MODELING OF OCCUPANT DYNAMIC RESPONSE TO CAR-BARRIERS CRASH ON HIGHWAY

The dynamic response involved in car-roadside barrier impacts is studied. Therisk of occupant injures in such accidents is investigated. An approach based on accident analysisand mathematical modeling is developed and described in three steps. Firstly a study of car-roadsidebarrier impact accidents is carried out with available data to define a system including car, road,roadside barrier, and occupant. Secondly a mathematical model to simulate car-to-barrier impact isdeveloped by using multi-body program MADYMO. Finally, dynamic responses of the occupant duringimpact are simulated using a car compartment model with a HYBRID III occupant model and an inputload pulse calculated in the second step. The dynamic responses of the car are analyzed by changingimpact conditions such as impact angle and impact velocity. The injury risks of the occupants arediscussed in terms of the occupant kinematics and calculated parameters: accelerations of the head,chest, and pelvis, as well as HIC value. Verification of model with experimental data is performed.Possible counter-measures for highway vehicle traffic safety and improvement of roadside barrierdesign are presented. Research prospects in this field are also proposed.

Predicting the electromechanical properties of small caliber projectile impact igniter using PZT dynamic damage constitutive model considering crack propagation

Block piezoelectric ceramics(PZTs)are often used in impact igniters to provide activation energy for electric initiators.Under the action of strong impact stress,PZTs release electric energy accompanied by crack initiation,propagation and crushing.At present,the electrical output performance of PZTs in projectile is usually calculated by quasi-static piezoelectric equation without considering the dynamic effect caused by strong impact and the influence of crack propagation on material properties.So the ignition parameters are always not accurately predicted.To tackle this,a PZT dynamic damage constitutive model considering crack propagation is established based on the dynamic impact test and the crack propagation theory of brittle materials.The model is then embedded into the ABAQUS subroutine and used to simulate the electromechanical response of the impact igniter during the impact of a small caliber projectile on the target.Meanwhile,the experiments of projectile with impact igniter impact on the target are carried out.The comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results show that the established dynamic damage model can effectively predict the dynamic electromechanical response of PZTs in the missile service environment.

Analytical dynamic model of elastic-plastic pipe-on-pipe impact

Abstract The dynamic response of pipe-on-pipe impact is described by an analytical model. The model considers the impact of a whipping pipe with one end hinged and the other end free on a simply-supported target pipe at its midpoint. Combining with the contact theory, the Laplace transformation, and the inverse Laplace transformation method, an analytical model based on the tubular beam theory is proposed to study the elastic-plastic behavior of a target pipe laterally impacted by a whipping pipe. Numerical simulations using the explicit finite element code MSC/DYTRAN are also performed. The results are coincident with the theoretical prediction.

Dynamic Response Analysis of a Floating Mooring System

An innovative floating mooring system with two or more independent floating mooring platforms in the middle and one rigid platform on each side is proposed for improving efficiency and safety in shallow water. For this new system, most of collision energy is absorbed through the displacement of floating platforms. In order to illustrate the validity of the system, a series of model tests were conducted at a scale of 1:40. The coupled motion characteristics of the floating mooring platforms were discussed under regular and irregular waves, and the influences of wave direction and other characteristics on dynamic response of the system were analyzed. The results show that the mooring system is safest at 0° of wave incident angle, whereas the most dangerous mooring state occurs at 90° of wave incident angle. Motion responses increase with the increase of wave height, but are not linearly related to changes in wave height.

Closed-form solution for shock wave propagation in density-graded cellular material under impact

Density-graded cellular materials have tremendous potential in structural applications where impact resistance is required.Cellular materials subjected to high impact loading result in a compaction type deformation,usually modeled using continuum-based shock theory.The resulting governing differential equation of the shock model is nonlinear,and the density gradient further complicates the problem.Earlier studies have employed numerical methods to obtain the solution.In this study,an analytical closed-form solution is proposed to predict the response of density-graded cellular materials subjected to a rigid body impact.Solutions for the velocity of the impinging rigid body mass,energy absorption capacity of the cellular material,and the incident stress are obtained for a single shock propagation.The results obtained are in excellent agreement with the existing numerical solutions found in the literature.The proposed analytical solution can be potentially used for parametric studies and for effectively designing graded structures to mitigate impact.

是“神马”还是“灰犀牛”:ChatGPT等大语言模型对教育的多维影响及应对之策

ChatGPT以“入侵”的方式在教育领域登陆,初露“灰犀牛”面貌,由此引发教育思想、教育体系和学校教育层面的危机。在教育思想层面,多将ChatGPT视为“神马”,在态度上选择抵制和观望,其背后既有思维惯性、惰性等历史原因,也有因ChatGPT等大语言模型管理制度缺位导致安全感无处寄放的现实依据。就教育体系而言,ChatGPT引发的教育自洽与替代焦虑加持,将从内外两个角度解构既有的教育目标体系,由此带来基于人的自由全面发展的教育目标体系的重构;ChatGPT将推动知识生产与知识学习的转向,进而以知识教育价值重估为“支点”,撬动教育整体价值重估,促使教育立足“人本”和“高阶”开展价值创造;ChatGPT还将引发学生发展与评价标准、方式的变革,渐次推动教育评价体系的全面创新。就学校教育而言,知识学习的变革必将推动学校教育时空的重组和学校生态的创新,使课堂教学由“三维”向“四维”转型,进而推动教学生态重塑、流程再造和课堂教学革命,引发教师角色、工作方式和发展方式的变革。

射弹高速撞击下结构冲击响应建模方法

装备受到外界打击可能造成失效,以往的研究多集中在打击部位的损伤破坏,而对于打击引起的冲击波及其在装备内传播研究较少,而后者同样能够导致装备失效。本文针对结构在高速撞击下的冲击响应问题开展了建模方法研究,提出了结构在高速打击下的冲击源建模方法,并通过理论分析给出了建模方法的适用条件。利用传统的有限元技术,结合本文的冲击源建模方法,可以有效地对结构高速撞击下的冲击响应进行仿真,通过试验验证了方法的适用性。

基于落石模型试验的棚洞垫层力学响应及优化设计

结合边坡落石灾害现状,基于落石模型试验,系统分析落石质量、下落高度、垫层厚度、加筋位置、加筋材料等因素对落石冲击力及其动态演化的影响,揭示落石冲击棚洞的动力响应规律,结合垫层自重与落石冲击作用双因素影响确定垫层最优厚度,并对垫层设计提出优化建议。结果表明:随着垫层厚度增加,棚洞所受落石冲击力呈非线性减小,减小幅度先大后小而后趋于稳定;在同一垫层厚度下,棚洞所受落石冲击力随落石高度和落石质量近似呈线性增大;当复合垫层设计为“5 cm河砂+聚苯乙烯泡沫(EPS)+10 cm河砂”时,落石中心处土压力峰值相较于纯河砂垫层降低约60%,缓冲耗能效果最佳;通过多元回归分析得到了落石冲击力计算公式,且计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。

山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估研究

山区地质复杂、环境敏感、生态脆弱,致使铁路隧道建设难度大,且在资源节约、环境保护等方面面临较高要求。绿色设计作为绿色建设的先行环节,对减少隧道建设对资源环境的扰动作用,达到资源节约、环境友好的目的起关键引领作用。为定量评估山区铁路隧道工程的资源环境影响效应、衡量隧道设计的绿色程度,提出一种山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应分析方法。首先,基于“驱动力-状态-响应”模型(Driving force-State-Response,DSR),以隧道设计参数为驱动力指标、资源环境状况为状态指标、隧道设计措施为响应指标,构建山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估指标体系,并建立各指标分级标准;其次,运用一种具有自学习自调整能力的支持向量回归模型(Support Vector Regression,SVR)对隧道工程的资源环境影响效应进行评估;再次,以驱动力指标和响应指标为分析对象,运用考虑指标间关联关系及叠加效应的敏感性分析法,甄别对隧道工程资源环境影响效应优化具有重要影响的隧道设计因素;最后,以某山区铁路隧道工程为例,得到该隧道工程的资源环境影响效应值为4.7157,对应等级为较好,表明该隧道工程绿色设计水平较好,资源集约节约利用较合理、环境保护力度较大,可为其他类似工况隧道工程的绿色设计提供借鉴。此外,分析结果显示,注浆加固效果是导致该隧道工程资源环境影响效应变化最敏感的因素,其次为清污分流比例,可着重从这2个方面进行优化设计,以实现隧道工程资源环境影响效应的进一步优化。研究结果验证了本文研究方法的适用性和可操作性,可为山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估及明确隧道工程优化设计方向提供科学依据。

响应对比法在承台-桩系统中低应变检测研究

为了解决承台-桩系统在低应变测试中的三维干扰和缺陷分析问题,建立了承台-桩系统的三维振动模型。利用交错网格有限差分法求解三维波动方程并得到了承台-桩系统的数值计算结果。通过对比计算结果与实测结果,验证了该数值计算的可行性与可靠性。由于模拟曲线和实测曲线具有较好的一致性,采用响应对比法,分析完整桩和缺陷桩在承台表面的承台-桩系统低应变曲线。结果表明:通过响应对比法分析采集的承台表面低应变曲线能够较为准确地识别出基桩中的缺陷信号。

2024-T3铝合金动力学实验及其平板鸟撞动态响应分析

通过电子万能试验机和分离式霍普金森拉杆(SHTB)拉伸试验分别获得2024-T3铝合金材料准静态和高应变率两种应变率下的应力-应变曲线。铝合金材料的本构关系由能够反映材料硬化效应和应变率强化效应的Johnson-Cook材料模型描述,方程中的4个参数通过不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线拟合得到。基于瞬态动力学软件PAM-CRASH,结合材料动态力学性能试验所获得的2024-T3铝合金Johnson-Cook模型方程,耦合光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法和有限元(FE)方法建立2024-T3铝合金平板的鸟撞数值模型,数值计算所得动态响应与鸟撞试验结果吻合较好,表明建立的鸟撞数值计算模型是合理、可靠的,整个分析流程从材料动态力学性能试验、鸟撞数值计算到最终的鸟撞试验验证为飞机结构的抗鸟撞设计与分析提供了有力的参考。

动态冲击载荷下7003铝合金的力学响应行为及力学本构建模

采用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对7003铝合金在不同应变速率下的室温动态力学响应行为进行了研究。结果表明:实验用7003铝合金的流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加,表现出正的应变速率敏感性,当加载应变速率增加至4100 s^(-1)时,剪切变形局域化所产生的绝热温升软化完全抵消了应变硬化和应变速率硬化,导致其流变应力在变形中期便随加载应变的增加而逐渐降低。随加载应变的增加,位错不断增殖使得位错密度不断增加。同时,这些位错在晶界处不断地塞积,并逐渐演变成胞状位错亚结构,导致位错密度逐渐达到饱和。通过优化原始J-C本构的应变硬化项、应变速率系数C和n,并引入绝热温升修正项,构建了能够准确预测7003铝合金在不同变形条件下应力响应行为的力学本构模型。拟合结果与实验结果的偏差均在±10%以内,预测值与实验值的相关系数(R)和平均相对误差(AARE)分别为99.17%和1.3%。

水下爆炸冲击下箱型隧道结构破坏试验及数值模拟

针对水下爆炸荷载作用下混凝土隧道结构的动态响应、损伤演化及其破坏问题,本文采取室内模型试验与数值计算相结合的方法,根据东湖水下隧道设计了比尺为40∶1的试件,开展了水下箱型混凝土隧道缩比模型的爆炸试验,通过监测应变信号,比较了不同乳化炸药当量下混凝土隧道试件的动态响应规律,通过测量破坏范围的大小、裂缝扩展的长度,调查了箱型隧道缩比模型试件在水下爆破荷载作用下的破坏形式;采用ANSYS/LSDYNA中S-ALE算法对试验进行了1∶1建模仿真分析,对照试验数据及破坏形态,发现模拟结果与试验结果基本一致,同时对仿真结果进一步分析得到了水下爆炸冲击波的传播完整过程和试件结构的变形规律,通过对测点应变、位移数据的统计分析,揭示了箱型隧道试件在爆炸荷载下的动态响应机理。结果表明:箱型混凝土隧道结构在横向上的应变远大于纵向上应变;隧道破坏位置主要集中在爆源附近区域以及结构转角位置,验证了S-ALE算法能够较为准确的模拟出水下爆炸下结构的动态响应及损伤演化。

马铃薯跌落冲击力学试验与分析

针对马铃薯在收获期间的机械损伤和跌落损伤等问题,通过搭建马铃薯跌落冲击力学测试试验台,开展马铃薯跌落损伤试验。以马铃薯质量、碰撞面倾角、跌落高度为变量,以碰撞力为评价指标,进行三元二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了各因素与碰撞力参数指标的影响回归模型。利用Design-Expert13数据软件分析得到变量间多因素交互作用响应图。试验分析结果表明:当碰撞面角度一定时,碰撞力随着马铃薯质量、跌落高度的增加呈上升趋势;而当马铃薯质量、跌落高度为定值时,碰撞力随着碰撞面角度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势。研究结果可为马铃薯挖掘机薯土分离装置的结构优化提供数据支持和理论依据。

静水压环境下岩石动态压剪耦合力学响应与本构模型

静水压环境是深部岩石的典型应力赋存状态,并且岩石内存在多尺度的结构面,易遭受压剪耦合的复杂动力扰动。因此,探究静水压环境下岩石动态压剪耦合力学响应及损伤本构模型对于深部岩石结构安全评估和动力灾害防控极为重要。本文应用霍普金森压杆试验装置,对倾斜砂岩试样进行动态压剪耦合试验,揭示静水围压、动态荷载压剪耦合比及加载率对岩石力学特性的影响规律;基于Drucker–Prager准则和Weibull分布,建立静水压环境下深部岩石动态压剪耦合损伤本构模型。结果表明:1)岩石动态强度及变形模量随着加载率及静水围压的增大呈增加趋势,强度的围压效应及加载率效应明显,动态荷载中的剪切分量能削减岩石承载能力并提升岩石的变形能力。2)随着动态荷载剪压比和静水围压的增加,岩石冲击破坏模式由拉伸主导的内部锥形破裂面及表面劈裂转变为剪切主导的单一平面破坏;动态荷载中的剪切分量对静水围压作用下岩石的动态破碎存在明显的限制作用。3)采用极值解析法推导了模型分布参数F0和m的解析表达式,探究了模型分布参数F0、m和损伤修正系数q的物理意义及其对本构模型的影响规律;同时,对比不同工况下试验和理论应力应变曲线,验证了该模型的合理性。本文揭示的静水压环境下岩石动态压剪耦合动力响应与建立的损伤本构模型,可为复杂动力扰动下深部岩石工程安全建设与灾害防护提供理论支撑。

基于HJC模型的车辆-桥墩碰撞响应分析

为探讨HJC模型在车辆-桥墩碰撞分析中的适用性和动力响应,应用大型有限元程序LS-DYNA,明确了HJC模型中关键参数的取值,建立了落锤冲击数值模型并与试验验证;在此基础上进一步构建了车辆-桥墩碰撞分析模型,校验了碰撞过程系统能量转换,探讨了车速、车重和撞击位置对钢筋混凝土桥墩撞击力与墩顶位移的影响。结果表明:HJC模型能较好的模拟落锤冲击作用下钢筋混凝土梁的动力响应;撞击力峰值和墩顶位移峰值随撞击速度和撞击质量的增加而增大,随撞击偏心距的增加而逐渐削弱;撞击速度的提升将加快峰值响应的出现,而撞击质量的增大将延缓峰值响应的出现,当车速超过100 km/h时,撞击力和墩顶位移时程曲线将出现两个显著的峰值,应考虑车厢的二次撞击响应。

基于模糊DEMATEL-ISM的湖北省农业机械化可持续发展评价

如何促进农业机械化可持续发展是一项重要的研究课题,其首要任务是科学评价农业机械化可持续发展(The Evaluation of the Sustainable Development of Agricultural Mechanization,ESDAM)质量。农业机械化可持续发展受诸多因素影响和制约,该研究通过文献分析、调查和数据解析,利用模糊决策试验与评价实验室(DecisionMakingTrialand Evaluation Laboratory,DEMATEL)和解释结构模型(Interpretive Structure Modeling,ISM)组合方法,分析了影响农业机械化可持续发展各因素之间的关联关系,构建了农业机械化可持续发展评价指标体系。模糊DEMATEL-ISM法能较好地综合主观和客观评价意见,有助于厘清农业机械化可持续发展的主要影响因素。运用ESDAM-PSIR(压力-状态-影响-响应,Pressure-State-Impact-Response,PSIR)模型,对湖北省农业机械化可持续发展进行评价,并对2004—2020年湖北省的13项指标具体数据进行纵向比较,量化结果与湖北省农业机械化发展现状基本一致,所提方法具有可行性。分析结果表明,经济因素是目前农业机械化可持续发展最重要的影响因素,环境因素日益成为值得着重关注的因素,农机工业和科技的发展是将来需要重点考虑的问题。最后根据评价结果提出相应政策建议,为湖北省农业机械化可持续发展提供指导。

Evaluating the Dependence of Vegetation on Climate in an Improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

The capability of an improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model （DGVM） in reproducing the impact of climate on the terrestrial ecosystem is evaluated. The new model incorporates the Community Land Model- DGVM （CLM3.0-DGVM） with a submodel for temperate and boreal shrubs, as well as other revisions such as the ＂two-leaf＂ scheme for photosynthesis and the definition of fractional coverage of plant functional types （PFTs）. Results show that the revised model may correctly reproduce the global distribution of temperate and boreal shrubs, and improves the model performance with more realistic distribution of di？erent vege- tation types. The revised model also correctly reproduces the zonal distributions of vegetation types. In reproducing the dependence of the vegetation distribution on climate conditions, the model shows that the dominant regions for trees, grasses, shrubs, and bare soil are clearly separated by a climate index derived from mean annual precipitation and temperature, in good agreement with the CLM4 surface data. The dominant plant functional type mapping to a two dimensional parameter space of mean annual temperature and precipitation also qualitatively agrees with the results from observations and theoretical ecology studies.

高速铁路三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触-冲击模型参数研究

为进一步研究车辆轨道接触特性和钢轨损伤,采用显式有限元法建立适用于三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触分析的有限元模型,将轮轨间黏着系数、牵引系数、列车速度等考虑在内,研究不同模型参数对轮轨瞬态滚动接触计算的影响。通过详细对比分析扣件系统、钢轨长度、轨道板及参数对轮轨瞬态接触解的影响,并结合车轮模态分析结果,引入不同波长的轨面几何不平顺以表征激励频率,明确了全轮对模型的适用范围,为高速轮轨滚动接触问题的精细化建模提供参考。结果表明:(1)添加扣件系统可使滚动接触在更短时间内趋于稳定,钢轨长度并不能影响瞬态模型的计算结果,轨道板结构更能使瞬态求解趋于稳定;(2)模拟轮轨冲击的工况下,需建立全轮对模型求解,以保证结果的可靠真实性。

A Framework for the Assessment of Research and Its Impacts

This paper proposes a holistic framework for the development of models for the assessment of research activities and their impacts. It distinguishes three dimensions, including in an original way, data as a main dimension, together with theory and methodology. Each dimension of the framework is further characterized by three main building blocks： education, research, and innovation （theory）; efficiency, effectiveness, and impact （methodology）; and availability, interoperability, and ＂unit-free＂ property （data）. The different dimensions and their nine constituent building blocks are attributes of an overarching concept, denoted as ＂quality.＂ Three additional quality attributes are identified as implementation factors （tailorability, transparency, and openness） and three ＂enabling＂ conditions （convergence, mixed methods, and knowledge infrastructures） complete the fi-amework. A framework is required to develop models of metrics. Models of metrics are necessary to assess the meaning, validity, and robustness of metrics. The proposed framework can be a useful reference for the development of the ethics of research evaluation. It can act as a common denominator for different analytical levels and relevant aspects and is able to embrace many different and heterogeneous streams of literature. Directions for future research are provided.