清除。因此,降低免疫原性对于蛋白药的发展至关重要。讨论了影响免疫原性的主要因素以揭示其背后的机制;综述了多种降免疫原性的策略,包括聚乙二醇化、两性离子化、糖基化以及蛋白质融合等;对未来蛋白药的发展趋势进行了展望。

N端B细胞表位缺失的兔出血症病毒VP60蛋白的表达及其免疫原性

本研究将A3C单抗识别的VP60蛋白NTA区域作为识别标记,设计一系列编码VP60 NTA区域重叠多肽的基因序列并连接于pGEX-4T-1载体,确定A3C单抗识别的精确表位。然后构建重组质粒Bacmid-VP60△A3C,将Bacmid-VP60△A3C转染Sf9昆虫细胞,得到重组杆状病毒rBac-VP60△A3C。RT-PCR、HA、IFA和Western Blot鉴定结果表明,重组蛋白VP60△A3C在Sf9细胞中高效表达,电镜观察显示其形态和结构与兔出血症病毒VP60蛋白类似。将重组蛋白VP60△A3C以每只200μg免疫2月龄RHDV血清阴性的新西兰兔,免疫后14 d,以兔出血症病毒WF株攻毒新西兰兔。结果表明,免疫组无死亡,而对照组全部死亡。本研究结果为制备表位缺失的兔出血症亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。

猴痘病毒A5L蛋白的原核表达及其免疫原性评价

【目的】获取高纯度猴痘病毒(Monkeypox virus, MPXV)A5L蛋白,制备小鼠抗A5L高效价抗血清,为MPXV A5L蛋白功能研究及相关诊断试剂的研发提供材料。【方法】构建重组质粒pET-28a-A5L,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞进行诱导表达,通过分析不同IPTG诱导浓度、诱导温度、诱导时间条件下重组蛋白A5L表达情况,筛选最佳表达条件。通过Western blotting鉴定重组蛋白A5L表达,利用SDS-PAGE分析重组蛋白可溶性。A5L蛋白经His-Bind镍柱亲和层析纯化后免疫小鼠,通过ELISA法检测抗体效价。【结果】双酶切和测序结果显示,原核表达载体pET-28a-A5L构建成功。Western blotting结果显示重组蛋白A5L在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中成功表达;A5L蛋白在诱导温度42℃、诱导剂(IPTG)浓度为1.6 mmol/L、诱导16 h后表达量最高,大小为40 ku。SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,A5L蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,最佳咪唑洗脱浓度为50 mmol/L。ELISA结果显示,制备的鼠抗A5L蛋白抗体最高效价达1∶205 440。【结论】本研究成功构建了重组质粒pET-28a-A5L,并在原核表达系统中成功表达重组蛋白A5L,制备的A5L多克隆抗体具有较好的免疫原性,研究结果为进一步探究MPXV A5L蛋白的生物学功能奠定基础。

Characterization of physicochemical and immunogenic properties of allergenic proteins altered by food processing:a review

Food allergens are mainly naturally-occurring proteins with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-binding epitopes.Understanding the structural and immunogenic characteristics of allergenic proteins is essential in assessing whether and how food processing techniques reduce allergenicity.We here discuss the impacts of food processing technologies on the modification of physicochemical,structural,and immunogenic properties of allergenic proteins.Detection techniques for characterizing changes in these properties of food allergens are summarized.Food processing helps to reduce allergenicity by aggregating or denaturing proteins,which masks,modifies,or destroys antigenic epitopes,whereas,it cannot eliminate allergenicity completely,and sometimes even improves allergenicity by exposing new epitopes.Moreover,most food processing techniques have been tested on purified food allergens rather than food products due to potential interference of other food components.We provide guidance for further development of processing operations that can decrease the allergenicity of allergenic food proteins without negatively impacting the nutritional profile.

疫苗的结构基础和分子设计

[背景]结构疫苗学方法是逆向疫苗学的逻辑演进,其核心是利用保护性决定因子来有选择地设计抗原,进而重新设计和简化,以纳入疫苗组合中.该技术旨在开发创新性传染病疫苗和设计具有广谱保护的疫苗免疫原,尤其对于目前仍无疫苗能用于防控的艾滋病毒(HIV)、寨卡病毒、结核杆菌及多种耐药菌引发的严重威胁人类健康的传染病具有重大应用前景.[进展]目前重大传染病疫苗的研发困难主要集中在病原体抗原表位的变异性,然而随着利用结构生物学疫苗设计的初步成功,结构疫苗学技术在疫苗研发陷入困境的情况下展现出巨大的应用潜力.许多重要病原体如HIV、新型冠状病毒、流感病毒的抗体-抗原复合物结构得到解析,许多有潜力的候选抗原表位陆续被发现.本文主要介绍疫苗的结构基础和如何基于结构进行理性分子设计.[展望]如何将这些表位应用于抗原改造,设计出保护性集中的免疫原或疫苗是结构疫苗学下一步需要努力的目标.结构疫苗学结合现代计算和人工智能技术的应用,可为21世纪的医学和科技挑战提供前所未有的解决方案,疫苗研发领域有望实现重大飞跃.