Confucian Ethics and Impartiality： On the Confucian View about Brotherhood

This essay reviews Confucian ethics with regard to impartiality and Confucian notion of brotherhood. It focuses on the comments by Song Neo- Confucians, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, about a famous case involving brotherhood. In this case Diwu Lun of the Han dynasty treated his diseased son and his diseased nephew in different ways. The author argues that Confucianism, starting from a naturalist standpoint, affirms the partiality in the relations between brothers, and judges deliberate impartiality negatively. On this point, one cannot simply view Confucianism as analogous to the Kantian ethics which promises impartiality or the virtue ethics which opposes impartiality.

A Fair E-Cash Payment Scheme Based on Credit

A new fair e-eash payment scheme based on credit is present in this paper. In the scheme, an overdraft credit certificate is issued to user by hank. Using the overdraft credit certificate, user can produce e-cash himself to pay in exchanges. Merchant can verify the e-cash received from user. Bank can make a fair dis pute resolution when there is a dissension between user and merchant. It can avoid ＇the problem of partition e-cash for changes, prevent from reusing e-cash and fa- king e-cash, It. fits justice, anonymity, non deny and impartiality.

An Accurate and Impartial Expert Assignment Method for Scientific Project Review

Purpose： This paper proposes an expert assignment method for scientific project review that considers both accuracy and impartiality. As impartial and accurate peer review is extremely important to ensure the quality and feasibility of scientific projects, enhanced methods for managing the process are needed. Design/methodology/approach： To ensure both accuracy and impartiality, we design four criteria, the reviewers＇fitness degree, research intensity, academic association, and potential conflict of interest, to express the characteristics of an appropriate peer review expert. We first formalize the expert assignment problem as an optimization problem based on the designed criteria, and then propose a randomized algorithm to solve the expert assignment problem of identifying reviewer adequacy. Findings： Simulation results show that the proposed method is quite accurate and impartial during expert assignment. Research limitations： Although the criteria used in this paper can properly show the characteristics of a good and appropriate peer review expert, more criteria/conditions can be included in the proposed scheme to further enhance accuracy and impartiality of the expert assignment. Practical implications： The proposed method can help project funding agencies （e.g. the National Natural Science Foundation of China） find better experts for project peer review. OriginaUty/value： To the authors＇ knowledge, this is the first publication that proposes an algorithm that applies an impartial approach to the project review expert assignment process. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Thing to Do

In his book Explanation and Understanding(1973),von Wright,a well-known professor of philosophy,analyses two basic modes of explanation:nomothetic and teleological.The former employs Hempal’s law like generalizing,while the latter points at motive and intention.This distinction between Galilean model and Aristotelian model is developed by means of von Wright’s insights into deontic logic-the logic of norms or what one OUGHT to do.How then,does von Wright’s theory relate to theories of rational action in the social sciences?

Third-Party Mediation in International Relations:Principles and Key to Success

In today's complex and more interdependent world,countries struggle to maintain the balance between their national interests and stable international relations.Therefore,third-party mediation becomes a popular method in resolving on-going or even historical conflicts between nations.How the mediation process is being adopted is quite important,and there are number of elements that determine the achievement of mediation in the conflict resolution,such as role of mediator,mediation impartiality,and the techniques of mediation.Eventually,third-party mediation help to facilitate the contradiction yet cannot remove the ultimate discord among nations,in which it will take a long way to go in the international political arena.

Consumptive ecological footprint and productive ecological footprint: a modification on ecological footprint theory to evaluate regional sustainable development

Ecological footprint theory and its application achievements in global and regional sustainable development systems are studied by consulting the published literature, which finds that the application of ecological footprint theory to regional sustainability evaluation has leaded to a perplexity that the indicated result was inconsistent with the philosophy of sustainable development theory. Illuminated by the mechanical system of the movement of matters, it comes up that ecological footprint based on consumption of biologic production could not tell whether the ecological pressure acts on the specified region, and the original ecological footprint theory also undervalued the development impartiality of a region. A modification on this theory is made by introducing consumptive ecological footprint and productive ecological footprint, in which the latter is taken as the indicator of regional sustainability. The development impartiality can be demonstrated by comparison between the global ecological deficit per capita and regional consumptive ecological deficit per capita.

Mohist Theoretic System: The Rivalry Theory of Confucianism and Interconnections With the Universal Values and Global Sustainability

Mohism was established in the Warring State period for two centuries and half.It is the third biggest schools following Confucianism and Daoism.Mozi(468 B.C.-376 B.C.)was the first major intellectual rivalry to Confucianism and he was taken as the second biggest philosophy in his times.However,Mohism is seldom studied during more than 2,000 years from Han dynasty to the middle Qing dynasty due to his opposition claims to the dominant Confucian ideology.In this article,the author tries to illustrate the three potential functions of Mohism:First,the critical/revision function of dominant Confucianism ethics which has DNA functions of Chinese culture even in current China;second,the interconnections with the universal values of the world;third,the biological constructive function for global sustainability.Mohist had the fame of one of two well-known philosophers of his times,Confucian and Mohist.His ideas had a decisive influence upon the early Chinese thinkers while his visions of meritocracy and the public good helps shape the political philosophies and policy decisions till Qin and Han(202 B.C.-220 C.E.)dynasties.Sun Yet-sen(1902)adopted Mohist concepts“to take the world as one community”(tian xia wei gong)as the rationale of his democratic theory and he highly appraised Mohist concepts of equity and“impartial love”(jian ai).Liang Qichao and Lu Xun appreciated Mohism.And early Chinese Communist Party leaders,such as Chen Duxiu,Li Dazhao,Zhang Tailei,and Mao Zedong had highly complimented Mohism,including the dialectic materialism.To some extent,Mohism had big impact on the theories of Chinese Communist Party.