Green transformation paths of resource-based cities in China from the configuration perspective

Green transformation is an unavoidable choice for resource-based cities(RBCs)that face resource depletion and environmental pollution.Existing research has focused primarily on specific RBCs,making it challenging to apply green transformation strategies universally across cities.The fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)is a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses that can handle multiple concurrent causality problems and determine how different conditions combine into configurations and generate an outcome.Thus,to address this gap,in this study,we established a research framework for green transformation and utilized the fsQCA to examine the configurations of 113 RBCs in China.By incorporating the element of time,this study explored the dynamic evolution of solutions in 2013,2016,and 2019.The main findings indicate that individual elements do not constitute the necessary conditions for improving the green transformation efficiency(GTE),and the systematic combination of multiple conditions is an effective path for realizing the improvement of the GTE in RBCs.Green transformation paths of RBCs exhibit the same destination through different paths.Additionally,the combination of system environment elements and system structure elements is both complementary and alternative.Differences in RBCs have led to various factor combinations and development paths,but there are some similarities in the key elements of the factor combinations at different stages.Economic environment,government support,and technological innovation are key factors that universally enhance the GTE in RBCs.These insights can assist city managers in formulating policies to drive green transformation and contribute to a better theoretical understanding of green transformation paths in RBCs.

Discussion on the Problems and Path of Characteristic Town Construction in Underdeveloped, Resource-Based Cities: A Case Study of Ganzhou City

Characteristic towns as a characteristic industry are one of the important measures of China's new urbanization strategy. The construction of characteristic towns in different regions needs to pay attention to regional differentiation. At present, the research on characteristic towns focuses on the developed the developed central and eastern regions. There are still few studies on characteristics towns in underdeveloped areas. Starting from the analysis of the concept of the characteristic town, this paper sorted out the general situation of the construction of characteristic towns in China based on the existing research literature, selected Ganzhou City for research, pointed out there were "two restrictions and two singles" in the construction of characteristic towns in Ganzhou City, and clarified that the characteristic towns of Ganzhou City should adhere to the construction path of "two characteristics and two integrations", with a view to providing a useful reference for in Ganzhou City the construction of characteristic towns, industrial transformation and upgrading, and poverty alleviation in such underdeveloped, resource-based cities.

Conceptualizing and Measuring Economic Resilience of Resource-based Cities： Case Study of Northeast China

This paper develops a conceptual model and an indicator system for measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities based on the theory of evolutionary resilience and the related concepts of persistence, adaptation, and transformation. Nineteen resource-based cities in Northeast China were analyzed using the indicator system. The results showed that Liaoning and Jilin provinces had higher economic resilience than Heilongjiang Province. Panjin, Benxi, and Anshan in Liaoning Province were the top three cities, while Shuangyashan and other coal-based cities in Heilongjiang Province ranked last. Metals-and petroleum-based cities had significantly higher resilience than coal-based cities. The differences in persistence, adaptability, transformation, and resilience among resource-based cities decreased since the introduction of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy in 2003. Forestry-based cities improved the most in terms of resilience, followed by metals-based and multiple-resource cities; however, resilience dropped for coal-based cities, and petroleum-based cities falling the most. The findings illustrate the importance and the way to develop a differentiated approach to improve resilience among resource-based cities.

The Evolution and Differentiation of Economic Convergence of Resource-based Cities in Northeast China

A key target of the overall strategy implementation for regional development since the 18th Party Congress of China has involved taking measures to narrow regional disparities. This is because resource-based cities' economic development has fallen below general levels due to resource exhaustion and an unbalanced industrial structure, among other factors. Further, an economic gap has long existed between Northeast China's large number of resource-based cities and non-resource-based cities. This article comprehensively studies the economic convergence of Northeast China's resource-based cities and non-resource-based cities from 1996 to 2015 by using a dynamic panel to analyze not only the economic development of different industries and types of cities, but also the main factors that influence economic development. The empirical results demonstrate that economic convergence exists in both resource-based and non-resource-based cities, but the economic gap between them has clearly narrowed since the implementation of a strategy to revitalize the Northeast's old industrial base. Shrinking cities are the fastest to converge, as mature cities are slower and regenerating cities are the slowest; regarding industry structure, the secondary industry dominates the economy in mature and shrinking cities, and the tertiary industry in regenerating cities. The primary stimulus in resource-based cities' economic development involves upgrading the industrial structure and investing in human capital. As China faces a ‘new normal' economy, resource-based cities in Northeast China should restructure the economy and perfect their market system to avoid again widening the economic gap.

Resource-based City Type and Reforming Strategy Discussion and Research

The resource-based city can divides according to the Israeli resource type and development phase two big standards. The resource-based city economic transformation strategy first should from the macroscopic level, seek for the regional economic development the new superiority, next should act according to the new regional development favorable condition that establishes the pattern of industrial transformation from the microscopic level.

Study on Correlative Issues about State-owned Enterprises Restructuring in Resource-based Cities in China

The ＂sediment＂ formed in the process of long-term development of the resource-based cities not only restricts the economic structure trans/brmation, but also increases the difficulties for restructuring the state-owned enterprises. Furthermore, it makes current ways of reforming staffs＇ identity replacement and managers＇ shareholding mode inefficient in state-owned enterprises reformation in resource-based cities. According to the characteristics of resource-based cities and property right reform theory, cash and share right compensation for the different staffs in the process of staffs＇ identity replacement have been identified. In addition, different profitable investment policies have also been suggested. For managers＇ share holding, the stimulant share ownership should be adopted principally, at the same time corresponding restrictions should be set up for managers＇ investment share ownership due to share ownership structure.

Green development and economic resilience:Evidence from Chinese resource-based cities

Resource-based cities are currently facing challenges due to ecological pollution and an unbalanced industrial structure,which hinders sustainable economic growth.The focus on green development as a strategy for economic growth and environmental protection is becoming increasingly popular.This study employs a spatial econometric model to explore the effect of green development on economic resilience in Chinese resource-based cities from 2011 to 2019,revealing a positive correlation between green development and economic resilience.For each 1 unit increase in green development,economic resilience increases by an average of 0.512 units.Furthermore,the analysis of heterogeneity reveals differences in the factors influencing various resource-based cities.In addition,provincial green policies bolster economic resilience by encouraging green development.This research aids in comprehending the balance between the economy and the environment.

Spatial Differentiation Pattern of Habitat Quality and Mechanism of Factors Influencing in Resource-based Cities:A Case Study of Tangshan City,China

The degradation of the eco-environment has been a challenge for sustainability in resource-based cities around the world.Although much attention has been drawn to this issue,few insights have been acquired regarding the spatial differentiation and mechanism of the factors influencing habitat quality in resource-based cities from the perspective of the interactions of natural and human factors.Using Tangshan City as a case study,this paper evaluates habitat quality by integrating Ecosystem Service Value Assessment and the InVEST-HQ model,identifies the spatial distribution of Tangshan’s habitat quality with spatial auto-correlation,and explores the influencing factors and their mechanism of influence on the spatial differentiation with the geographical detector model and Space production theory.The results show that:(1)The total value of the habitat quality in Tangshan City in 2019 was 3.45×10^(10) yuan,and the habitat quality value was 24435.05 yuan ha-1.The habitat quality value presents a clustered distribution pattern of"hot in the north and the south,cold from the center to the west".(2)On the county scale,Qianxi County had the best habitat quality and Lubei District had the worst habitat quality;Shangying Township had the highest average habitat quality and Kaiping Street had the lowest average habitat quality in the township unit.(3)The results of geographical detectors show that natural environmental conditions are the important basic factors affecting the spatial differentiation of habitat quality in Tangshan City,while urbanization and industrialization factors are the most important external forces driving the spatial differentiation of habitat quality.The contributions of average elevation,average slope,raw material industrial density,and population density to the spatial differentiation of habitat quality are all above 0.40.The interactions of any two factors on habitat quality are enhanced.Areas with concentrated populations,rich industrial resources,and convenient transportation become low-value habitat quality areas;while areas with beautiful landscape patterns,abundant precipitation,and a comfortable climate become high-value habitat quality areas.Space production theory can be used to explain the mechanism of the formation of the spatial differentiation of habitat quality.

Complex Pathways to Population Shrinkage:Case Study of Hegang City,China

With the transformation of China’s industry and demographic structure,urban shrinkage,especially the resource-based cities due to their single industrial structure,tend to emerge gradually.Using empirical and quantitative methods,this paper explores the evolution mechanism of urban shrinkage in Hegang,a resource-based city in China.Our findings suggest that there are many correlations or cyclic relationships among variables,which provide an empirical confirmation for the complexity of urban shrinkage process.The result shows there is a time delay of about four to five years between the mining industry and the changes of demographic profile,economic performance and built environment variables.The development of Hegang has formed a path dependence on resource-based industries.Furthermore,the time lags between demographic profile and economic performance variables are not obvious,and the real estate market has a certain sensitivity to perceive population loss and economic change.Besides,market led public service facilities are more sensitive to the changes of population outflow and economic recession than government led public service facilities.The study findings could offer insights for other resource-based cities in developing countries to employ on the economic development policies issues.

Analysis of CO2 Emissions and the Mechanism of the Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size（IEDS） in Resource-based Cities by Application of Geographical Detector Technology

Resource-based cities are the most important players in responding to climate change and achieving low carbon development in China.An analysis of relevant data(such as the energy consumption)showed an inter-city differentiation of CO2 emissions from energy consumption,and suggested an influence of the Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size(IEDS)in resource-based industrial cities at the prefecture level and above in different regions.Then by geographical detector technology,the sizes of each influencing mechanism on CO2 emissions from energy consumption of the IEDS were probed.This analysis showed that significant spatial differences exist for CO2 emissions from energy consumption and revealed several factors which influence the IEDS in resource-based cities.(1)In terms of unit employment,Eastern and Western resource-based cities are above the overall level of all resource-based cities;and only Coal resource-based cities far exceeded the overall level among all of the cities in the analysis.(2)In terms of unit gross industrial output value,the Eastern,Central and Western resources-based cities are all above the overall level for all the cities.Here also,only Coal resource-based cities far exceeded the overall level of all resources-based cities.Economic scale and energy structure are the main factors influencing CO2 emissions from energy consumption of the IEDS in resource-based cities.The factors influencing CO2 emissions in different regions and types of resource-based cities show significant spatial variations,and the degree of influence that any given factor exerts varies among different regions and types of resource-based cities.Therefore,individualized recommendations should be directed to different regions and types of resource-based cities,so that the strategies and measures of industrial low carbon and transformation should vary greatly according to the specific conditions that exist in each city.

A systems dynamic model of a coal-based city with multiple adaptive scenarios： A case study of Ordos, China

Abstract Cities based on coal resources have increasingly important social and economic roles in China. Their strategies for sustainable development, however, urgently need to be improved, which represents a huge challenge. Most observers believe that the continued progress of these cities relies on the optimization of scientific adaptive management in which social, economic, and ecological factors are incorporated. A systems perspective that combines policies, management priorities, and long-term policy impacts needs to be applied. To date, however, such an approach has not been adopted, which means it is difficult to implement adaptive management at the regional scale. In this study, we used various situations to develop a multiple adaptive scenario system dynamics model. We then simulated a range of policy scenarios, with Ordos in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as a case study. Simulation results showed that the current strategy is not sustainable and predicted that the system would exceed the environmental capacity, with risks of resource exhaustion and urban decline in 2025-2035. Five critical policy variables, including the urban population carrying capacity, rates of water consumption and water recycling, and expansion of urban land cover, were identified during sensitivity analysis. We developed and compared six socio-economic scenarios. The urban area, represented by the urban population density, seemed to transition through five different stages, namely natural growth, rapid growth, stable oscillation, fading, and rebalancing. Our scenarios suggested that different policies had different roles through each stage. The water use efficiency management policy had a comprehensive far-reaching influence on the system behavior; land urbanization management functions dominated at the start, and population capacity management was a major control in the mid-term. Our results showed that the water recycling policy and the urban population carrying capacity were extremely important, and both should be reinforced and evaluated by the local governments.

Resources development and tourism environmental carrying capacity of ecotourism industry in Pingdingshan City, China

Background:Pingdingshan City has unique and rich ecotourism landscape.To realize the sustainable development of ecotourism industry in Pingdingshan and simultaneously achieve economic development and environmental protection in the development of ecotourism resources,literature analysis and field investigation methods were used to deeply explore the advantages and problems of Pingdingshan in the process of resources development in this study.Then,the indicator system of environmental carrying capacity of Pingdingshan was established and environmental carrying capacity was calculated to understand the local tourism environmental carrying capacity.Results:The development of ecotourism resources in Pingdingshan has advantages of natural conditions,convenient transportation,and sound infrastructure,but there were also problems,such as insufficient resources protection and unscientific management system.After calculation,it was found that the environmental carrying capacity of ecotourism in Pingdingshan was overloaded.Conclusion:This study reveals the development of the tourism industry in Pingdingshan and provides a basis for the future development of Pingdingshan tourism resources,which is beneficial to the sustainable development of the local ecotourism industry.

资源型城市转型绩效评价——以陕甘宁能源富集区为例

Resource-based cities are important bases for resources and energy in China.However,the world and the country’s sustainable development goals require them to undergo transformation.The complexity of this transformation poses challenges for these cities.This study aims to evaluate the transformation performance of resource-based cities in Shaanxi,Gansu,and Ningxia.The findings will help understand their capabilities and achievements in transformation and provide guidance for future transformation planning.To evaluate the transformation performance,this study employs the entropy weight Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method.An index system is constructed,including the industrial diversification and specialization indices.These indices serve as benchmarks for assessing the transformation performance.The period 2010–2019 is considered,and the transformation performance of resource-based cities is evaluated based on different development stages and regions.The results reveal the following insights:(1)Most resource-based cities demonstrate favorable transformation performance.Although variations exist between cities,the gaps are gradually narrowing.(2)Over an extended period,the transformation performance of each city undergoes continuous changes,with high-performing areas shifting.(3)The transformation performance of resource-based cities varies significantly across different development stages.(4)An imbalance exists among the regions where resource-based cities are located,and a diffusion effect can be observed.Accordingly,the following enlightenment and policy suggestions are obtained:(1)exploring targeted management policies for resource-based cities;(2)fostering a dynamic and open transformation environment;(3)promoting the concept of regional cooperation in transformation;(4)improving the business environment;(5)promoting enterprise innovation;(6)establishing and improving a long-term mechanism for sustainable development and a compensation mechanism for resource development;and(7)optimizing the talent training system.