Overview of the immunological mechanisms in hepatitis B virus reactivation:Implications for disease progression and management strategies

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.

Identification and analysis of immunological activity of two isoforms of tropomyosin in Alectryonella plicatula

Oyster,as a common aquatic food,play an important role in shellfish allergy.In this study,2 tropomyosin(TM)isoforms TM-αand TM-β(TM-α/-β)in Alectryonella plicatula were identified.The sequences of 852 bp encoding 284 amino acids of TM-α/-βand 2 recombinant proteins were obtained,respectively.There were 12 amino acid differences between TM-α/-β.The results of immunological experiments indicated that TM-βhad stronger immunobinding activity and immunoreactivity than those of TM-α.Structural analysis showed that TM-βhad moreα-helix and higher surface hydrophobicity than TM-α.Sequences and epitopes alignment with shellfish TMs revealed that amino acids of TM-βwere more frequently recognized as IgE epitopes in other shellfish TMs than TM-α.Differences in structure and sequence account for the higher immunological activity of TM-βcompared to TM-α.These findings provide a theoretical basis for enriching the understanding of shellfish TM and accurate diagnosis of allergic components.

Immunological disturbance effect of exogenous histamine towards key immune cells

Histamine in food has attracted widespread attention due to the potential toxicity and associated health risk.However,its influences on immunological components,especially the function of key immune cells,are still poorly known.In this work,we explored the effects of exogenous histamine on the function of key immune cells such as intestinal epithelial cells,dendritic cells,and T cells.The results showed that histamine could affect the expression of allergy-related genes in CMT93 cells at a high dose of histamine.Moreover,it’s found that histamine could cause an imbalance in the levels of relevant immune factors secreted by dendritic cells and T cells,especially those related to allergy.At the same time,the proportion of MHC class IIpositive dendritic cells and the proportion of T helper 2(Th2)cells in CD4^(+)T cells increased after histamine stimulation.We concluded that the presence of a certain level of histamine in food may affect the expression of allergy-related cytokines,disrupt the balance of the immune homeostasis,and potentially lead to adverse immune reactions.This work demonstrated the importance of including the estimation of histamine’s immune safety in aquatic products rather than merely considering the potential risk of food poisoning.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome immunological relationship

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS)is a complex disorder cha-racterized by symptoms resulting from intermittent hypoxia and hypopnea,with research indicating a crucial role of immune system dysregulation and genetic variations in its pathogenesis.A recent Zhao et al study utilizes Mendelian ran-domization analysis to explore the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and OSAHS.The study identifies specific lymphocyte subsets as-sociated with OSAHS,providing valuable insights into the disease's pathophy-siology and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.The findings underscore the significance of genetic and immunological factors in sleep disorders,offering a fresh perspective on OSAHS's complexities.Compared to existing literature,Zhao et al's study stands out for its focus on genetic markers and specific immune responses associated with OSAHS,expanding upon previous research primarily centered on systemic inflammation.In conclusion,the study represents a signi-ficant advancement in the field,shedding light on the causal role of immune cells in OSAHS and paving the way for future research and targeted treatments.

Immunological factors in cirrhosis diseases from a bibliometric point of view

BACKGROUND Cirrhosis results from persistent liver injury that leads to liver fibrosis.Immunological factors play important regulatory roles in the development and progression of cirrhosis.Bibliometrics is one of the most commonly used methods for systematic evaluation of a field of study.To date,there are no bibliometric studies on the role of immunological factors in cirrhosis.AIM To provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of immunological factors in cirrhosis.METHODS We retrieved publications related to immunological factors in cirrhosis between 2003 to 2022 from the Web of Science Core Collection database on December 7,2022.The search strategy was TS=((Liver Cirrhosis OR hepatic cirrhosis OR liver fibrosis)AND(Immunologic*Factor*OR Immune Factor*OR Immunomodulator*OR Biological Response Modifier*OR Biomodulator*)).Only original articles and reviews were included.A total of 2873 publications were analyzed using indicators of publication and citation metrics,countries,institutes,authors,journals,references,and keywords by CiteSpace and VOSviewer.RESULTS A total of 5104 authors from 1173 institutions across 51 countries published 2873 papers on cirrhosis and immunological factors in 281 journals.In the past 20 years,the increasing number of related annual publications and citations indicates that research on immunological factors in cirrhosis has become the focus of attention and has entered a period of accelerated development.The United States(781/27.18%),China(538/18.73%),and Germany(300/10.44%)were the leading countries in this field.Most of the top 10 authors were from the United States(4)and Germany(3),with Gershwin ME contributing the most related articles(42).World Journal of Gastroenterology was the most productive journal,whereas Hepatology was the most co-cited journal.Current research hotspots regarding immunological factors in cirrhosis include fibrosis,cirrhosis,inflammation,liver fibrosis,expression,hepatocellular carcinoma,activation,primary biliary cirrhosis,disease,and hepatic stellate cells.Burst keywords(e.g.,epidemiology,gut microbiota,and pathways)represent research frontiers that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years.CONCLUSION This bibliometric study comprehensively summarizes the research developments and directions of immunological factors in cirrhosis,providing new ideas for promoting scientific research and clinical applications.

Expression of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus ORF7 Gene and Purification and Immunological Activity Analysis of the Recombinant Protein

[Objective] The aim of this study was to realize efficient expression of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV） ORF7 gene in genetic engineering bacteria and analYze the immunological activity of the recombinant protein after purification. [ Method] The constructed recombinant expression vector pET-ORF7 was transformed into Escherichia co1BL21 （DE3） and induced by IPTG under the optimal condition. After analysis of SDS-PAGE and Western Blot, the expression products were purified by Ni-NTA His · Bind Resin chrom- atographic column under denaturing condition and renatured by gradient dialysis. Subsequently, the immunological activity of the renatured recombinant protein was detected by Westem Blot and indirect ELISA. [ Result] The recombinant plasmid pET-ORF7 expressed in E. coli successfully, and the fusion protein was in the form of inclusion body. By SDS-PAGE detection, the molecular weight of the expression protein was approximate 33 kD, according with the expectation. Analysis by Bandscan software showed that the expressed fusion protein was about 50% of total bacterial protein of BL21 （DE3）. Wastem Blot and indirect ELISA detection showed that the renatured protein could react with PRRSV positive serum specifically, indicating its good immunological activity. [ Conclusion] This study lays a foundation for the preparation of PRRSV monoclonal antibody and diagnostic kit.

Effects of Immunological Stress on Immune Response in Different Breeds of Piglets

[ Objective] The research aimed to explore effects of an immunological stress on immune response in different breeds of piglets （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. [Method] All the 12 weaning pigs （Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig） weighing （12.6 ±0.5） kg were used in a 2 x3 factorial design. The main factors consisted of immunological challenge （ LPS or saline） and breeds （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. On Day 1, six piglets of each breed were injected with LPS at the usage of 200 μg/kg BW or an equivalent amount of sterile saline, and in jected classical swine fever vaccine at the same time. Blood sample were collected on Day 2, 7 and 14 post injection to analyze the blood lympho cyte proliferation. The levels of antibodies against classical swine fever were tested on Day 1 prior to injection and on Day 7 and 14 post injection. [ Result] On Day 2 after injection, the lymphocyte transformation rate of piglets injected with LPS were significantly （P〈O. 01 ） increased compared with piglets injected with saline. The lymphocyte transformation rate of Laiwu piglets was significant higher than that of Yorkshire piglets （ P 〈 0.05）. Effects of immunological stress on the level of antibodies against classical swine fever were not significantly different among different breeds of pig lets. [ Conclusion] LPS can effectively stimulate cellular immunity response in different breeds of piglets, and the immune response ability is different among various breeds of piglets.

Immunological Adjuvant Function of Aluminium Phosphate and Chicken IL-18 in NDV F Gene Vaccine

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the immunological adjuvant function of aluminium phosphate and chicken IL-18 in NDV F gene vaccine. [Method] The vaccine （0.2 ml） containing aluminum phosphate adjuvant （90 μg）, pcDNA/F （200μg）, and pcDNA/chlL-18 （200 μg） was prepared. The 7 d old chick- ens to be tested were randomly divided into six groups （12 chickens in each group） and immunized through intramuscular injection with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines, pcDNA/F＋pcDNA/chlL-18＋phosphate aluminum, pcDNA/F, pcDNA/F.＋pcDNA/ chlL-18, pcDNA/F＋aluminum phosphate, and physiological saline respectively; the secondary immunization was conducted with the same dose when the chickens were 21 d old. Their blood was sampled 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 d after first immunization. Anti- body titer was detected with ELISA and T cell transformation rate was measured with MIT. Experimental chicken will be challenged with 30 LD50 NDV virulence 28 d after first immunization. [Result] The survival rate of the chickens immunized with pcDNA/F＋aluminium phosphate＋pcDNA/chlL-18 achieved 8/12, higher than that of those immunized with pcDNA/F 4/12 and pcDNA/F＋pcDNA/chlL-18 （6/12）. The NDV antibody titer of the chickens immunized with pcDNA/F＋ aluminum phosphate, pcD- NA/F＋pcDNA/chlL-18 and pcDNA/F＋pcDNA/chlL-18＋aluminum phosphate is not differ- ent （P〉0.05）, but significantly lower than that of the chickens immunized with tradi- tional vaccine （P〈0.05）. The T cell transformation rate of the chickens immunized with pcDNA/F＋pcDNA/chlL-18＋aluminium phosphate was obviously higher than that of the chickens immunized with pcDNA/F （P〈0.05）. The T cell transformation rates of chickens immunized with pcDNA/F and the traditional vaccine showed no signifi- cant difference （P〉0.05）. [Conclusion] Combination of aluminium phosphate and pcD- NA/chlL-18 can significantly enhance the immune effect of NDV F gene vaccine.

Immunological battlefield in gastric cancer and role of immunotherapies

Like the wars predating the First World War where human foot soldiers were deemed tools in the battlefield against an enemy, so too are the host immune cells of a patient battling a malignant gastric cancer. Indeed, the tumour microenvironment resembles a battlefield, where the patient's immune cells are the defence against invading tumour cells. However, the relationship between different immune components of the host response to cancer is more complex than an "us against them" model. Components of the immune system inadvertently work against the interests of the host and become pro-tumourigenic while other components soldier on against the common enemy – the tumour cell.

Immunological Evaluation of a Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen Rv0674

Objective This study aimed to characterize the diagnostic and vaccine potential of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosisantigen Rv0674. Methods To evaluate thediagnostic potential and antigenicity of Rv0674, IgG was evaluated using ELISA and interferon (IFN)-γ was done by using ELISpot assay among TB patients and healthy donors. For immunogenicity evaluation, BALB/c mice were immunized with Rv0674. Cytokine production was determined by cytokine release assay using an ELISA kit, and the antibodies were tested using ELISA. Results The results of serum Elisa tests showed that Rv0674 specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was higher in TB patients than negative controls. And Rv0674 had good performance in serological test with sensitivity and specificity of 77.1% and 81.1%, respectively. While it shows poor sensitivity and specificity of 26.23% and 79.69% for IFN-γ tests. In BALB/c mice, Rv0674 adjuvant by DDA/PolyI:C could also induce a high level of IFN-γ, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 as well as a high IgG titer in both high-and low-dose groups indicating that Rv0674 is essential in humoral and cellular immunity. Moreover, the cytokine profile and IgG isotypecharacterized Rv0674 as a Th1/Th2-mixed-type protective immunity with the predominance of Th1 cytokines. Conclusion Rv0674 may be a good potential candidate for the development of TB serological diagnosis and a new TB vaccine.

Ocular diseases: immunological and molecular mechanisms

Many factors, such as environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, can trigger the immunological events that affect the ending of the diverse spectrum of ocular disorders. Significant advances in understanding of immunological and molecular mechanisms have been researched to improve the diagnosis and therapy for patients with ocular inflammatory diseases. Some kinds of ocular diseases are inadequately responsive to current medications;therefore, immunotherapy may be a potential choice as an alternative or adjunctive treatment, even in the prophylactic setting. This article first provides an overview of the immunological and molecular mechanisms concerning several typical and common ocular diseases; second, the functions of immunological roles in some of systemic autoimmunity will be discussed; third, we will provide a summary of the mechanisms that dictate immune cell trafficking to ocular local microenvironment in response to inflammation.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Mianbu Mixfang Is Effective in Treating Immunological Infertility: a Female Mice

Objective To study the therapeutic effectivess of Traditional Chinese Medicine compound mixture Mianbu Fang (Immunological infertility therapy) on immunological infertility caused by antisperm antibody (AsAb) in female mice. Materials & Methods Forty-two female Kunming mice were evenly divided into 7 groups by weight. Group A was control group; Group B was model of infertility. Group C, D and E were fed with normal, half and double dosage of Mianbu I respectively. Group F and G were fed with Mianbu II and prednisone Acetates respectively. Animal model of immunological infertility were set up by injecting mice sperm to the other 36 Kunming female mice except Group A. The AsAb levels in serum, cervical mucus were measured, the histological and immunohistochemistry changes in ovary and endometrium were observed, and the pregnancy indexes were compared in different groups. Results Compared with the infertility model group, the AsAb level in serum and cervical mucus in treatment group was lower. Less immune compounds in ovary and endometrium and atretic follicle of ovary was found in treatment group than in model and control group. The immune compounds in ovary and endometrium were less in the treatment group than that in the model and control group. Conclusion By regulating immunological system, Traditional Chinese Medicine compound mixfang Mianbu Fang lowers AsAb in the circulation system and special organs, eliminates immunological compound, repairs tissue impairment and increases pregnancy of female mice.

Immunological rejection of acellular heterogeneous nerve transplant for bridging the sciatic nerve in rats

BACKGROUND：Artificial materials composed of acellular heterogeneous nerves can resolve donor shortage problems for the repair of peripheral nerve defects.However,it remains unclear whether artificial materials can overcome immunological rejection of heterogeneous nerve grafts and obtain similar effects as allogeneic nerve grafts.OBJECTIVE：To analyze regeneration and immunological rejection of defective sciatic nerves in rats through the use of acellular heterogeneous nerve grafts.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING：A randomized,controlled study was performed at the Department of Anatomy,China Medical University and the Experimental Center,First Affiliated Hospital,China Medical University between January and December 2008.MATERIALS：TritonX-100 （Sigma,USA） and deoxycholate （Pierce,USA） were used.METHODS：Bilateral sciatic nerves were collected from adult rabbits and treated with TritonX-100 and sodium deoxycholate to prepare acellular sciatic nerves,which were used to bridge 1 -cm defective sciatic nerves in adult rats.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：The lymphocyte percentage in leukocytes was quantified following hemocyte staining.Neural regeneration and the recovery of motor end plates in the gastrocnemius muscle were observed under optical and electronic microscopy following toluidine blue staining,as well as acetylcholinesterase and succinate dehydrogenase histochemical staining.RESULTS：There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte percentage in leucocytes between transplanted and normal rats （P 〉 0.05）.At 3 months after surgery,the rat toes on the operated side were separated and the rats could walk.In addition,the footplates exhibited an escape response when acupunctured.A large number of regenerated nerve fibers were observed in the transplant group,and acetylcholinesterase-positive motor end plates were visible in fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle.CONCLUSION：Acellular heterogeneous nerve transplants for the repair of defective sciatic nerves in rats promote neural regeneration without significant immunological rejection.

CXCL16 participates in pathogenesis of immunological liver injury by regulating T lymphocyte infiltration in liver tissue

AIM： To investigate the role of CXCL16 in the pathogenesis of immunological liver injury and to explore the possible mechanism ofT lymphocyte infiltration regulated by CXCL16. METHODS： Immunological liver injury in murine model was induced by Bacille Calmette-Guerin and lipopolysaccharide. Expression pattern and distribution of CXCL16 were examined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Anti-CXCL16 antibody was administrated in vivo to investigate its effect on T-cell recruitment and acute hepatic necrosis. The survival of murine model was also evaluated. RESULTS, The murine immunological liver injury model was successfully established, CXCL16 expression increased and predominantly distributed in periportal areas and vascular endothelia in injured liver tissues. Administration of anti-CXCL16 Ab protected the mice from death and acute liver damage. Approximately 70% of the mice survived for 72 h in the anti-CXCL16 Ab treatment group, whereas 80% died within 72 h in control Ab group. The number of liver-infiltrating T lymphocytes was significantly reduced from 1.01×10^7 to 3.52×10^6/liver, compared with control Ab treatment. CONCLUSION： CXCL16 is involved in immunological liver injury by regulating T lymphocyte infiltration in liver tissue.

Hepatitis C virus lymphotropism and peculiar immunological phenotype:Effects on natural history and antiviral therapy

Hepatitis C virus （HCV） has been recognized to be both a hepato- and lymphotropic virus. HCV lymphotropism represents an essential lap in the pathogenesis of virus-related autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders, ranging from clonal expansion of B-cells with organ-and non-organ-specific autoantibody production up to overt non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma along a continuous step-by-step model of B-cell lymphomagenesis, where the intermediated mixed cryoglobulinemia could be considered as a stage of suppressible antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. HCV infection of lymphoid ceils could set up privileged reservoirs able to interfere with the host viral clearance efficiency and may be implicated in viral recurrence after apparently successful antiviral therapy. The HCV long-lasting extrahepatic replicative state generates an abnormal systemic immunological response, easily detectable by searching simple laboratory and clinical parameters, mainly represented by vasculitis-like skin features and hypocomplementemia.The presence or absence of this hypersensitivity pattern seems to correlate with the antiviral response and could be identified as a novel immunological cofactor. Further research is required to fully verify the real impact on therapeutic choice/regimen.

Efficacy of Telbivudine in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Liver Cirrhosis and Its Effect on Immunological Responses

This study was aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of telbivudine（Ld T） in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B（CHB） and HBV-related liver cirrhosis（LC） and to observe the changes of immunological responses during Ld T treatment. Clinical data of 80 CHB and 28 HBV-related LC patients who were administered with Ld T for 108 weeks and followed up were retrospectively analyzed. The liver function indicators including ALT, AST and γ-GT, HBV DNA copy number in serum and the rates of hepatitis B e antigen（HBe Ag） seroconversion were analyzed before and 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 and 108 weeks after Ld T treatment in CHB and LC groups. Four serum fibrosis-related markers, including hyaluronic acid（HA）, human laminin（LN）, human type Ⅳ collagen（Ⅳ-C） and human N-terminal procollagen Ⅲ peptide（PC-Ⅲ）, were detected before and after Ld T treatment in LC group. The results showed favorable viral suppression and biochemical responses after treatment with Ld T for 12 weeks, and a high rate of virological and biochemical control was maintained during the course of 108-week treatment in both CHB and LC groups. The four fibrosis-related markers, especially HA and LN, were down-regulated to some degrees in LC group. Moreover, Ld T treatment led to the fluctuation of the circulating interferon-γ（IFN-γ） and interleukin-10（IL-10） levels at different time points in CHB group. It was concluded that Ld T could favorably lead to the virological suppression and biochemical remission. Besides, IFN-γ and IL-10 may represent a suitable and effective predictor of responsiveness during Ld T therapy.

Immunological aspects of liver cell transplantation

Within the field of regenerative medicine, the liver is of major interest for adoption of regenerative strategies due to its well-known and unique regenerative capacity. Whereas therapeutic strategies such as liver resection and orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT) can be considered standards of care for the treatment of a variety of liver diseases, the concept of liver cell transplantation(LCTx) still awaits clinical breakthrough. Success of LCTx is hampered by insufficient engraftment/long-term acceptance of cellular allografts mainly due to rejection of transplanted cells. This is in contrast to the results achieved for OLT where longterm graft survival is observed on a regular basis and, hence, the liver has been deemed an immuneprivileged organ. Immune responses induced by isolated hepatocytes apparently differ considerably from those observed following transplantation of solid organs and, thus, LCTx requires refined immunological strategies to improve its clinical outcome. In addition, clinical usage of LCTx but also related basic research efforts are hindered by the limited availability of high quality liver cells, strongly emphasizing the need for alternative cell sources. This review focuses on the various immunological aspects of LCTx summarizing data available not only for hepatocyte transplantation but also for transplantation of non-parenchymal liver cells and liver stem cells.

Changes of the immunological barrier of intestina mucosa in rats with sepsis

BACKGROUND： Sepsis has become the greatest threat to in-patients, with a mortality of over 25%.The dysfunction of gut barrier, especially the immunological barrier, plays an important role in the development of sepsis. This dysfunction occurs after surgery, but the magnitude of change does not differentiate patients with sepsis from those without sepsis. Increased intestinal permeability before surgery is of no value in predicating sepsis. The present study aimed to observe the changes of intestinal mucosal immunologic barrier in rat models of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture.METHODS： Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sepsis group （n=45） and a control group （n=15）. The rats in the sepsis group were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture （CLP）, whereas the rats in the control group underwent a sham operation. The ileac mucosa and segments were harvested 3, 6 and 12 hours after CLP, and blood samples were collected. Pathological changes, protein levels of defensin-5 （RD-5） and trefoil factor-3 （TFF3） mRNA, and lymphocytes apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa were determined. In an additional experiment, the gut-origin bacterial DNA in blood was detected.RESULTS： The intestinal mucosa showed marked injury with loss of ileal villi, desquamation of epithelium, detachment of lamina propria, hemorrhage and ulceration in the sepsis group. The expression of TFF3 mRNA and level of RD-5 protein were decreased and the apoptosis of mucosal lymphocyte increased （P〈0.05） in the sepsis group compared with the control group. Significant differences were observed in RD-5 and TFF3 mRNA 3 hours after CLP and they were progressively increased 6 and 12 hours after CLP in the sepsis group compared with the control group （P〈0.05, RD-5 F=11.76, TFF3 F=16.86 and apoptosis F=122.52）. In addition, the gut-origin bacterial DNA detected in plasma was positive in the sepsis group.CONCLUSION： The immunological function of the intestinal mucosa was impaired in septic rats and further deteriorated in the course of sepsis.

An overview on application of phage display technique in immunological studies

Phage display is very strong technique in drug discovery and development. Phage display has many applications in improving the immunological studies. Development of monoclonal antibody, peptides, peptidomimetics and epitope mapping are main application of phage display. Selection of monoclonal antibody or peptides that are displayed on the surface of the phages can be occurred through biopanning process. In biopanning process phage library is incubated with antigen and particular phages can be identified and isolated. Increasing the stringency in the biopanning rounds can be help to select phages with high affinity and specificity. Here, we describe an overview of phage display application with focusing on monoclonal antibody production and epitope mapping.

Effects of Different Extract of Pseudostellaria Heterophylla on Immunological Function in Mice based on Meta-analysis and Network Meta-analysis

To evaluate the effects of different extract of Pseudostellaria heterophylla on immunological function in mice based on Meta-analysis and Network meta-analysis,the article retrieved domestic and foreign databases according to the"PICO"retrieval strategy,and used Stata and ADDIS software for Meta analysis.A total of 6 reports,10 randomised controlled trials(RCTs)were eventually involved.Meta analysis results showed that:compared with the control group,the experimental group of polysaccharide,saponin and crude extract were better than that of the control(P<0.05),which significantly improved the immunological function in mice.Network meta-analysis results showed that the saponin had the best effect on the increase of phagocytic index and the differences were statistically significant[MD=1.50,95%CI(0.71,2.28),P<0.05];The polysaccharide and saponin had better effect on the increase of spleen index than the control and crude extract,and the differences were statistically significant[MD=0.77,95%CI(0.27,1.31),P<0.05],[MD=0.71,95%CI(0.01,1.50),P<0.05];the polysaccharide had the best effect on the increase of thymus index and the differences were statistically significant[MD=0.70,95%CI(0.11,1.34),P<0.05].The rank probability showed that the saponin of Pseudostellaria heterophylla had the maximum probability to increase phagocytic index of mice;the probability for the components of Pseudostellaria heterophylla increasing spleen index of mice was in the order of crude extract>polysaccharide>saponin;the probability for the components of Pseudostellaria heterophylla increasing thymus index of mice was in the order of saponin>polysaccharide>crude extract.Based on the available evidence,the extract of Pseudostellaria heterophylla could improve the immunity of mice,and the clinical effect of polysaccharide and saponin was the best,which provided a more valuable scientific reference for evidencing that the polysaccharide and saponin of Pseudostellaria heterophylla was the effective components for improving immunological function,and also was conducive to the proper further development of Pseudostellaria heterophylla resources.