Immune cell signatures and causal association with irritable bowel syndrome:A mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND The mucosal barrier's immune-brain interactions,pivotal for neural development and function,are increasingly recognized for their potential causal and therapeutic relevance to irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Prior studies linking immune inflammation with IBS have been inconsistent.To further elucidate this relationship,we conducted a Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis of 731 immune cell markers to dissect the influence of various immune phenotypes on IBS.Our goal was to deepen our understanding of the disrupted brain-gut axis in IBS and to identify novel therapeutic targets.AIM To leverage publicly available data to perform MR analysis on 731 immune cell markers and explore their impact on IBS.We aimed to uncover immunophenotypic associations with IBS that could inform future drug development and therapeutic strategies.METHODS We performed a comprehensive two-sample MR analysis to evaluate the causal relationship between immune cell markers and IBS.By utilizing genetic data from public databases,we examined the causal associations between 731 immune cell markers,encompassing median fluorescence intensity,relative cell abundance,absolute cell count,and morphological parameters,with IBS susceptibility.Sensitivity analyses were conducted to validate our findings and address potential heterogeneity and pleiotropy.RESULTS Bidirectional false discovery rate correction indicated no significant influence of IBS on immunophenotypes.However,our analysis revealed a causal impact of IBS on 30 out of 731 immune phenotypes(P<0.05).Nine immune phenotypes demonstrated a protective effect against IBS[inverse variance weighting(IVW)<0.05,odd ratio(OR)<1],while 21 others were associated with an increased risk of IBS onset(IVW≥0.05,OR≥1).CONCLUSION Our findings underscore a substantial genetic correlation between immune cell phenotypes and IBS,providing valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the condition.These results pave the way for the development of more precise biomarkers and targeted therapies for IBS.Furthermore,this research enriches our comprehension of immune cell roles in IBS pathogenesis,offering a foundation for more effective,personalized treatment approaches.These advancements hold promise for improving IBS patient quality of life and reducing the disease burden on individuals and their families.

Advancing the understanding and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm:Insights from recent case studies

We specifically discuss the mechanisms of the pathogenesis,diagnosis,and management of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN),a rare but aggressive haematologic malignancy characterized by frequent skin manifestations and systemic dissemination.The article enriches our understanding of BPDCN through detailed case reports showing the clinical,immunophenotypic,and histopathological features that are critical for diagnosing this disease.These cases highlight the essential role of pathologists in employing advanced immunophenotyping techniques to accurately identify the disease early in its course and guide treatment decisions.Furthermore,we explore the implications of these findings for management strategies,emphasizing the use of targeted therapies such as tagraxofusp and the potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in achieving remission.The editorial underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in managing BPDCN,pointing towards a future where precision medicine could significantly improve patient outcomes.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm in Jinhua,China:Two case reports

BACKGROUND Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare and clinically aggressive hematologic malignancy originating from the precursors of plasmacytoid dendritic cells.BPDCN often involves the skin,lymph nodes,and bone marrow,with rapid clinical progression and a poor prognosis.The BPDCN diagnosis is mainly based on the immunophenotype.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.CONCLUSION In this paper,we retrospectively analyzed 2 cases of BPDCN.Both patients were elderly males.The lesions manifested as skin masses.Morphological manifestations included diffuse and dense tumor cell infiltration of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.Immunohistochemistry staining showed that cluster of differentiation CD4,CD56,CD43,and CD123 were positive.

Alternative Phenotypic Profile for B-Cell Abnormality in a Case at Zinder National Hospital

Introduction: Since it is impossible to establish a diagnosis in the presence of hyperlymphocytosis not secondary to lymphocytic hyperactivation, we considered a B-lymphoid hematopathy with a non-specific phenotypic profile. We report one case of this. Observation: This is a forty-eight (48) year old patient with hyperlymphocytosis at 139,000 elements per cubic millimeter, heterogeneous splenomegaly at 25.6 cm in diameter on abdominal ultrasound without detectable deep or peripheral lymphadenopathy. Peripheral blood cytology shows lymphocyte cell proliferation suggestive of the circulating phase of chronic lymphoproliferative B syndrome. The expression profile of cell membrane markers did not allow for the definition of a specific phenotypic profile. Faced with this immunophenotyping result, we considered a B-lymphoid hemopathy with a non-specific phenotypic profile. After three courses, the MINICHOP treatment was used to achieve partial remission with wasting of more than 80% of the evaluable masses. Conclusion: Despite the contribution of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative syndromes, it is possible to consider the diagnosis of a B-lymphoid hemopathy with a phenotypic non-specific profile of CD45+, monotypic kappa, CD19+, FMC7+, CD22+, CD5−, CD79b−, CD23−, CD43−, CD38−, CD200−.

The Characteristics of Immunophenotype in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance

Objective： To study the characteristics of immunophenotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL） and its clinical significance. Methods： Immunophenotyping was performed on 81 ALL patients by three-color flow cytometry analysis using CD45/SSC gating, meanwhile the cytogenetic analysis was performed on 45 cases out of 81 ALL patients. Results： （1） CD19 was the most commonly expressed of all B-lineage antigens detected with the positive rate being 100%. In T-ALL, the positive expression rate of CD5 and CD7 was the highest, being 90%. Both B-ALL and T-ALL overlapped in expression of lineage antigens. There was no significant difference in the complete remission rate （CR rate） between T-ALL and B-ALL. （2） The incidence of ALL with rayeloid antigens expression （My＋ALL） was 39.5%. CD13 was most often seen among the myeloid markers. My＋ALL always involved in B-lineage antigens and the CR rate in children and adults was 72.2% and 78.6% respectively. （3） The incidence of HAL was 19.8%. Coexpression of B-lineage and myeloid-assoeiated antigens was the commonest subtype in HAL. The expression of CD34 was commonly seen in HAL patients （81.3%）. The CR rate was low in HAL, 50% for children and 40% for adults. （4） Compared to T-ALL, B-ALL, My＋ALL, and HAL had a higher positive rate of CD34 expression with the difference being significant （P〈0.025）. Conclusion： Immunophenotyping had remarkable predominance in diagnosing special category of ALL （such as HAL and My＋ALL）; CD19 and CD5 were highly sensitive in diagnosing B-ALL and T-ALL, but less special, and overlapping was found in expression. No significant association was found between the expression of CD34 or myeloid antigens and CR rate, while low CR rate was found in HAL patients, especially for those coexpressing CD34 antigen.

Antitumor activities of human autologous cytokineinduced killer(CIK)cells against hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo

AIM: To characterize the anticancer function of cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) and develop an adoptive immunotherapy for the patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we evaluated the proliferation rate, phenotype and the antitumor activity of human CIK cells from healthy donors and HCC patients in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and patients with primary HCC were incubated in vitro and induced into CIK cells in the presence of various cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 and monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD3. The phenotype and characterization of CIK cells were identified by flow cytometric analysis. The cytotoxicity of CIK cells was determined by (51)Cr release assay. RESULTS: The CIK cells were shown to be a heterogeneous population with different cellular phenotypes. The percentage of CD3+/CD56+ positive cells, the dominant effector cells, in total CIK cells from healthy donors and HCC patients, significantly increased from 0.1-0.13% at day 0 to 19.0-20.5% at day 21 incubation, which suggested that the CD3+ CD56+ positive cells proliferated faster than other cell populations of CIK cells in the protocol used in this study. After 28 day in vitro incubation, the CIK cells from patients with HCC and healthy donors increased by more than 300-fold and 500-fold in proliferation cell number, respectively. CIK cells originated from HCC patients possessed a higher in vitro antitumor cytotoxic activity on autologous HCC cells than the autologous lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and PBMC cells. In in vivo animal experiment, CIK cells had stronger effects on the inhibition of tumor growth in Balb/c nude mice bearing BEL-7402-producing tumor than LAK cells (mean inhibitory rate, 84.7% vs 52.8%, P【0.05) or PBMC (mean inhibitory rate, 84.7% vs 37.1%, P【0.01). CONCLUSION: Autologous CIK cells are of highly efficient cytotoxic effector cells against primary hepatocellular carcinoma cells and might serve as an alternative adoptive therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.

Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm:Progress in Cell Origin,Molecular Biology,Diagnostic Criteria and Therapeutic Approaches

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm(BPDCN)is a rare hematological malignancy characterized by recurrent skin nodules,an aggressive clinical course with rapid involvement of hematological organs,and a poor prognosis with poor overall survival.BPDCN is derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)and its pathogenesis is unclear.The tumor cells show aberrant expression of CD4,CD56,interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain(CD 123),blood dendritic cell antigen 2(BDCA 2/CD303),blood dendritic cell antigen 4(BDCA4)and transcription factor(E protein)E2-2(TCF4).The best treatment drugs are based on experience by adopting those used for either leukemia or lymphoma.Relapse with drug resistance generally occurs quickly.Stem cell transplantation after the first complete remission is recommended and tagraxofusp is the first targeted therapy.In this review,we summarize the differentiation of BPDCN from its cell origin,its connection with normal pDCs,clinical characteristics,genetic mutations and advances in treatment of BPDCN.This review provides insights into the mechanisms of and new therapeutic approaches for BPDCN.

Isolation and characterisation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human placenta tissue

AIM: To explore the feasibility of placenta tissue as a reliable and efficient source for generating mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). METHODS: MSC were generated from human placenta tissue by enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation. The placenta MSC (PLC-MSC) were characterized for expression of cell surface markers, embryonic stem cell (ECS) gene expression and their differentiation ability into adipocytes and osteocytes. The immunosuppressive properties of PLC-MSC on resting and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated allogenic T cells were assessed by means of cell proliferation via incorporation of tritium thymidine (3H-TdR). RESULTS: The generated PLC-MSC appeared as spindle-shaped cells, expressed common MSC surface markers and ESC transcriptional factors. They also differen-tiated into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages when induced. However, continuous cultivation up to passage 15 caused changes in morphological appearance and cellular senescence, although the stem cell nature of their protein expression was unchanged. In terms of their immunosuppressive properties, PLC-MSC were unable to stimulate resting T cell proliferation; they inhibited the PHA stimulated T cells in a dose dependent manner through cell to cell contact. In our study, MSC generated from human placenta exhibited similar mesenchymal cell surface markers; MSC-like gene expression pattern and MSC-like differentiation potential were comparable to other sources of MSC. CONCLUSION: We suggest that placenta tissues can serve as an alternative source of MSC for future experimental and clinical studies.

Immunophenotyping of Lymphocyte T and B in the Peripheral Blood of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The immunophenotyping expression levels of lymphocyte in the peripheral blood from 21 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed by using the immunofluorescence labeling flow cytometry technique to investigate the immunophenotyping expression of lymphocytes T and B in the peripheral blood of active SLE patients and its clinical value. It was showed that, compared with normal controls, the expression of CD + 3, CD + 4 and the ratio of CD + 4/CD + 8 in the peripheral blood of these patients were decreased , while the expression of CD + 8, CD + 20 was significantly increased . It was suggested that both T and B cells in patients with active SLE involved in immunoregulation, were activated. The abnormal expression of lymphocyte immunophenotyping could influence the immune reaction in SLE patients, which might be one of the important pathogenesis factors in SLE.

Autoimmune hepatitis in childhood: The role of genetic and immune factors

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic inflammatory disease of the liver, which affects a group of patients who lost their immunological tolerance to antigens of the liver. It is clinically characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, elevated liver enzymes, presence of autoantibodies and histological changes. Although being rare in children, it represents a serious cause of chronic hepatic disease that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Clinical findings, exclusion of more common liver disorders and the detection of antibodies antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies and anti-LKM1 are usually enough for diagnosis on clinical practice. The pathogenic mechanisms that lead to AIH remain obscure, but some research findings suggest the participation of immunologic and genetic factors. It is not yet knew the triggering factor or factors that stimulate inflammatory response. Several mechanisms proposed partially explain the immunologic findings of AIH. The knowledge of immune factors evolved might result in better markers of prognosis and response to treatment. In this review, we aim to evaluate the findings of research about genetic and immune markers and their perspectives of application in clinical practice especially in pediatric population.

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration and useful ancillary methods

The role of endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) in evaluating pancreatic pathology has been well documented from the beginning of its clinical use. High spatial resolution and the close proximity to the evaluated organs within the mediastinum and abdominal cavity allow detection of small focal lesions and precise tissue acquisition from suspected lesions within the reach of this method. Fine needle aspiration(FNA) is considered of additional value to EUS and is performed to obtain tissue diagnosis. Tissue acquisition from suspected lesions for cytological or histological analysis allows, not only the differentiation between malignant and non-malignant lesions, but, in most cases, also the accurate distinction between the various types of malignant lesions. It is well documented that the best results are achieved only if an adequate sample is obtained for further analysis, if the material is processed in an appropriate way, and if adequate ancillary methods are performed. This is a multi-step process and could be quite a challenge in some cases. In this article, we discuss the technical aspects of tissue acquisition by EUS-guided-FNA(EUS-FNA), as well as the role of an on-site cytopathologist, various means of specimen processing, and the selection of the appropriate ancillary method for providing an accurate tissue diagnosis and maximizing the yield of this method. The main goal of this review is to alert endosonographers, not only to the different possibilities of tissue acquisition, namely EUS-FNA, but also to bring to their attention the importance of proper sample processing in the evaluation of various lesions in the gastrointestinal tract and other accessible organs. All aspects of tissue acquisition(needles, suction, use of stylet, complications, etc.) have been well discussed lately. Adequate tissue samples enable comprehensive diagnoses, which answer the main clinical questions, thus enabling targeted therapy.

Individualized leukemia cell-population profiles in common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients

Immunophenotype is critical for diagnosing common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (common ALL) and detecting minimal residual disease. We developed a protocol to explore the immunophenotypic profiles of common ALL based on the expression levels of the antigens associated with B lymphoid development, including IL-7Rα (CD127), cytoplasmic CD79a (cCD79a), CD19, VpreB (CD179a), and sIgM, which are successive and essential for progression of B cells along their developmental pathway. Analysis of the immunophenotypes of 48 common ALL cases showed that the immunophenotypic patterns were highly heterogeneous, with the leukemic cell population differing from case to case. Through the comprehensive analysis of immunophenotypic patterns, the profiles of patient-specific composite leukemia cell populations could provide detailed information helpful for the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and individualized therapies for common ALL.

Umbilical cord fibroblasts: Could they be considered as mesenchymal stem cells?

In cell therapy protocols, many tissues were proposed as a source of mesenchymal stem cells(MSC) isolation. So far, bone marrow(BM) has been presented as the main source of MSC despite the invasive isolation pro-cedure related to this source. During the last years, the umbilical cord(UC) matrix was cited in different studies as a reliable source from which long term ex vivo prolif-erating fibroblasts were isolated but with contradictory data about their immunophenotype, gene expression profile, and differentiation potential. Hence, an inter-esting question emerged: Are cells isolated from cord matrix(UC-MSC) different from other MSCs? In this re-view, we will summarize different studies that isolated and characterized UC-MSC. Considering BM-MSC as gold standard, we will discuss if UC-MSC fulfill different criteria that define MSC, and what remain to be done in this issue.

Hematopoietic stem cells in research and clinical applications:The“CD34 issue”

In this paper,experimental findings concerning the kinetics of hematopoietic reconstitution are compared to corresponding clinical data.Although not clearly apparent,the transplantation practice seems to confirm the basic proposals of experimental hematology concerning hematopoietic reconstitution resulting from successive waves of repopulation stemming from different subpopulations of progenitor and stem cells.One of the "f irst rate" parameters in clinical transplantations in hematology;i.e.the CD34+ positive cell dose,has been discussed with respect to the functional heterogeneity and variability of cell populations endowed by expression of CD34.This parameter is useful only if the relative proportion of stem and progenitor cells in the CD34+ cell population is more or less maintained in a series of patients or donors.This proportion could vary with respect to the source,pathology,treatment,processing procedure,the graft ex vivo treatment and so on.Therefore,a universal dose of CD34+ cells cannot be def ined.In addition,to avoid further confusion,the CD34+ cells should not be named "stem cells" or "progenitor cells" since these denominations only concern functionally characterized cell entities.

Immunophenotype and differentiation capacity of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from CBA/Ca,ICR and Balb/c mice

AIM:To assess the capacity to isolate and expand mesenchymal stem cells(MSC)from bone marrow of CBA/Ca,ICR and Balb/c mice. METHODS:Bone marrow of tibia and femur were flushed,cultured and maintained in supplemented Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium.MSC immunophenotype of cultures were tracked along increasing passages for positivity to CD106,Sca-1 and CD44 and negativity to CD45,CD11b and MHC classⅡ.Differentiation capacity of MSC towards osteogenic and adipo-genic lineages were also assessed. RESULTS:MSC were successfully cultured from bone marrow of all 3 strains,albeit differences in the temporal expression of certain surface antigens.Their differentiation into osteocytes and adipocytes were also observed. MSC from all 3 mouse strains demonstrated a shift from a haematopoietic phenotype(CD106-CD45+CD11b+Sca-1low)to typical MSC phenotype(CD106+CD45-CD11b-Sca-1high)with increasing passages. CONCLUSION:Information garnered assists us in the decision of selecting a mouse strain to generate MSC from for downstream experimentation.

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of intraocular lymphoma:a single-center experience in China

AIM:To investigate the clinical manifestations,diagnostic approaches,treatments,and outcomes of intraocular lymphoma.METHODS:In this retrospective study,16 patients(28 eyes)with intraocular lymphoma were recruited in the Department of Ophthalmology,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,from 2004 to 2019.All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations.Vitreous specimens of 13 patients were sent for cytopathology examination and other adjunctive diagnostic procedures.Three patients were diagnosed with intraocular lymphoma according to analysis of the histopathological results of systemic lymphoma by one clinician.Twenty-three eyes were treated with intravitreal administration of methotrexate,4 eyes could not receive ocular treatment due to life-threatening lymphoma,and 1 eye did not require ocular treatment because the fundus lesions regressed after systematic chemotherapy.RESULTS:In 28 eyes,25 eyes were diagnosed with vitreoretinal lymphoma,and 3 eyes were diagnosed with ciliary body lymphoma,all of which were non-Hodgkin diffuse large B cell lymphomas.The final visual acuity improved in 15 eyes(54%),remained unchanged in 5 eyes(18%),and decreased in 8 eyes(29%).Anterior segment inflammation disappeared or reduced in 8 and 5 eyes,respectively;and 15 eyes had no anterior segment reaction.Twenty eyes had mild vitreous opacity,1 eye had mild vitritis,and 7 eyes had pars plana vitrectomy combinedwith silicone oil tamponade.Fundus lesions disappeared in 9 eyes and were relieved in 5 eyes;4 eyes showed no changes,and the remaining 10 eyes’fundus were normal.CONCLUSION:The clinical manifestations of intraocular lymphoma are diverse,and the misdiagnosis rate is high.Cytopathological analysis of vitreous is one of the gold standards for the diagnosis.Immunohistochemistry,gene rearrangement and flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis can improve the diagnostic rate.Ocular chemotherapy or radiotherapy regimens may preserve visual acuity,and a multidisciplinary team can provide individualized treatment for the patients.

Application of CD45/SSC Gating Multiparameter Flow Cytometry in the Classification of Acute Leukemia——An Analysis of 139 Cases

In order to study the significance of flow cytometry immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of acute leukemia, CD45/SSC gating multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM) was utilized to analyze the immunophenotypes of 139 cases of acute leukemia. 139 cases of acute leukemia were enrolled in our hospital from April 1998 to April 2000. Morphological analysis and FCM immunophenotypic tests were conducted on all cases. Our results showed that CD45/SSC gating multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping could reflect the origin of leukemic cells specifically. It is one of the important methods for the diagnosis of ALL, AML, and HAL. CD45/SSC gating multiparameter FCM analysis is a good technique for immunophenotyping. FCM immunophenotypic analysis can help improve the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemia, and extend the use of FCM in clinical practice.

Immunophenotypic signature of primary glioblastoma multiforme: A case of extended progression free survival

Glioblastoma-multiforme(GBM), the most aggressive glial tumor, has a worldwide age-adjusted incidence ranging from 0.59-3.69/100000 persons. Despite current multimodal-treatment approach, median-survival time and progression-free survival(PFS) remains short. Glioblastomas display a variety of molecular alterations, which necessitates determining which of these have a prognostic significance. This is a case of a 45-yearold patient who presented with progressive slurring of speech and features of raised intracranial pressure. Computed tomography(CT) scan revealed a large heterogeneously enhancing lesion in the left front-temporalperisylvian region with solid, cystic areas, suggestive of malignant glioma. Partial tumor-excision was followed by concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. Histopathologically, the tumor was astrocytoma grade-IV. Patient had an extended PFS of 12 mo, with an overall survival of 26 mo. Primary-GBM was confirmed using molecular markers and the immunophenotypic signature was defined by evaluating systemic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, interleukin-6, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, human chitinase-3-like-protein-1(YKL-40) and high mobility group-A1. Current findings suggest that this signature can identify worst outcomes, independent of clinical criteria.

Hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma

AIM: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, immunophenotype and TCR gene rearrangements of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in eight Chinese patients. METHODS: Eight Chinese patients with hepatosplenic 76 T-cell lymphomas were studied. Hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides and clinical histories were reviewed. We also carried out immunohistochemical staining for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD43, CD56, CD79a, UCHL-1, and TCR γδ. Rearrangements of TCR gamma and delta chain genes were also studied. RESULTS: The spleens were enlarged and the cut surfaces were homogeneous and red-purple in color without identifiable gross lesions or enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Histologically, lymphoma cells infiltrated the cords of Billroth and often packed the sinuses. Liver biopsy showed lymphoma cell infiltrations in the sinusoids, and three cases showed involvements of the portal tracts. Immunohistochemically lymphoma cells were positive for CD3, CD43, and CD56 in all cases. Four of eight cases were positive for CD8, and all cases were negative for CD4 (6/6). Monoclonal rearrangements of TCR y gene were demonstrated by PCR analysis in five out of the eight cases. TCR δ gene rearrangements were detected in six out of the eight cases, which demonstrated single bands on PAGE gel, and the amplification products in two cases were confirmed by sequencing. CONCLUSION: The clinicopathology of hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma in Chinese patients is similar to what was previously reported except that the splenomegaly is not so massive, and CD8 is positive.

Mobilization of CD34^+CD38^- hematopoietic stem cells after priming in acute myeloid leukemia

AIM: To evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the different CD34+cell subsets after priming by chemotherapy granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(± G-CSF)in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.METHODS: Peripheral blood and bone marrow sampleswere harvested in 8 acute myeloid leukemia patients during and after induction chemotherapy. The CD34/CD38 cell profile was analyzed by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Adhesion profile was made using CXC chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)(CD184), VLA-4(CD49d/CD29) and CD47.RESULTS: Chemotherapy ± G-CSF mobilized immature cells(CD34+CD38 population), while the more mature cells(CD34+CD38lowand CD34+CD38+populations) decreased progressively after treatment. Circulating CD34+cells tended to be more sensitive to chemotherapy after priming with G-CSF. CD34+cell mobilization was correlated with a gradual increase in CXCR4 and CD47expression, suggesting a role in cell protection and the capacity of homing back to the marrow.CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy ± G-CSF mobilizes into the circulation CD34+bone marrow cells, of which, the immature CD34+CD38-cell population. Further manipulations of these interactions may be a means with which to control the trafficking of leukemia stem cells to improve patients' outcomes.