A Spectral Convolutional Neural Network Model Based on Adaptive Fick’s Law for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral image classification stands as a pivotal task within the field of remote sensing,yet achieving highprecision classification remains a significant challenge.In response to this challenge,a Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA-SCNN)is proposed.The Adaptive Fick’s Law Algorithm(AFLA)constitutes a novel metaheuristic algorithm introduced herein,encompassing three new strategies:Adaptive weight factor,Gaussian mutation,and probability update policy.With adaptive weight factor,the algorithmcan adjust theweights according to the change in the number of iterations to improve the performance of the algorithm.Gaussianmutation helps the algorithm avoid falling into local optimal solutions and improves the searchability of the algorithm.The probability update strategy helps to improve the exploitability and adaptability of the algorithm.Within the AFLA-SCNN model,AFLA is employed to optimize two hyperparameters in the SCNN model,namely,“numEpochs”and“miniBatchSize”,to attain their optimal values.AFLA’s performance is initially validated across 28 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2013 and 29 functions in 10D,30D,and 50D for CEC2017.Experimental results indicate AFLA’s marked performance superiority over nine other prominent optimization algorithms.Subsequently,the AFLA-SCNN model was compared with the Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Fick’s Law Algorithm(FLA-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based on Harris Hawks Optimization(HHO-SCNN),Spectral Convolutional Neural Network model based onDifferential Evolution(DE-SCNN),SpectralConvolutionalNeuralNetwork(SCNN)model,and SupportVector Machines(SVM)model using the Indian Pines dataset and PaviaUniversity dataset.The experimental results show that the AFLA-SCNN model outperforms other models in terms of Accuracy,Precision,Recall,and F1-score on Indian Pines and Pavia University.Among them,the Accuracy of the AFLA-SCNN model on Indian Pines reached 99.875%,and the Accuracy on PaviaUniversity reached 98.022%.In conclusion,our proposed AFLA-SCNN model is deemed to significantly enhance the precision of hyperspectral image classification.

Casson hybrid nanofluid flow over a Riga plate for drug deliveryapplications with double diffusion

Casson fluid-mediated hybrid nanofluids are more effective at transferring heat than traditional heat transfer fluids in terms of thermal conductivity.Heat exchangers,cooling systems and other thermal management systems are ideal for use with Casson fluids.Precise control of the flow and release of medication is necessary when using Casson fluids in drug delivery systems because of their unique rheological properties.Nanotechnology involves the creation of nanoparticles that are loaded with drugs and distributed in Casson fluid-based carriers for targeted delivery.In this study,to create a hybrid nanofluid,both single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)and multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)are dispersed in a Casson fluid with Fourier’s and Fick’s laws assumptions.The Casson fluid is suitable for various engineering and medical applications due to the enhancement of heat transfer and thermal conductivity by the carbon nanotubes.Our objective is to understand how SWCNTs and MWCNTs impact the flow field by studying the flow behavior of the Casson hybrid nanofluid when it is stretched against a Riga plate.The Darcy-Forchheimer model is also used to account for the impact of the porous medium near the stretching plate.Both linear and quadratic drag terms are taken into account in this model to accurately predict the flow behavior of the nanofluid.In addition,the homotopy analysis method is utilized to address the model problem.The outcomes are discussed and deliberated based on drug delivery applications.These findings shed valuable light on the flow characteristics of a Casson hybrid nanofluid comprising SWCNTs and MWCNTs.It is observed that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes makes the nanofluid a promising candidate for medical applications due to its improved heat transfer properties.

Chloride Diffusivity Analysis of Existing Concrete Based on Fick's Second Law

According to the existing concrete core samples obtained in site, chloride concentration and porosity of existing normal hydraulic concrete were measured, and chloride diffusivity in existing hydraulic concrete was studied. By Fick’s second law, the chloride diffusion coefficients in the steady diffusion area were calculated. The chloride diffusion of different mix proportion concrete was tested, and chloride diffusion coefficients and porosities of freshly concrete were measured, moreover, the relationship between diffusion coefficient and porosity was analyzed. The results show that the varying law of chloride diffusion coefficient with exposure time of existing concrete can be predicted in a better way by Fick’s second law and water-cement ratios or porosity of concrete and chloride concentration in existing concrete.

玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能及氯盐侵蚀行为

为探究氯盐侵蚀对玄武岩纤维混凝土力学性能的影响及氯盐在混凝土中的侵蚀行为,以抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、氯离子沉积量为表征手段进行盐雾侵蚀试验,并根据Fick第二定律计算得到不同侵蚀龄期下氯离子扩散系数。结果表明:混凝土强度在氯盐侵蚀过程中呈现先上升后下降的趋势;通过氯盐侵蚀的玄武岩纤维与普通混凝土相比,能有效提高混凝土的抗压及劈裂抗拉强度,降低混凝土劣化速率;在相同深度及侵蚀龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子含量均低于普通混凝土;此外,氯离子扩散系数随着侵蚀龄期的增加而降低,且相同龄期下玄武岩纤维混凝土氯离子扩散系数均低于普通混凝土。

Fick第二定律的应用研究现状与展望

Fick第二定律通常被用来描述氯离子在混凝土中的扩散性质,对于Fick第二定律在钢筋混凝土结构寿命预测的应用,已经有许多学者对其进行了研究。本文总结了他们的研究成果,分别从Fick第二定律公式中的各个影响参数出发,对公式进行讨论,并且根据公式中各个参数的不确定性,提出了Fick第二定律应用发展方向,即应用随机微分方程理论建立随机模型。

习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育的路径探析

习近平法治思想是培养新时代德法兼修优秀人才的根本遵循和行动指南。习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育,是新时代高校大学生思想政治教育的重要任务,在维护高校安全稳定、推动法治教育体系改革、培养法治人才等方面具有重要意义。习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育,需要重视顶层设计,在教学方式、教材编写、师资配备、制度保障、评价机制等方面全方位发力,健全习近平法治思想与习近平文化思想的融合教育模式,实现全员、全过程和全方位育人。

Exact Solution of Fractional Diffusion Model with Source Term used in Study of Concentration of Fission Product in Uranium Dioxide Particle

The exact solution of fractional diffusion model with a location-independent source term used in the study of the concentration of fission product in spherical uranium dioxide （U02） particle is built. The adsorption effect of the fission product on the surface of the U02 particle and the delayed decay effect are also considered. The solution is given in terms of Mittag-Leffler function with finite Hankel integral transformation and Laplace transformation. At last, the reduced forms of the solution under some special physical conditions, which is used in nuclear engineering, are obtained and corresponding remarks are given to provide significant exact results to the concentration analysis of nuclear fission products in nuclear reactor.

Radionuclides in primary coolant of a fluoride salt-cooled hightemperature reactor during normal operation

The release of fission products from coated particle fuel to primary coolant, as well as the activation of coolant and impurities, were analysed for a fluoride saltcooled high-temperature reactor(FHR) system, and the activity of radionuclides accumulated in the coolant during normal operation was calculated. The release rate(release fraction per unit time) of fission products was calculated with STACY code, which is modelled mainly based on the Fick's law, while the activation of coolant and impurities was calculated with SCALE code. The accumulation of radionuclides in the coolant has been calculated with a simplified model, which is generally a time integration considering the generation and decay of radionuclides. The results show that activation products are the dominant gamma source in the primary coolant system during normal operation of the FHR while fission products become the dominant source after shutdown. In operation condition,health-impacts related nuclides such as ~3H, and ^(14)C originate from the activation of lithium and coolant impurities including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. According to the calculated effective cross sections of neutron activation,~6Li and ^(14)N are the dominant ~3H production source and ^(14)C production source, respectively. Considering the high production rate,~3H and ^(14)C should be treated before being released to the environment.

基于Fick-小波包变换方法对土壤CO_2浓度时间序列的去噪处理

土壤CO_2浓度时间序列的数据质量易受到外界环境及土壤监测仪质量的影响,导致不能精确的测定土壤呼吸。针对土壤CO_2浓度时间序列的数据质量问题,本文提出小波包变换和Fick第二定律结合的方法对时间序列进行去噪分析。实验结果显示,无论从均值,信噪比,均方根误差和斜率距离来看,本文算法都优于由传统方法计算得到的结果。同时,在研究区域分别测量了早中晚三个时间段的土壤CO_2浓度,对其进行去噪处理之后,利用Fick第一定律计算获得的土壤碳通量与LI-8100测得的仅相距1μmol/m^2/s左右。说明通过本文算法不仅精确算得了开放型气室内任意时间任意位置的CO_2浓度时间序列,并且通过计算处理后的时间序列获得了与LI-8100相近的土壤碳通量。

Brownian Motion of Decaying Particles: Transition Probability, Computer Simulation, and First-Passage Times

Recent developments in the measurement of radioactive gases in passive diffusion motivate the analysis of Brownian motion of decaying particles, a subject that has received little previous attention. This paper reports the derivation and solution of equations comparable to the Fokker-Planck and Langevin equations for one-dimensional diffusion and decay of unstable particles. In marked contrast to the case of stable particles, the two equations are not equivalent, but provide different information regarding the same stochastic process. The differences arise because Brownian motion with particle decay is not a continuous process. The discontinuity is readily apparent in the computer-simulated trajectories of the Langevin equation that incorporate both a Wiener process for displacement fluctuations and a Bernoulli process for random decay. This paper also reports the derivation of the mean time of first passage of the decaying particle to absorbing boundaries. Here, too, particle decay can lead to an outcome markedly different from that for stable particles. In particular, the first-passage time of the decaying particle is always finite, whereas the time for a stable particle to reach a single absorbing boundary is theoretically infinite due to the heavy tail of the inverse Gaussian density. The methodology developed in this paper should prove useful in the investigation of radioactive gases, aerosols of radioactive atoms, dust particles to which adhere radioactive ions, as well as diffusing gases and liquids of unstable molecules.

过失速机动变指数趋近律UAS-SMC设计

针对常规指数趋近律单向辅助面滑模控制中存在的抖振问题,提出了一种基于变指数趋近律的单向辅助面滑模控制方法。针对系统控制量变化时飞机模型发生跳变的问题,进行T-S模糊建模,以保证非线性系统在控制区间上的平滑性;在对UAS-SMC(Unidirectional Auxiliary Surfaces-Sliding Mode Control)方法进行分析的基础上,给出了一种变指数的趋近律;结合飞机模型和变指数趋近律,设计了基于变指数单向辅助面滑模控制器。仿真实验结果表明,该控制策略能保证趋近过程快速性的同时在接近滑模面时能有效减少系统的抖振。

Visual analysis of flow and diffusion of hemolytic agents and hematomas

The elimination of intracranial hematomas has received widespread attention and the interactions between hemolytic agents and hematomas have become a hot research topic.In this study,we used the Navier-Stokes equation to describe the flow control equation for hemolytic agents in a tube and used Fick’s law and the Maxwell-Stefan diffusion theory to describe the diffusion and mass transfer of hemolytic agents and hematomas.The physical fields and initial boundary conditions were set according to the parametric properties of the fluid and drainage tube.The COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to simulate the streamline distribution of hemolytic agents in a bifurcated drainage tube.Additionally,the diffusion behaviors of the hemolytic agents into hematomas were simulated and visual analysis of coupled multiphysics was performed to realize the digitization and visualization of engineering fluid problems and contribute to the field of medical engineering.

Heat and Water Vapour Transfer Trough the Envelope of a Cold Chamber

The diffusion of water vapour in the atmospheric air through the elements of the envelope of a cold storage room, caused by the pressure gradient between the external and internal environment is inevitable in most situations. In fact, if the conditions in the interior of an envelope element are such as to enable the vapour freezing of the migrant water, the increase in volume from the formation of ice will causes the deformation of this element with very serious consequences, which can go up to its partial or total destruction. In this scenario, readily note the importance ofvapour barriers associated with a properly designed insulation, tend to not only reduce the amount of water diffused, but also prevent the achievement of the conditions for freeze inside the engaging elements. The purpose of this work is to formulate the procedure for design of vapour barriers connected with the design of optimized thermal insulation, and then apply it to a cold chamber located in Portugal. Vapour barriers and the procedure for its design are both mandatory. The required thickness of the vapour barrier is relatively small, and the most appropriate insolation （maintaining the optimal thickness） is the black cork agglomerate.

Theoretical Evidence for Wave Nature of Micro Particle and New Theory of Its Collective Motion in Material

Since a material is composed of micro particles, investigating behavior of those particles is essentially dominant for materials science. The diffusivity of diffusion equation is relevant to not only a collective motion of micro particles but also a motion of single particle. An elementary process of diffusion was thus theoretically investigated in a local space and time. As a result, the investigation concluded that the wave nature of micro particle results from denying the mathematical density theorem of a real time in the Newton mechanics. In other words, the basic theory of quantum mechanics is established in accordance with the cause-and-effect relationship in the Newton mechanics, for the first time, regardless of the de Broglie hypothesis. In relation to the collective motion of micro particles, the new diffusion theory was also reasonably established using the universal expression of diffusivity obtained here. In the present paper, the new findings indispensable for the fundamental knowledge in physics are thus systematically discussed in accordance with the theoretical frame in physics.

Oxidation Kinetics of Aluminum Powders in a Gas Fluidized Bed Reactor in the Potential Application of Surge Arresting Materials

In this technical paper, the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of aluminum powders are discussed in great details. The potential applications of spherical aluminum powders after oxidation to be part of the surging arresting materials are discussed. Theoretical calculations of oxidation of spherical aluminum powders in a typical gas fluidization bed are demonstrated. Computer software written by the author is used to carry out the basic calculations of important parameters of a gas fluidization bed at different temperatures. A mathematical model of the dynamic system in a gas fluidization bed is developed and the analytical solution is obtained. The mathematical model can be used to estimate aluminum oxide thickness at a defined temperature. The mathematical model created in this study is evaluated and confirmed consistently with the experimental results on a gas fluidization bed. Detail technical discussion of the oxidation mechanism of aluminum is carried out. The mathematical deviations of the mathematical modeling have demonstrated in great details. This mathematical model developed in this study and validated with experimental results can bring a great value for the quantitative analysis of a gas fluidization bed in general from a theoretical point of view. It can be applied for the oxidation not only for aluminum spherical powders, but also for other spherical metal powders. The mathematical model developed can further enhance the applications of gas fluidization technology. In addition to the development of mathematical modeling of a gas fluidization bed reactor, the formation of oxide film through diffusion on both planar and spherical aluminum surfaces is analyzed through a thorough mathematical deviation using diffusion theory and Laplace transformation. The dominant defects and their impact to oxidation of aluminum are also discussed in detail. The well-controlled oxidation film on spherical metal powders such as aluminum and other metal spherical powders can potentially become an important part of switch devices of surge arresting materials, in general.

冻融-干湿作用下装配式结构节点部位的氯离子传输特性

目的 研究冻融-干湿循环作用下装配式混凝土结构节点部位的氯离子传输特性,为北方寒区装配式结构的发展提供理论基础。方法 在Fick第二定律的基础上推导氯离子在扩散和冻融作用下的偏微分方程,建立数值模型模拟冻融与氯盐干湿侵蚀交替作用下氯离子在装配式混凝土结构节点部位的传输过程。结果 在冻融-干湿循环作用下氯离子逐渐向混凝土内部扩散,随着侵蚀深度的增加,氯离子质量分数逐渐降低;在侵蚀深度10 mm处,冻融-干湿循环50次后的氯离子质量分数为0.246%,可以发现经历100次、150次、200次、250次、300次循环后,节点部位氯离子质量分数分别较经历50次循环增加了66.3%、99.2%、134.6%、164.2%、173.6%。结论 节点与其他部位相比受到氯离子的侵蚀作用更强;随着冻融-干湿循环次数的增加,氯离子质量分数增速放缓,各部位冻融破坏程度均增加。

基于侵蚀扩散模型的混凝土硫酸根离子传输模拟

探讨盐湖、盐渍土地区混凝土内硫酸根离子(SO_(4)^(2-))侵蚀问题,基于Fick第二定律,考虑扩散系数随混凝土孔隙率及曲折度变化,建立受侵蚀混凝土硫酸根离子侵蚀扩散模型,结合COMSOL Multiphysics软件仿真分析不同溶度SO_(4)^(2-)溶液浸泡条件下混凝土内SO_(4)^(2-)与铝酸钙类物质(CA)分布演化规律。结果表明:受侵蚀混凝土内SO_(4)^(2-)分布数值结果与试验值吻合较好;溶液浓度越高SO_(4)^(2-)扩散速度越快;相同侵蚀时间下SO_(4)^(2-)浓度与侵蚀深度呈负指数关系,CA含量由表及里变化,侵蚀表面CA含量最少;相同侵蚀深度下SO_(4)^(2-)浓度随侵蚀时间增加呈S型增长趋势,而CA含量则显著减小。

早龄期受硫酸盐侵蚀下的混凝土分层腐蚀模型

为研究早龄期受硫酸盐侵蚀下混凝土的损伤劣化规律,采用压汞法(mercury intrusion porosimetry, MIP)测定了清水环境和硫酸盐环境下不同腐蚀龄期混凝土试样的孔隙率,利用分光光度法测定了混凝土中硫酸根离子的分布,并测试了不同腐蚀龄期混凝土的超声波声速值。结果表明:清水组中混凝土的孔隙率先降低后逐渐趋于一个定值,硫酸钠溶液中混凝土的孔隙率则先降低后增加;混凝土超声波声速值的变化规律与孔隙率的变化规律呈负相关性。最后,结合硫酸根离子的分布规律和Fick第二定律,建立了腐蚀混凝土分层理论计算模型,并利用混凝土密实速率系数评估了混凝土的损伤劣化进程。

Simulation of Case Depth of Cementation Steels According to Fick’s Laws

The carburizing process is the enrichment of the depth of low carbon steels with carbon. It leads to samples with a combination of high surface hardness and high core toughness and to an impact strength that is required for many engineering parts. The material studied is a low carbon steel. The carbon content is little in this type of steel （wc = 0.2 ~）. The calculation of case depth is very important for cementation steels that are hardened in the carburi- zing process. The effective case depth is defined as the perpendicular distance from the surface to a place at which the hardness is HV 550. Nowadays, a great number of studies have been carried out on the simulation of effective case depth, but no studies have been conducted to determine the numerical relation between the total case depth on one hand and the carburizing time and the effective case depth on the other hand. The steel specimens were subjected to graphite powder. Then, they were heat treated at 925 ~C for about 3, 5, 8 and 12 h, respectively. Then, these parts were quenched in oil. To determine the effective case depth, the micr0hardness test was performed on the cross-section of specimens. Plotting the case depth vs carburizing time, the required conditions for obtaining the specified case depth were determined. Also, the comparison between the case depths in numerical solution and the actual position in pack carburizing was performed.

滇池福保湾底泥内源氮磷营养盐释放通量估算

在滇池福保湾采集柱状芯样，室内静态模拟沉积物NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的释放.结果表明，底泥NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的释放速率分别为22.941-163.117 mg·（m^2·d）^-1和0.90-2.06 mg·（m^2·d）^-1，不同区域释放速率差异极大.相对较低的释放速率与湖湾接纳高浓度污水使上覆水与沉积物孔隙水间浓度势减弱有关.通过Peeper（原位渗析膜采样器）法获取间隙水-上覆水剖面样品分析，并根据Fick扩散定律计算出福保湾底泥NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的释放速率分别为2.85-81.96 mg·（m^2·d）^-1和0.118-0.265 mg·（m^2·d）^-1.比较2种方法，利用Fick定律计算出的界面氮磷释放通量明显小于柱样模拟方法.经面积加权，按静态释放计算出福保湾底泥NH4^＋-N和PO4^3--P的年释放通量分别为（49.9±8.8）t和（0.79±0.53）t.