In her writing,Willa Cather absorbed the techniques of the impressionist painters,striving to present human perception and fo-cus their individual impression on a fleeting moment to provide the fragments of impression...In her writing,Willa Cather absorbed the techniques of the impressionist painters,striving to present human perception and fo-cus their individual impression on a fleeting moment to provide the fragments of impression upon which the whole can be constructed.展开更多
The effects of Mg and semi solid processing on the creep properties ofA356 A1 alloy were investigated. The results show that the dislocation climb controlled creep is the dominant creep mechanism and it is not affecte...The effects of Mg and semi solid processing on the creep properties ofA356 A1 alloy were investigated. The results show that the dislocation climb controlled creep is the dominant creep mechanism and it is not affected by the semi solid processing and further addition of Mg. Mg improves the alloy creep properties probably by forming large Chinese script Mg2Si compounds at the interdendritic regions. The semi solid processed specimens exhibit better creep properties in comparison with the as cast ones. It is attributed to the reduction in the stacking fault energy resulting from the significant dissolution of Mg in the a(A1) phase.展开更多
Microstructure and creep properties of AZ61 alloy containing 1 and 3 wt.% Ca were investigated. The creep properties were examined using impression method under different stresses between 200 and 500 MPa at the temper...Microstructure and creep properties of AZ61 alloy containing 1 and 3 wt.% Ca were investigated. The creep properties were examined using impression method under different stresses between 200 and 500 MPa at the temperature ranging from 423 to 491 K. The microstructure of AZ61 alloy contains α(Mg) matrix and Mg17 Al12 intermetallic phases. It is shown that adding Ca to AZ61 alloy reduces the amount of Mg17 Al12 phase via forming(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase;furthermore, increasing the Ca content to 3 wt.% leads to the formation of(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase, as well as the elimination of the Mg17 Al12 phase. Creep properties of AZ61 alloy are improved with the Ca addition. The improvement in creep properties is attributed to the reduction in the amount of Mg17 Al12 phase and the formation of(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase with high thermal stability. According to the obtained creep data, it is concluded that the pipe diffusion-climb controlled dislocation creep is the dominant creep mechanism and Ca addition has no influence on this mechanism. The effect of pre-deformation on the creep properties of AZ61+3%Ca alloy reveals that the creep resistance of the alloy depends on the continuity of(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase. It is decreased by reducing the phase continuity.展开更多
AIMTo examine the integrity of the ocular surfaces of subjects with and without diabetes with no conjunctival and dry eye signs and symptoms and compare conjunctival impression cytology findings in diabetics with non-...AIMTo examine the integrity of the ocular surfaces of subjects with and without diabetes with no conjunctival and dry eye signs and symptoms and compare conjunctival impression cytology findings in diabetics with non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.展开更多
With the development of online social networks (OSNs) and modern smartphones, sharing photos with friends has become one of the most popular social activities. Since people usually prefer to give others a positive i...With the development of online social networks (OSNs) and modern smartphones, sharing photos with friends has become one of the most popular social activities. Since people usually prefer to give others a positive impression, impression management during photo sharing is becoming increasingly important. However, most of the existing privacy-aware solutions have two main drawbacks: Users must decide manually whether to share each photo with others or not, in order to build the desired impression; and users run a high risk of leaking sensitive relational information in group photos during photo sharing, such as their position as part of a couple, or their sexual identity. In this paper, we propose a social rela- tion impression-management (SRIM) scheme to protect relational privacy and to automatically recom- mend an appropriate photo-sharing policy to users. To be more specific, we have designed a lightweight face-distance measurement that calculates the distances between users' faces within group photos by relying on photo metadata and face-detection results. These distances are then transformed into relations using proxemics. Furthermore, we propose a relation impression evaluation algorithm to evaluate and manage relational impressions. We developed a prototype and employed 21 volunteers to verify the functionalities of the SRIM scheme. The evaluation results show the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed scheme.展开更多
In Araby, Joyce's well written style is exemplified, as well as his deep thoughts. From the perspective of literary devices, Joyce employs"impressionism"and"epiphany"which are special artistic ...In Araby, Joyce's well written style is exemplified, as well as his deep thoughts. From the perspective of literary devices, Joyce employs"impressionism"and"epiphany"which are special artistic devices he has applied in this story. The author discusses the plot, setting in Araby, and analyzes the characters in it. Through a thorough study of Araby, the thesis is in order to push forward the understanding of Joyce's purpose in writing the story. The discussion of impressionism and epiphany in this thesis is an attempt to focus the discussion on the story alone, combing the inner unity and integrity of this device, providing better understanding of the functions and management of such new innovations, thus a better understanding of the work itself.展开更多
The results of a theoretical and finite element (FE) investigation of a two-material impression creep test method, using a rectangular indenter, are presented. The method uses a general formulation for steady-state cr...The results of a theoretical and finite element (FE) investigation of a two-material impression creep test method, using a rectangular indenter, are presented. The method uses a general formulation for steady-state creep deformation for multi-material components in conjunction with the results of FE analyses. The practical application of the proposed technique, in determining the secondary creep properties of heat-affected zone (HAZ) materials in welds, for which conventional creep testing methods cannot be used, is considered. A number of numerical examples are used to describe solution procedures and to verify the method.展开更多
Background: The accuracy of the final prosthesis is affected by the final impression technique and master cast production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the functional impression technique...Background: The accuracy of the final prosthesis is affected by the final impression technique and master cast production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the functional impression technique with various impression materials on the surface characteristic of dental stone casts and their clinical effect on the retention of complete dentures. Method: Specimens of three impression materials/stone casts were fabricated. The specimens of the impression materials/stone casts were divided into three equal groups (I, II, and III). The impression materials used were as follows: tissue conditioner group (I), zinc oxide (ZEO) (group II) and poly (vinyl siloxane) (PVS) (group III). Cylindrical split aluminium moulds were designed to receive the impression materials and the stone mixture. The surface roughness of the stone cast specimens of the three groups (I, II, and III) was measured with a surface profilometer and analyzed by a scanning electron microscope. A clinical study included five severely resorbed mandibular edentulous alveolar ridges and edentulous maxillary arches. Each subject received three heat-cured acrylic resin dentures, fabricated using the functional impression technique. The three dentures were identical except for the different impression materials used from Groups I, II and III. The retentive force of each denture for each subject was measured. Result: The results of this study revealed that the mean value of surface roughness of the stone cast surface of group I was higher than group II and group III. A statistically significant difference was observed in surface roughness and the retentive dislodging force between the three studied groups. Although using a tissue conditioner as a functional impression material led to a high level of surface roughness and good retention, it could not produce the same smooth surface quality of PVS or ZEO. These data were supported by SEM analysis. The complete dentures for these patients require important oral and denture hygiene care. Conclusion: Complete dentures made using functional impression technique with PVC as a final impression material are more comfortable, retentive and stable.展开更多
As restorative dentists, we are faced everyday with decisions about which impression materials and techniques should be used when restoring teeth. The challenge becomes bigger when the patients present with open gingi...As restorative dentists, we are faced everyday with decisions about which impression materials and techniques should be used when restoring teeth. The challenge becomes bigger when the patients present with open gingival embrasures, the dreaded “black triangles”, which tops the list of dentist frustration while taking the impression and after preparation of veneers, crowns, bridges, etc. The technique described offers an option to avoid problems related to impressions locking in gingival embrasures and tearing on removal.展开更多
This paper takes "impression remolding" as the hint of design concept, analyzes uniqueness and correlation of Lijiang Train Station, and also multiple design techniques of integrating regional cultural eleme...This paper takes "impression remolding" as the hint of design concept, analyzes uniqueness and correlation of Lijiang Train Station, and also multiple design techniques of integrating regional cultural elements, such as roofi ng cluster.展开更多
Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners...Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners for such a screening often wear white radiation hazmat suits. However, it has been reported that examinees tend to feel tension or anxiety. In this study, we focus on the color of the radiation hazmat suit as one measure to reduce residents’ tension or anxiety. This study aims to determine the common conceptions of radiation hazmat suits based on color. Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with a total of 262 participants consisting of nursing students, administrative staff of a university, general citizens, and mothers raising their children in the Tohoku region in Japan. The common impressions of radiation hazmat suits, which are typically white, were measured using the Multiple Affective States Scale. This scale can measure the affective state brought about by clothing. The color of white (W) was defined as a standard color commonly used for hazmat suits;in order to determine the common impressions of radiation hazmat suits based on color, the following additional colors were shown to the participants: salmon pink (P), ivory (I), and light green (G). Results: There were no sex differences regarding common impressions of radiation hazmat suits. For white radiation hazmat suits, a high score reflecting the characteristic of “capable” was obtained, while the scores for “cheerful” and “calm” were low, and those for “depressed” and “tense” were high. The colors that showed the highest score for “calm” as a positive affirmative state were I and P. W and P reflected a high “ashamed” score, and the “tense” score for G was higher for the participants in their 20s than for those in their 30s and older. Conclusions: Results show that the color of hazmat suits provokes far greater feelings of anxiety and tension on participants than previously thought. Radiation hazmat suits may be further improved based on the results of this study.展开更多
A writer's narrative style is about the way in which he or she comes to handle a subject--it can be a theme, a character, or a place, etc.. When someone tries to define Henry James's writing style, for instance, he ...A writer's narrative style is about the way in which he or she comes to handle a subject--it can be a theme, a character, or a place, etc.. When someone tries to define Henry James's writing style, for instance, he or she is amazed by the sense of richness in Jamesian styles, because of the writer's own life experience and life style Travelling around different cities and going to art galleries and museums certainly construct James's unique way of seeing. In this article, the author wants to focus on Jamesian ways of seeing the relation between art and writing. Treating novel as a form of fine arts, the author would suggest, James uses techniques of painting and photography in the writing about the impressions of the cities.展开更多
I easily got my first offer from a Fortune 500 Group after a week I reached Suzhou.The work- ing location is in the miraculous Suzhou Industrial Park(SIP).Suzhou Industrial Park is a leading model zone in China.Speaki...I easily got my first offer from a Fortune 500 Group after a week I reached Suzhou.The work- ing location is in the miraculous Suzhou Industrial Park(SIP).Suzhou Industrial Park is a leading model zone in China.Speaking of SIP,I couldn't wait to introduce the housing accumulation fund policy here.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,up till now,TCM has not yet been granted a legal position for clinical practice in aconsiderable number of countries.So it is our responsibility tO make TCM internationalized and push TCMtobe accepted world—wide,even though we know that it is a long way to go.展开更多
Since modern times,western countries had influenced the formulation of rules for travelling China through a series of gunboat diplomacy and a series of unequal treaties,and promoted the formation of three major peregr...Since modern times,western countries had influenced the formulation of rules for travelling China through a series of gunboat diplomacy and a series of unequal treaties,and promoted the formation of three major peregrination routes,namely south China centered on Guangzhou and Shanghai,southwest China centered on the Yangtze River and Chengdu,and north China centered on Beijing and the Great Wall.Overpopulation,lack of curiosity and knowledge,difficulties in board and lodging,good onlookers,beauty of exotic scenery,and intensive farming were the common perceptions of the collective impression of China by the three types of peregrinators coming to China.These perceptions were the historical map for the west to construct the image of modern China,and had a profound influence on the formation of China’s image of “the inferior other”.展开更多
In 1985, the Fourth Asian-Pacific International Trade Fair cosponsored by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN), was he...In 1985, the Fourth Asian-Pacific International Trade Fair cosponsored by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN), was held in the newly completed China International Exhibition Centre in Beijing with a great success. Nine展开更多
Objectives: There is a risk of spreading infectious material via non-sterile impressions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of autoclave sterilisation on dimensional stability and tear strength of impres...Objectives: There is a risk of spreading infectious material via non-sterile impressions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of autoclave sterilisation on dimensional stability and tear strength of impression materials. Methods: Twenty-four specimens were produced using a standard ruled test block for each of three impression materials (Affinis, Aquasil and Speedex) to test dimensional stability. Thirty tear strips for each material were prepared for the tear test (ISO 34-1). Specimens were randomly allocated to 3 different groups (autoclaved, disinfected or untreated). A non-contact scanner was used to analyse dimensional change and a universal testing machine was used to determine tear strengths. Results: There were no significant differences in the test dimensions measured for any of the three impression materials following autoclave treatment compared to the disinfected or untreated control groups. The tear strengths were not adversely affected by autoclave sterilisation at 134°C. Conclusion: These addition and condensation-cured silicone impression materials can be steam autoclaved without adverse effects on dimensional accuracy or tear strength.展开更多
文摘In her writing,Willa Cather absorbed the techniques of the impressionist painters,striving to present human perception and fo-cus their individual impression on a fleeting moment to provide the fragments of impression upon which the whole can be constructed.
文摘The effects of Mg and semi solid processing on the creep properties ofA356 A1 alloy were investigated. The results show that the dislocation climb controlled creep is the dominant creep mechanism and it is not affected by the semi solid processing and further addition of Mg. Mg improves the alloy creep properties probably by forming large Chinese script Mg2Si compounds at the interdendritic regions. The semi solid processed specimens exhibit better creep properties in comparison with the as cast ones. It is attributed to the reduction in the stacking fault energy resulting from the significant dissolution of Mg in the a(A1) phase.
文摘Microstructure and creep properties of AZ61 alloy containing 1 and 3 wt.% Ca were investigated. The creep properties were examined using impression method under different stresses between 200 and 500 MPa at the temperature ranging from 423 to 491 K. The microstructure of AZ61 alloy contains α(Mg) matrix and Mg17 Al12 intermetallic phases. It is shown that adding Ca to AZ61 alloy reduces the amount of Mg17 Al12 phase via forming(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase;furthermore, increasing the Ca content to 3 wt.% leads to the formation of(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase, as well as the elimination of the Mg17 Al12 phase. Creep properties of AZ61 alloy are improved with the Ca addition. The improvement in creep properties is attributed to the reduction in the amount of Mg17 Al12 phase and the formation of(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase with high thermal stability. According to the obtained creep data, it is concluded that the pipe diffusion-climb controlled dislocation creep is the dominant creep mechanism and Ca addition has no influence on this mechanism. The effect of pre-deformation on the creep properties of AZ61+3%Ca alloy reveals that the creep resistance of the alloy depends on the continuity of(Mg,Al)2 Ca phase. It is decreased by reducing the phase continuity.
文摘AIMTo examine the integrity of the ocular surfaces of subjects with and without diabetes with no conjunctival and dry eye signs and symptoms and compare conjunctival impression cytology findings in diabetics with non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
文摘With the development of online social networks (OSNs) and modern smartphones, sharing photos with friends has become one of the most popular social activities. Since people usually prefer to give others a positive impression, impression management during photo sharing is becoming increasingly important. However, most of the existing privacy-aware solutions have two main drawbacks: Users must decide manually whether to share each photo with others or not, in order to build the desired impression; and users run a high risk of leaking sensitive relational information in group photos during photo sharing, such as their position as part of a couple, or their sexual identity. In this paper, we propose a social rela- tion impression-management (SRIM) scheme to protect relational privacy and to automatically recom- mend an appropriate photo-sharing policy to users. To be more specific, we have designed a lightweight face-distance measurement that calculates the distances between users' faces within group photos by relying on photo metadata and face-detection results. These distances are then transformed into relations using proxemics. Furthermore, we propose a relation impression evaluation algorithm to evaluate and manage relational impressions. We developed a prototype and employed 21 volunteers to verify the functionalities of the SRIM scheme. The evaluation results show the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed scheme.
文摘In Araby, Joyce's well written style is exemplified, as well as his deep thoughts. From the perspective of literary devices, Joyce employs"impressionism"and"epiphany"which are special artistic devices he has applied in this story. The author discusses the plot, setting in Araby, and analyzes the characters in it. Through a thorough study of Araby, the thesis is in order to push forward the understanding of Joyce's purpose in writing the story. The discussion of impressionism and epiphany in this thesis is an attempt to focus the discussion on the story alone, combing the inner unity and integrity of this device, providing better understanding of the functions and management of such new innovations, thus a better understanding of the work itself.
基金the Engineering&Physics Science Research Council(EPSRC)the Institution of Mechanical Engineers(IMechE),UK,Ior financial support.
文摘The results of a theoretical and finite element (FE) investigation of a two-material impression creep test method, using a rectangular indenter, are presented. The method uses a general formulation for steady-state creep deformation for multi-material components in conjunction with the results of FE analyses. The practical application of the proposed technique, in determining the secondary creep properties of heat-affected zone (HAZ) materials in welds, for which conventional creep testing methods cannot be used, is considered. A number of numerical examples are used to describe solution procedures and to verify the method.
文摘Background: The accuracy of the final prosthesis is affected by the final impression technique and master cast production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the functional impression technique with various impression materials on the surface characteristic of dental stone casts and their clinical effect on the retention of complete dentures. Method: Specimens of three impression materials/stone casts were fabricated. The specimens of the impression materials/stone casts were divided into three equal groups (I, II, and III). The impression materials used were as follows: tissue conditioner group (I), zinc oxide (ZEO) (group II) and poly (vinyl siloxane) (PVS) (group III). Cylindrical split aluminium moulds were designed to receive the impression materials and the stone mixture. The surface roughness of the stone cast specimens of the three groups (I, II, and III) was measured with a surface profilometer and analyzed by a scanning electron microscope. A clinical study included five severely resorbed mandibular edentulous alveolar ridges and edentulous maxillary arches. Each subject received three heat-cured acrylic resin dentures, fabricated using the functional impression technique. The three dentures were identical except for the different impression materials used from Groups I, II and III. The retentive force of each denture for each subject was measured. Result: The results of this study revealed that the mean value of surface roughness of the stone cast surface of group I was higher than group II and group III. A statistically significant difference was observed in surface roughness and the retentive dislodging force between the three studied groups. Although using a tissue conditioner as a functional impression material led to a high level of surface roughness and good retention, it could not produce the same smooth surface quality of PVS or ZEO. These data were supported by SEM analysis. The complete dentures for these patients require important oral and denture hygiene care. Conclusion: Complete dentures made using functional impression technique with PVC as a final impression material are more comfortable, retentive and stable.
文摘As restorative dentists, we are faced everyday with decisions about which impression materials and techniques should be used when restoring teeth. The challenge becomes bigger when the patients present with open gingival embrasures, the dreaded “black triangles”, which tops the list of dentist frustration while taking the impression and after preparation of veneers, crowns, bridges, etc. The technique described offers an option to avoid problems related to impressions locking in gingival embrasures and tearing on removal.
文摘This paper takes "impression remolding" as the hint of design concept, analyzes uniqueness and correlation of Lijiang Train Station, and also multiple design techniques of integrating regional cultural elements, such as roofi ng cluster.
文摘Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners for such a screening often wear white radiation hazmat suits. However, it has been reported that examinees tend to feel tension or anxiety. In this study, we focus on the color of the radiation hazmat suit as one measure to reduce residents’ tension or anxiety. This study aims to determine the common conceptions of radiation hazmat suits based on color. Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with a total of 262 participants consisting of nursing students, administrative staff of a university, general citizens, and mothers raising their children in the Tohoku region in Japan. The common impressions of radiation hazmat suits, which are typically white, were measured using the Multiple Affective States Scale. This scale can measure the affective state brought about by clothing. The color of white (W) was defined as a standard color commonly used for hazmat suits;in order to determine the common impressions of radiation hazmat suits based on color, the following additional colors were shown to the participants: salmon pink (P), ivory (I), and light green (G). Results: There were no sex differences regarding common impressions of radiation hazmat suits. For white radiation hazmat suits, a high score reflecting the characteristic of “capable” was obtained, while the scores for “cheerful” and “calm” were low, and those for “depressed” and “tense” were high. The colors that showed the highest score for “calm” as a positive affirmative state were I and P. W and P reflected a high “ashamed” score, and the “tense” score for G was higher for the participants in their 20s than for those in their 30s and older. Conclusions: Results show that the color of hazmat suits provokes far greater feelings of anxiety and tension on participants than previously thought. Radiation hazmat suits may be further improved based on the results of this study.
文摘A writer's narrative style is about the way in which he or she comes to handle a subject--it can be a theme, a character, or a place, etc.. When someone tries to define Henry James's writing style, for instance, he or she is amazed by the sense of richness in Jamesian styles, because of the writer's own life experience and life style Travelling around different cities and going to art galleries and museums certainly construct James's unique way of seeing. In this article, the author wants to focus on Jamesian ways of seeing the relation between art and writing. Treating novel as a form of fine arts, the author would suggest, James uses techniques of painting and photography in the writing about the impressions of the cities.
文摘I easily got my first offer from a Fortune 500 Group after a week I reached Suzhou.The work- ing location is in the miraculous Suzhou Industrial Park(SIP).Suzhou Industrial Park is a leading model zone in China.Speaking of SIP,I couldn't wait to introduce the housing accumulation fund policy here.
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,up till now,TCM has not yet been granted a legal position for clinical practice in aconsiderable number of countries.So it is our responsibility tO make TCM internationalized and push TCMtobe accepted world—wide,even though we know that it is a long way to go.
基金Sponsored by “Twelfth Five-year Plan” Program of Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences (GD15XLS07)Science and Technology Innovation Research Team Program of Zhaoqing University (2021)。
文摘Since modern times,western countries had influenced the formulation of rules for travelling China through a series of gunboat diplomacy and a series of unequal treaties,and promoted the formation of three major peregrination routes,namely south China centered on Guangzhou and Shanghai,southwest China centered on the Yangtze River and Chengdu,and north China centered on Beijing and the Great Wall.Overpopulation,lack of curiosity and knowledge,difficulties in board and lodging,good onlookers,beauty of exotic scenery,and intensive farming were the common perceptions of the collective impression of China by the three types of peregrinators coming to China.These perceptions were the historical map for the west to construct the image of modern China,and had a profound influence on the formation of China’s image of “the inferior other”.
文摘In 1985, the Fourth Asian-Pacific International Trade Fair cosponsored by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN), was held in the newly completed China International Exhibition Centre in Beijing with a great success. Nine
文摘Objectives: There is a risk of spreading infectious material via non-sterile impressions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of autoclave sterilisation on dimensional stability and tear strength of impression materials. Methods: Twenty-four specimens were produced using a standard ruled test block for each of three impression materials (Affinis, Aquasil and Speedex) to test dimensional stability. Thirty tear strips for each material were prepared for the tear test (ISO 34-1). Specimens were randomly allocated to 3 different groups (autoclaved, disinfected or untreated). A non-contact scanner was used to analyse dimensional change and a universal testing machine was used to determine tear strengths. Results: There were no significant differences in the test dimensions measured for any of the three impression materials following autoclave treatment compared to the disinfected or untreated control groups. The tear strengths were not adversely affected by autoclave sterilisation at 134°C. Conclusion: These addition and condensation-cured silicone impression materials can be steam autoclaved without adverse effects on dimensional accuracy or tear strength.