Image steganography is one of the prominent technologies in data hiding standards.Steganographic system performance mostly depends on the embedding strategy.Its goal is to embed strictly confidential information into ...Image steganography is one of the prominent technologies in data hiding standards.Steganographic system performance mostly depends on the embedding strategy.Its goal is to embed strictly confidential information into images without causing perceptible changes in the original image.The randomization strategies in data embedding techniques may utilize random domains,pixels,or region-of-interest for concealing secrets into a cover image,preventing information from being discovered by an attacker.The implementation of an appropriate embedding technique can achieve a fair balance between embedding capability and stego image imperceptibility,but it is challenging.A systematic approach is used with a standard methodology to carry out this study.This review concentrates on the critical examination of several embedding strategies,incorporating experimental results with state-of-the-art methods emphasizing the robustness,security,payload capacity,and visual quality metrics of the stego images.The fundamental ideas of steganography are presented in this work,along with a unique viewpoint that sets it apart from previous works by highlighting research gaps,important problems,and difficulties.Additionally,it offers a discussion of suggested directions for future study to advance and investigate uncharted territory in image steganography.展开更多
The authenticity and integrity of healthcare is the primary objective.Numerous reversible watermarking schemes have been developed to improve the primary objective but increasing the quantity of embedding data leads t...The authenticity and integrity of healthcare is the primary objective.Numerous reversible watermarking schemes have been developed to improve the primary objective but increasing the quantity of embedding data leads to covering image distortion and visual quality resulting in data security detection.A trade-off between robustness,imperceptibility,and embedded capacity is difficult to achieve with current algorithms due to limitations in their ability.Keeping this purpose insight,an improved reversibility watermarking methodology is proposed to maximize data embedding capacity and imperceptibility while maintaining data security as a primary concern.A key is generated by a random path with minimum bit flipping is selected in the 4 × 4 block to gain access to the data embedding patterns.The random path's complex structure ensures data security.Data of various sizes(8 KB,16 KB,32 KB)are used to analyze image imperceptibility and evaluate quality factors.The proposed reversible watermarking methodology performance is tested under standard structures PSNR,SSIM,and MSE.The results revealed that the MRI watermarked images are imperceptible,like the cover image when LSB is 3 bits plane.Our proposed reversible watermarking methodology outperforms other related techniques in terms of average PSNR(49.29).Experiment results show that the suggested reversible watermarking method improves data embedding capacity and imperceptibility compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.展开更多
尽管深度神经网络在很多任务上取得了良好的结果,但是它们对于微小的对抗扰动却很容易出现预测错误.然而在人体姿态估计的对抗攻击任务中,通常需要添加较大的扰动噪声才能攻击成功,这使得其不可察性变差;减少扰动噪声又会削弱攻击效果....尽管深度神经网络在很多任务上取得了良好的结果,但是它们对于微小的对抗扰动却很容易出现预测错误.然而在人体姿态估计的对抗攻击任务中,通常需要添加较大的扰动噪声才能攻击成功,这使得其不可察性变差;减少扰动噪声又会削弱攻击效果.为了克服该矛盾,提出一种面向人体姿态估计的两阶段局部对抗攻击方法.所提方法首先通过预攻击估计出扰动关键区域,然后利用不可察性约束在关键区域内生成扰动.方法不仅可以对人体姿态进行有效攻击,而且还能确保最终扰动区域具有低可察性.采用COCO2017作为对抗扰动实验数据集并使用PCK(percentage of correct keypoints)作为评价指标,比较在人体姿态估计模型中IGSM和C&W方法的攻击效果,其PCK降低值分别提高了15.4%与2.8%.实验结果表明所提方法在保证攻击的低可察的同时,能够取得较好的攻击效果.展开更多
水印的视觉不可感知性反映了水印化图像的保真程度。分析了人类视觉对频率、亮度、纹理以及色彩的掩蔽,以Watson的灰度图像DCT域JND(just noticeable differences)值计算模型为基础,再结合色彩对视觉的掩蔽,给出彩色图像JNCD(just notic...水印的视觉不可感知性反映了水印化图像的保真程度。分析了人类视觉对频率、亮度、纹理以及色彩的掩蔽,以Watson的灰度图像DCT域JND(just noticeable differences)值计算模型为基础,再结合色彩对视觉的掩蔽,给出彩色图像JNCD(just noticeable color differences)值计算方法,计算出图像中不同成份的视觉掩蔽权值,给出一个基于这些权值的彩色图像水印不可感知性评价模型,即CPSNR(color image peak signal to noise ratio)。实验证明,CPSNR的判定结果与人眼的视觉感知结果一致,可用于对水印算法进行不可感知性性能评价。展开更多
针对现有医学图像加密算法在加密效率和安全性上的不足,提出一种基于2D sine logistic混沌映射的医学图像小波域加密算法。算法首先利用整数小波变换将医学图像从空域转换为频域,充分打破像素间的相关性;其次,利用2D sine logistic混沌...针对现有医学图像加密算法在加密效率和安全性上的不足,提出一种基于2D sine logistic混沌映射的医学图像小波域加密算法。算法首先利用整数小波变换将医学图像从空域转换为频域,充分打破像素间的相关性;其次,利用2D sine logistic混沌映射生成混沌序列,选取三级小波分级的低频系数LL3进行扩散和置乱加密,提高加密效率;并且将二级小波分解的中高频系数HL2和LH2进行扩散加密,解决加密图像中存在的明显轮廓问题;最后将加密后的小波系数进行小波逆变换得到加密图像。实验仿真结果表明,算法具有高安全性和加密效率,与现有空域方法相比,加密时间约为1/40;与现有频域方法相比,在保证加密效率情况下具有更好的加密图像隐蔽性。展开更多
基金This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)under the Grand Number FRGS/1/2020/ICT01/UK M/02/4,and University Kebangsaan Malaysia for open access publication.
文摘Image steganography is one of the prominent technologies in data hiding standards.Steganographic system performance mostly depends on the embedding strategy.Its goal is to embed strictly confidential information into images without causing perceptible changes in the original image.The randomization strategies in data embedding techniques may utilize random domains,pixels,or region-of-interest for concealing secrets into a cover image,preventing information from being discovered by an attacker.The implementation of an appropriate embedding technique can achieve a fair balance between embedding capability and stego image imperceptibility,but it is challenging.A systematic approach is used with a standard methodology to carry out this study.This review concentrates on the critical examination of several embedding strategies,incorporating experimental results with state-of-the-art methods emphasizing the robustness,security,payload capacity,and visual quality metrics of the stego images.The fundamental ideas of steganography are presented in this work,along with a unique viewpoint that sets it apart from previous works by highlighting research gaps,important problems,and difficulties.Additionally,it offers a discussion of suggested directions for future study to advance and investigate uncharted territory in image steganography.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61762060)Educational Commission of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.2017C-05)+2 种基金Foundation for the Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province,China(Grant No.20YF3GA016)supported by King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,through Researchers Supporting Project No.RSP-2022/184The work of author Ayman Radwan was supported by FCT/MEC through Programa Operacional Regional do Centro and by the European Union through the European Social Fund(ESF)under Investigator FCT Grant(5G-AHEAD IF/FCT-IF/01393/2015/CP1310/CT0002).
文摘The authenticity and integrity of healthcare is the primary objective.Numerous reversible watermarking schemes have been developed to improve the primary objective but increasing the quantity of embedding data leads to covering image distortion and visual quality resulting in data security detection.A trade-off between robustness,imperceptibility,and embedded capacity is difficult to achieve with current algorithms due to limitations in their ability.Keeping this purpose insight,an improved reversibility watermarking methodology is proposed to maximize data embedding capacity and imperceptibility while maintaining data security as a primary concern.A key is generated by a random path with minimum bit flipping is selected in the 4 × 4 block to gain access to the data embedding patterns.The random path's complex structure ensures data security.Data of various sizes(8 KB,16 KB,32 KB)are used to analyze image imperceptibility and evaluate quality factors.The proposed reversible watermarking methodology performance is tested under standard structures PSNR,SSIM,and MSE.The results revealed that the MRI watermarked images are imperceptible,like the cover image when LSB is 3 bits plane.Our proposed reversible watermarking methodology outperforms other related techniques in terms of average PSNR(49.29).Experiment results show that the suggested reversible watermarking method improves data embedding capacity and imperceptibility compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.
文摘尽管深度神经网络在很多任务上取得了良好的结果,但是它们对于微小的对抗扰动却很容易出现预测错误.然而在人体姿态估计的对抗攻击任务中,通常需要添加较大的扰动噪声才能攻击成功,这使得其不可察性变差;减少扰动噪声又会削弱攻击效果.为了克服该矛盾,提出一种面向人体姿态估计的两阶段局部对抗攻击方法.所提方法首先通过预攻击估计出扰动关键区域,然后利用不可察性约束在关键区域内生成扰动.方法不仅可以对人体姿态进行有效攻击,而且还能确保最终扰动区域具有低可察性.采用COCO2017作为对抗扰动实验数据集并使用PCK(percentage of correct keypoints)作为评价指标,比较在人体姿态估计模型中IGSM和C&W方法的攻击效果,其PCK降低值分别提高了15.4%与2.8%.实验结果表明所提方法在保证攻击的低可察的同时,能够取得较好的攻击效果.
文摘水印的视觉不可感知性反映了水印化图像的保真程度。分析了人类视觉对频率、亮度、纹理以及色彩的掩蔽,以Watson的灰度图像DCT域JND(just noticeable differences)值计算模型为基础,再结合色彩对视觉的掩蔽,给出彩色图像JNCD(just noticeable color differences)值计算方法,计算出图像中不同成份的视觉掩蔽权值,给出一个基于这些权值的彩色图像水印不可感知性评价模型,即CPSNR(color image peak signal to noise ratio)。实验证明,CPSNR的判定结果与人眼的视觉感知结果一致,可用于对水印算法进行不可感知性性能评价。
文摘针对现有医学图像加密算法在加密效率和安全性上的不足,提出一种基于2D sine logistic混沌映射的医学图像小波域加密算法。算法首先利用整数小波变换将医学图像从空域转换为频域,充分打破像素间的相关性;其次,利用2D sine logistic混沌映射生成混沌序列,选取三级小波分级的低频系数LL3进行扩散和置乱加密,提高加密效率;并且将二级小波分解的中高频系数HL2和LH2进行扩散加密,解决加密图像中存在的明显轮廓问题;最后将加密后的小波系数进行小波逆变换得到加密图像。实验仿真结果表明,算法具有高安全性和加密效率,与现有空域方法相比,加密时间约为1/40;与现有频域方法相比,在保证加密效率情况下具有更好的加密图像隐蔽性。
