Microstructure,Impact Fatigue Resistance and Impact Wear Resistance of Wear Resistant Low Cr-Si Cast Iron

A great amount of iron and steel has been consumed in impact wear resistance parts such as grinding balls and lining plates in tube mills. Under this working conditions, the failure of wear resistant white irons is generally caused by fatigue spalling. The martensitic high chromium cast iron (WCr=15 %) has good wear resistance, but its cost is higher. The impact wear resistance of low chromium cast iron sometimes is not good. In the present paper ,a new wear resistant material-low Cr-Si cast iron was introduced. The influence of microstructure of cast iron on impact fatigue resistance and impact wear resistance was discussed. The ball-on-ball impact fatigue test, the high stress impact wear test and the field test of the grinding balls have been carried out. The results showed that the impact fatigue resistance (IFR) and impact wear resistance (IWR) of low Cr-Si cast iron are superior to typical low chromium cast irons and close to the martensitic high chromium cast iron. The main reasons are: ① The as-cast matrix of the low Cr-Si cast iron with stress released is pearlite with better plasticity and toughness; ② The high Si content improves the morphology of eutectic carbide, and has no secondary carbide resulting in less crack sources. All these factors are beneficial to the improvement of impact fatigue spalling resistance and impact wear resistance.

Effect of Microstructure on Impact Fatigue Resistance and Impact Wear Resistance of Medium Cr-Si Cast Iron

A great amount of iron grinding balls in tube mills have been consumed.Under this impact abrasive wear working condition,the failure of wear resistant alloying white irons grinding balls is mainly caused by fatigue spalling.The impact wear resistance of martensitic high chromium cast iron(Cr of 15%)is not high sometimes,but its cost is not low.Thus,medium Cr-Si wear resistant cast iron is recommended.The influence of the iron on impact fatigue resistance and impact wear resistance is pronounced.Ball-on-ball impact fatigue test and high stress impact wear test of the grinding balls have been carried out.The results show that the impact fatigue resistance(IFR)and impact wear resistance(IWR)of medium Cr-Si cast iron are superior to those of martensitic high chromium cast iron(Cr of 15%).The main reasons are that(1)the stress in medium Cr-Si cast iron is released in the as-cast state;(2)the matrix is fine pearlite with better toughness and plasticity;(3)the pearlite is more stable compared with a retained austenite under repeated impact load and less phase transformation can take place;(4)high silicon content improves the morphology of eutectic carbide;(5)there is no secondary carbide which results in less crack sources.All these factors are beneficial to improvement of impact fatigue spalling resistance.The eutectic carbide M7C3 is the main constituent to resist wear.

Impact Wear Properties of Metal-Plastic Multilayer Composites Filled with Glass Fiber Treated with Rare Earth Element Surface Modifier

The friction and wear properties of metal-plastic multilayer composites filled with glass fiber, which is treated with rare earth element surface modifier, under impact load and dry friction conditions were investigated. Experimental results show that the metal-plastic multilayer composite filled with glass fiber exhibits excellent friction and impact wear properties when using rare earth elements as surface modifier for the surface treatment of glass fiber.

Effect of Rare Earths-Treated Glass Fiber on Impact Wear-Resistance of Metal-Plastic Multilayer Composites

The friction and wear properties under impact load and dry friction conditions of metal-plastic multilayer composites filled with glass fiber, treated with rare earth elements, were investigated. The worn surfaces were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It shows that applying rare earth elements surface modifier to treat the glass fiber surface can enhance the interfacial adhesion between the glass fiber and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), as well as promote the interface properties of the composites. This helps to form a uniformly distributed and high adhesive transfer film on the counterface and abate the friction between the composite and the counterface. As a result, the wear of composite is greatly reduced. The composite exhibits excellent friction properties and impact wear-resistance.

Influence of Re-Ti modification on the high impact wear resistance of high Si bainitic cast steel

The effect of rare earth (Re) and titanium (Ti) multi-modification on the impact wear behavior of Mn-B high-Si bainitic cast steel was investigated systematically. The experiments show that the impact wear resistance can be improved greatly with the addition of Re and Ti. Its wear loss is only about 1/3-1/2 as large as that of the unmodified bainitic cast steel. By the Re/Ti modification, coarse dendrite grains and bainitic/martensite duplex structure have been refined effectively, and the impact toughness of the bainitic cast steel is nearly tripled (10 mm×10 mm×55 mm, with unnotched sample). Consequently, the modified bainitic cast steel possesses good wear resistance under high impact. For both modified and unmodified bainitic cast steels, high hardness white layer and deformed zone are developed beneath the worn surface under the high impact wear, but the formation and propagation of cracks are different for these bainitic casting steels. Different models for the formation and propagation of cracks for both modified and unmodified bainitic cast steels under high impact wear are proposed.

Impact wear behaviors of Hadfield manganese steel

Impact wear behaviors of Hadfield manganese steel at different impact angles were investigated. The results of impact wear tests show that there exists a critical impact load for Hadfield steel. The wear rate suddenly turns down after some impact cycles when the impact load is greater than the critical load. The critical impact load is smaller than 8.2 J in this research because the nano-sized austenitic grains embedded in amorphous delay the crack propagation in subsurface. From high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) examination of subsurface microstructure, it is found that a large amount of nano-sized grains embedded in bulk amorphous matrix are fully developed and no martensitic transformation occurs during the impact wear process. The analytical results of worn surface morphology and debris indicate that the initiation of crack, propagation and spalling are restricted in the amorphous phase, resulting in the size distribution of debris in nano-sizes, which is the reason why the wear rate of Hadfield steel is greatly decreased at high impact load.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on the Impact Wear Resistance of Nitrocarburizing Layers

In this paper the effect of rare earth elements on the toughness and impact wear resistance of nitrocarburiz-ing layers is studied.The experimental results show that the toughness and impact wear resistance ofRE-nitrocarburizing layers are increased significantly compared with that of conventional nitrocarburizing lay-ers.The service life of hot die for manufacturing bicycle bolts increased more than 100%.The impact wearmechanism of RE-nitrocarburizing layers is investigated by SEM as well.

Impact wear properties of dissimilar joints between bainitic frogs and pearlite rails

The impact wear behavior and damage mechanism of dissimilar welded joints between U26Mn frog and U75 V rail before and after normalizing treatment were studied by cyclic impact tests.The experiment indicated that the impact wear volume of the joints increased with the increasing number of impact cycles.The main wear mechanisms include pitting wear,mild fatigue wear,delamination wear,and fatigue wear,and plastic deformation was the primary impact wear mechanism.Among them,fatigue wear had the greatest influence on wear volume,while other wear mechanisms had limited effect.The impact wear resistance of the base material was better than that of the heat-affected zone.Normalizing treatment was beneficial to improving the impact wear resistance of welded joints owing to its effect to promote pearlite recovery,grain refinement,and uniform distribution of grains.The martensite generated in the rail welded joints aggravated the impact wear damage to the materials,which should be avoided.

Microstructure and Impact Wear Resistance of TiN Reinforced High Manganese Steel Matrix

A high-manganese austenitic steel matrix (Mn13) composite reinforced with TiN ceramic particles was synthesized by means of Vacuum-Evaporation Pattern Casting (V-EPC).The composite microstructure and interface bonding of TiN/matrix were analyzed utilizing optical microscope (OM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The effects of different volume fraction of TiN on impact wear resistance were evaluated by MLD-10 impact wear test.The results showed that TiN was evenly distributed in composite layer and had a good interface bonding with matrix when the volume fractions of TiN were 27% and 36%,respectively.However,cast defects and TiN agglomeration occurred when the TiN volume fraction increased to 48%.Compared with high-manganese austenitic steel (Mn13),the impact wear resistance of the TiN-reinforced composite is better.In small impact load conditions,composite layer can effectively resist abrasives wear and TiN particles played an important role in determining impact wear resistance of composite layer.In large impact load,the synergistic roles of spalling of TiN particles and the increase of work hardening of Mn13 based material are responsible for impact wear resistance.

Review and propositions for the sliding/impact wear behavior in a contact interface

A thermal-solid-liquid complex operational environment induces structural interface developing a typical coupling sliding/impact wear behavior.It results in contact damage until systems fail,which may cause significant economic losses and catastrophic consequences.The key point of solving this problem is to reveal the coupling damage mechanism of the sliding/impact behavior in typical systems and life characterization under a complicate evolving environment.This has been a hot topic in the area of mechanical reliability.The main work in this paper can be concluded as follows.Firstly,the main industries in which the"sliding/impact behavior"takes place have been introduced.Then,existing studies on the wear mechanism and degree analysis are presented,which includes surface morphology analysis,wear debris analysis,and wear degree measurement.Meanwhile,existing problems in theoretical modeling and experiments in current research are summarized,so as to point out a bright direction for future research on wear prediction.They include interface contact modeling,mathematic coupling mechanism modeling,wear equation establishment,and wear life characterization,which can provide some new ideas for improving the existing studies on the sliding/impact wear behavior.

Impact Fretting Wear Behavior of Alloy 690 Tubes in Dry and Deionized Water Conditions

The impact fretting wear has largely occurred at nuclear power device induced by the flow-induced vibration,and it will take potential hazards to the service of the equipment.However,the present study focuses on the tangential fretting wear of alloy 690 tubes.Research on impact fretting wear of alloy 690 tubes is limited and the related research is imminent.Therefore,impact fretting wear behavior of alloy 690 tubes against 304 stainless steels is investigated.Deionized water is used to simulate the flow environment of the equipment,and the dry environment is used for comparison.Varied analytical techniques are employed to characterize the wear and tribochemical behavior during impact fretting wear.Characterization results indicate that cracks occur at high impact load in both water and dry equipment;however,the water as a medium can significantly delay the cracking time.The crack propagation behavior shows a jagged shape in the water,but crack extended disorderly in dry equipment because the water changed the stress distribution and retarded the friction heat during the wear process.The SEM and XPS analysis shows that the main failure mechanisms of the tube under impact fretting are fatigue wear and friction oxidation.The effect of medium(water)on fretting wear is revealed,which plays a potential and promising role in the service of nuclear power device and other flow equipments.

Experimental study ofcasing wear under impact-sliding conditions

Theoretical analysis and field monitoring show that lateral vibration has very important effect on casing wear in deep & ultra-deep well drilling.The wear mechanism ofcasing under impact-sliding work conditions has been investigated and many experiments have been completed with a newly developed full-scale casing wear test machine.Test results present that adhesion wear,contact fatigue,and grinding abrasion are the main wear mechanisms under impact-sliding test conditions.The friction coefficient and linear wear rate ofthe casing rise obviously with an increase in impact load.And the larger the impact load,the rougher the worn surface ofthe casing.The linear wear rate decreased slightly but the average friction coefficient increased slightly with an increase in impact frequency under an impact load of2,500 N.Both the linear wear rate ofthe casing and the average friction coefficient increased substantially with an increase in impact frequency under an impact load of4,000 N.Under lower impact load conditions,grinding abrasion and contact fatigue are the main mechanisms ofcasing wear;under higher impact load conditions,adhesion wear and contact fatigue are the main mechanisms ofcasing wear.

Wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron under impact load

The dry impact wear behavior of bainite ductile cast iron was evaluated under three different impact loads for 30000 cycles. The strain-hardening effects beneath the contact surfaces were analyzed according to the surfaces' micro-hardness profiles. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were used to observe the worn surfaces. The results indicated that the material with the highest hardness was the one continuously cooled at 20°C, which exhibited the lowest wear rate under each set of test conditions. The hardness of the worn surface and the thickness of the hardened layer increased with the increases in impact load and in the number of test cycles. The better wear performance of the sample cooled at 20°C is attributed to its finer microstructure and superior mechanical properties. All the samples underwent the transformation induced plasticity(TRIP) phenomenon after impact wear, as revealed by the fact that small amounts of retained austenite were detected by XRD.

Study on Formation of Gouging-pits in Mn_7Cr_2 Steel underImpact Abrasive Wear Condition

Study on formation of gouging-pits in Mn,Cr, steel under impact abrasive wear condition was conducted by following the theories of elastic crash and contact, through analysis of photoelasticity and by SEM and results show that maximum shear stress occurs at Z=0.48a, and it initiates a crack; the crack propagates at an angle of 45°from the horizontal and a gouging-pit is conical, and observations by SEM are in agreement with theoretic calculations.

Effect of RE Modification and Heat Treatment on Impact Fatigue Property of a Wear Resistant White Cast Iron

The morphology of carbides, as well as the generation and propagation of fatigue cracks in a wear resistant white cast iron after impact fatigue test were observed by means of optical microscope and SEM, and the relationship among the content of RE (rare earths) in the wear resistant white cast iron and the heating temperature as well as the length and propagation speed of the fatigue cracks were determined. Based on the obtained results, the effect of RE modification and heat treatment on the impact fatigue property was further studied. Experimental results show that addition of RE can defer the time required for the generation of fatigue cracks, reduce their propagation speed and increase the impact fatigue resistance. The aforesaid effect is more noticeable in case of combined RE modification with heat treatment, which can be attributed to the variation in morphology and the distribution of the eutectic carbide network.

WEAR FAILURE MECHANISM AND MULTI-IMPACT PROPERTY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE CHAIN

The multi-impact characteristics and failure mechanism of two kinds of automotive enginechain made in China are studied through engine assembly and road-drive tests. The worn surfacemorphologies of rubbing area between pin, bush and roller are also analyzed based on scanning elec-tron microscope. The results show that the main wear mechanism of automotive engine chain is fa-tigue wear, and its failure mechanism is the forming, extending and flaking of cracks on top layer ofpin and bush. In addition, the material, hot-treatment method and shaping technique for roller have agreat influence upon the resistance to multi-impact. Ensuring sufficient strength and plasticity ofroller, as well as adopting suitable shaping technique are the effective method to increase its resistanceto multi-impact.

基于赫兹接触模型的发动机封严涂层碰磨力计算与优化

目的提高航空发动机的推进效率,在压气机机匣上喷涂可以减少叶尖径向间隙的封严涂层。叶尖与涂层之间的碰磨力会导致涂层脱落,且会击伤叶片,需要对碰磨力进行分析。方法采用大气等离子喷涂技术制备4种不同硬度的AlSi-PHB(聚苯酯)封严涂层,通过表面硬度测试、弹性模量测试和高速碰磨试验,分别评价封严涂层的硬度、弹性模量,以及在高速碰磨过程中不同工况下涂层受到的碰磨力;基于赫兹接触模型对叶尖与涂层之间的碰磨力进行计算,通过激光共聚焦显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对碰磨后的涂层和叶尖进行分析,同时根据接触面形态特征和温度特征对赫兹模型进行优化。结果碰磨力与涂层的硬度、叶尖转速、叶尖切入速率有关,复杂的接触表面形貌和摩擦升温会导致理论计算值与实验值之间出现偏差。结论通过优化叶尖和涂层的接触系数,同时考虑摩擦升温对涂层弹性模量的影响,可将不同工况下碰磨力计算值与测量值之间的偏差控制在1%~11%,这项研究对于指导航空发动机封严涂层的设计具有重要意义。

碳化物取向对Fe-Cr-C耐磨涂层抗磨损性能的影响

为研究不同冷却条件下制备的高铬合金耐磨涂层中碳化物取向对抗磨损性能的影响。使用高铬合金药芯焊丝在Q235基板上通过基材背面强制冷却和自然冷却两种不同的方式,制备了两组具有不同碳化物取向的耐磨涂层,即水冷试样A和自然冷却试样B。通过金相组织和显微硬度对比,分析滑动摩擦实验和冲击磨粒磨损实验的结果,来揭示碳化物取向对耐磨合金摩擦学特性的影响机理。结果表明,具有大量垂直取向(Fe、Cr)_(7)C_(3)初生碳化物的A组正面显微硬度比析出相以共晶混合物和团簇状(Fe、Cr)_(7)C_(3)初生碳化物为主的B组高16.92%;A组在滑动摩擦实验中粘着磨损分布较少,存在大量微裂纹,摩擦系数逐步下降,磨损率为0.007%,B组则存在大量金属颗粒粘着,摩擦系数呈上升趋势,磨损率0.015%高于A组。冲击磨粒磨损实验中,A组表面形貌以部分浅犁沟和脆性断裂导致的脱落和裂缝为主,B组表面形貌则以大量长且浅的犁沟和微切削引起的剥落坑与粘着层为主;对比失重曲线,A组磨损率为0.75%,B组磨损率为0.42%,因此具有大量横向碳化物分布的B组具有更好的冲击磨损性能。