Two Generic Frameworks of Multiple Viewpoints Oriented Requirements Method and Their Comparison

Traditional requirements method has some problems when it is used for large distributed systems. Multiple viewpoints oriented requirements method (MVORM) is a new method for resolving these problems. This paper develops two generic formal frameworks of MVORM, framework based on refinement relation (FBRR) and framework based on implementation relation (FBIR). They are generic, because no assumptions are made about the development process or the formal description languages to be used. Three kinds of specification relations and three kinds of specification transformations are discussed over FBIR and FBRR. This paper also compares the equivalence between FBIR and FBRR. We point out that an equivalent FBIR can be found for any FBRR, but reverse transformation is not always possible. We think FBIR is better than FBRR on most cases.

A synthesis of implementation science frameworks and application to global health gaps

Background:Implementation science has been growing as discipline in the past decades,producing an increasing number of models in the area.On the other hand,most frameworks are intended to guide the implementation of programs,focusing on identifying elements and stages that increase their success.This article aims to structure this discussion,proposing a simplified tool that synthesizes common elements of other frameworks,and highlight the usefulness to use implementation science not only in identifying successful implementation strategies but as a tool to assess gaps in global health initiatives.Methods:The study was carried out through a combined methodology that included an initial search of implementation science frameworks,experts’opinions,and the use of references in frameworks to elaborate a list of articles to be reviewed.A total of 52 articles were analyzed,identifying their definitions of implementation science and the elements of different frameworks.Results:The analysis of articles allowed identifying the main goals and definitions of implementation science.In a second stage,frameworks were classified into“time-based”,“component-based”and“mixed”,and common elements of each type of model were used to propose a synthetic framework with six elements:Diagnosis,Intervention provider/system,Intervention,Recipient,Environment,and Evaluation.Finally,this simplified framework was used to identify gaps in global health was using The Lancet Global Health Series.Potential areas of intervention arise for five different global health issues:malaria,non-communicable diseases,maternal and child health,HIV/AIDS,and tuberculosis.Prioritization strategies differ for the different health issues,and the proposed framework can help identify and classify all these different proposals.Conclusions:There is a huge variety of definitions and models in implementation science.The analysis showed the usefulness of applying an implementation science approach to identify and prioritize gaps in implementation strategies in global health.

上海市实施整合式慢性病社区健康管理模式的促进和障碍因素

目的分析整合式慢性病社区健康管理模式实施的促进和障碍因素,区分模式服务量高覆盖率组和低覆盖率组在实施性研究的整合性理论框架(consolidated framework for implementation research,CFIR)上的结构差异,为政府部门提供政策建议。方法结合CFIR对22名专家进行半结构化访谈,采用定性结构评级法对13家社区卫生服务中心受访者评分,利用NVivo 12软件编码。结果高覆盖率组和低覆盖率组的相对优势、外部政策与激励、实施准备度、反思和评价、领导个人特质5个CFIR结构有差异。促进因素包括:测量数据更加精准,提高了高血压和糖尿病患者的异常检出率和控制率;模式实现了服务、技术、数据“三整合”,优化管理流程,提供管理抓手;基础性和个性化服务结合吸引患者到基层就诊;模式与我国政策背景,初级卫生保健工作和以患者为中心理念兼容;数字化工具的应用减轻医护人员工作负担;领导重视是基础,利益方间的通力合作是重要保障。障碍因素包括:宏观层面缺少卫生行政机构的支持性政策,组织架构和运行机制尚未建立,建设、投入主体以及具体工作规范和流程有待明确;缺乏监督管理机制和质量评估小组;模式推广目标模糊;缺乏规范化系统性的培训计划;为不同群体提供服务存在挑战,缺乏有效的社会面宣传;模式仍须提高需方获得感;社区布局限制了模式的服务提供。结论卫生行政部门应明确模式的建设、运行、投入主体,完善组织架构并明确各利益方的功能定位和职责分工,进一步制定工作规范和工作流程;建立信息反馈机制和质量控制小组并进行定期评估;制定清晰的目标;加大宣传教育,扩大宣传面;利用数字化工具形成良性医患互动机制。

Reflections on a Science and Technology Agenda for 21st Century Disaster Risk Reduction Based on the Scientific Content of the 2016 UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–203

The first international conference for the post-2015 United Nations landmark agreements(Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, Sustainable Development Goals, and Paris Agreement on Climate Change) was held in January 2016 to discuss the role of science and technology in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 aimed to discuss and endorse plans that maximize science's contribution to reducing disaster risks and losses in the coming 15 years and bring together the diversity of stakeholders producing and using disaster risk reduction(DRR) science and technology. This article describes the evolution of the role of science and technology in the policy process building up to the Sendai Framework adoption that resulted in an unprecedented emphasis on science in the text agreed on by 187 United Nations member states in March 2015 and endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in June 2015. Contributions assembled by the Conference Organizing Committee and teams including the conference concept notes and the conference discussions that involved a broad range of scientists and decision makers are summarized in this article. The conference emphasized how partnerships and networks can advance multidisciplinary research and bring together science, policy, and practice; how disaster risk is understood, and how risks are assessed and early warning systems are designed; what data, standards, and innovative practices would be needed to measure and report on risk reduction; what research and capacity gaps exist and how difficulties in creating and using science for effective DRR can be overcome. The Science and Technology Conference achieved two main outcomes:(1) initiating the UNISDR Science and Technology Partnership for the implementation of the Sendai Framework; and(2) generating discussion and agreement regarding the content and endorsement process of the UNISDR Science and Technology Road Map to 2030.

Global Community of Disaster Risk Reduction Scientists and Decision Makers Endorse a Science and Technology Partnership to Support the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

At the first gathering of its kind on the role of science in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,over 750 scientists,policymakers,business people,and practitioners met in Geneva from January 27–29,2016.The UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 fea-

Nonspecialists providing perinatal depression services in China:a qualitative study

Objective:To involve stakeholders in Jiangsu Province,China,to identify barriers for nonspecialist-delivered perinatal depression(PND)management to guide management in maternity and child health care institutions.Methods:In this qualitative study,semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews were used,guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research(CFIR).Thematic analysis was done to categorize data using the CFIR framework's domains.Results:There were a total of 20 interviewees.Barriers coded under the CFIR framework included:needs and resources of those served by the organization,cosmopolitanism,available resources,structural characteristics,access to knowledge and information,and knowledge and beliefs.Conclusions:Implementing nonspecialist-delivered PND management poses varying obstacles in different situations.Overcoming these barriers can be accomplished by simplifying interventions based on local conditions,changing women's and families'attitudes and help-seeking behaviors toward PND,establishing linkages with psychiatry,strengthening policymakers'capacity and improving mental health care systems,developing detailed intervention manuals,enhancing clinicians'mental health literacy,and improving the operation of psychologically appropriate approaches to build self-efficacy.