Appendicitis combined with Meckel’s diverticulum obstruction, perforation, and inflammation in children: Three case reports

BACKGROUND Meckel’s diverticulum is a common congenital malformation of the small intestine,with the three most common complications being obstruction,per-foration,and inflammation.To date,only a few cases have been reported world-wide.In children,the clinical symptoms are similar to appendicitis.As most of the imaging features are nonspecific,the preoperative diagnosis is not precise.In addition,the clinical characteristics are highly similar to pediatric acute appendicitis,thus special attention is necessary to distinguish Meckel’s diver-ticulum from pediatric appendicitis.Patients with poor disease control should undergo laparoscopic exploration to avoid serious complications,including intestinal necrosis,intestinal perforation and gastrointestinal bleeding.CASE SUMMARY This report presents three cases of appendicitis in children combined with intestinal obstruction,which was caused by fibrous bands(ligaments)arising from the top part of Meckel's diverticulum,diverticular perforation,and diver-ticular inflammation.All three patients,aged 11-12 years,had acute appendicitis as their initial clinical presentation.All were treated by laparoscopic surgery with a favorable outcome.A complete dataset including clinical presentation,dia-gnostic imaging,surgical information,and histopathologic findings was also provided.CONCLUSION Preoperative diagnosis of Meckel’s diverticulum and its complications is challenging because its clinical signs and complications are similar to those of appendicitis in children.Laparoscopy combined with laparotomy is useful for diagnosis and treatment.

COVID-19 and cardiac complications:Myocarditis and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Coronavirus is an important pathogen causing disease in humans and animals.At the end of 2019,an investigation into an increase in pneumonia cases in Wuhan,Hubei Province,China,found that the cause was a new coronavirus.This disease,which spread rapidly across China and caused an outbreak worldwide,resulted in a pandemic.Although this virus has previously been referred to as 2019-nCoV,which causes coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),later it was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.Children were usually asymptomatic and rarely severely affected.In April 2020,reports from the United Kingdom indicated that children may have Kawasaki disease or a clinical condition similar to toxic shock syndrome.This clinical picture was later defined as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.Since then,similarly affected children as well as cases with other cardiac complications have been reported in other parts of the world.In this review,we aimed to evaluate COVID-19 in terms of cardiac involvement by reviewing the literature.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Targeted Nursing in Children with Severe Viral Encephalitis Complicated with Respiratory Failure

Objective:To explore and analyze the effectiveness of targeted nursing in children with severe viral encephalitis complicated with respiratory failure.Methods:From April 2021 to April 2023,74 children with severe viral encephalitis complicated with respiratory failure admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of our hospital were selected as the research objects and divided into the target group(n=37)and the reference group(n=37).Targeted nursing was given to the target group,while general nursing was given to the reference group.Physical rehabilitation,motor scores,and lung function were compared between the groups.Results:The recovery time of limb abnormalities,convulsions,abnormal consciousness,and cranial nerve disorders in the target group was significantly better than that in the reference group(P<0.05).The motor function,joint activity and pain,sensory function,and total score of the target group were significantly lower than those of the reference group(P<0.05).After the intervention,lung function indicators including VC(vital capacity),FVC(forced vital capacity),and MVV(maximum voluntary ventilation)of the target group were better than those of the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Targeted nursing can shorten the recovery period of severe viral encephalitis complicated with respiratory failure in children,speed up the recovery of motor function,and improve lung function.This nursing model has a significant application effect in children with severe viral encephalitis complicated with respiratory failure.

Analysis of the Efficacy of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Combined with Psycho-Behavioral Modification Therapy in the Treatment of ADHD in Children

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of atomoxetine hydrochloride (ATX) combined with psychological-behavioral modification therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Methods: A total of 60 cases of ADHD children admitted to our hospital between November 2021 and November 2022 were selected and randomly grouped into Group I and Group II. There were 30 cases in Group I who were treated with ATX combined with psychological-behavioral modification therapy. There were 30 cases in Group II who were treated with ATX monotherapy, and the therapeutic effects were compared. Results: Before treatment, there was no difference in the behavioral problem scores and cognitive function indexes of the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the behavioral problem scores of Group I were lower than those of Group II, and the cognitive function indicators of Group I were lower than those of Group II (P < 0.05). The adverse reaction rate of Group I was lower than that of Group II, and the total effective rate was higher than that of Group II (P < 0.05). Conclusion: ATX combined with psychological-behavioral modification therapy improved the behavioral problems of ADHD children, enhanced their cognitive function, and reduced the adverse reactions to drug treatment.

Analysis of the personalized treatment and the relevant prognostic factors in children with medulloblastoma

Purpose:The present study summarized cases of children(n=32)with medulloblastoma(MB)who were treated using stratified therapy based on risk grading and also discussed the factors affecting prognosis.Methods:According to the risk stratification criteria,the cases were divided into the following four risk groups:low,standard,high,and very high.The 5-year overall survival(OS)and progression-free survival(PFS)rates were summarized.Further,the effects on the prognosis of tumor size,tumor stage,degree of resection,treatment mode,metastatic recurrence,molecular typing,and risk stratification were analyzed.Results:In the present study,following surgery,3 cases abandoned radiotherapy(RT)and chemotherapy(CHT),7 cases(<3 years of age)received only CHT,and 22 cases received combined RT and CHT.Total and near-total tumor resections were performed in 29 cases(90.6%).Subtotal resections were performed in 3 cases,and there were no surgery-related deaths.The average follow-up duration was 47 months.The average 5-year PFS and OS rates were 57.3%±7.2%and 68.7%±8.6%,respectively.The OS and PFS rates were significantly correlated with tumor-risk stratification,molecular staging,tumor stage,treatment mode,and recurrence after surgery(p<0.01).The degree of tumor resection,pathological type,and the presence of preoperative implantation were secondary factors affecting the prognosis(p<0.05).Age was correlated with the PFS rate.There was no correlation between age/tumor location/tumor size and prognosis(p>0.05).Favorable prognostic factors in the low-and standard-risk groups were stage M0,wingless-type MB,postoperative RT combined with CHT,no postoperative recurrence,age≥3 years,and total tumor resection.Conclusions:Personalized treatment strategies based on the risk stratification of MB and postoperative stratified comprehensive treatment could help improve the prognosis for MB.

The Effect of Azithromycin in Treating Mycoplasma Pneumonia in Children

Objective:To discuss and analyze the effect of azithromycin in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children.Methods:A total of 120 children with mycoplasma pneumonia who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of our hospital from January 2022 to December 2022 were selected as the research subjects.They were divided into an azithromycin group and a reference group according to the random number drawing method,with 60 cases in each group.The azithromycin group was treated with azithromycin,and the reference group was treated with conventional treatment.The efficacy of treatment,laboratory indicators,platelet count and D-dimer,and adverse reactions of both groups were compared.Results:The efficacy of the azithromycin group was significantly higher than that of the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no significant differences in the laboratory indicators like ferritin,procalcitonin(PCT),and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the laboratory indicators of the azithromycin group were significantly better than those of the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in platelet count and D-dimer between the groups(P>0.05);after medication,the platelet count,and D-dimer in the azithromycin group were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).The total incidence of adverse reactions in the azithromycin group was significantly lower than that in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Azithromycin is more effective in treating mycoplasma pneumonia in children,and has certain clinical value.

Novel Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor Genes with EBV-infectious Diseases in Children

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors （KIRs） which are mainly expressed on natural killer （NK） cells are implicated in many virus infections. However, it is unclear whether or not KIRs are associated with susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus （EBV） infection related diseases. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to investigate possible correlation between polymorphisms of KIR genes and infectious mononucleosis （IM）/EBV-associated hemophagocytic Iymphohistiocytosis （EBV-HLH）. The polymorphisms of KIR genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers （PCR-SSP）. The results would contribute to clarify the association of KIRs with EBV induced diseases, and provide new insights into the role of NK cells and innate immune response against viral infections and/or subsequent progression.

A Systematic Assessment of Blood Lead Level in Children and Associated Risk Factors in China

In this study, we searched multiple databases for all relevant original articles (1996-2013). To investigate blood lead levels (BLL) and possible risk factors for lead exposure among children in China A total of 388 articles met our inclusion criteria. The overall geometric mean (GM) BLL was 71 μg/L, and the prevalence of elevated BLL (EBLL, defined as BLL &ge;100 μg/L) was 18.48% among children. The prevalence of EBLL remained significantly higher among boys. In children less than 6 years of age, there were significantly increasing trends in both BLL and prevalence of EBLL in an age-dependent manner. The ban on leaded gasoline significantly reduced the BLL as well as EBLL prevalence; however, children whose parents had lower educational levels or were exposed to lead in the workplace had a higher EBLL prevalence. Despite its decline over time, the average BLL among children in China remains higher than the average level most recently reported in the United States. Childhood lead poisoning remains a public health problem in China.

Changing Grains for the Prevention and Treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease in Children: a Meta-analysis

To evaluate the efficacy of changing grains on the prevention and treatment of Kashin-Beck Disease （KBD） in children, community-based trials were acquired from seven electronic databases （up to July 2014）. As a result, the methodological quality of the six trials that have been included into our analysis was low. The pooled ORs favoring the prevention and treatment effects of changing grains were 0.15 （95% CI： 0.03-0.70） and 2.13 （95% CI： 1.44-3.16） respectively by meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis demonstrated the pooled OR favoring treatment effect of exchanging grains rather than drying grains both compared with endemic grains. The results showed that changing grains had obvious effects on the prevention and treatment of KBD in children. However, the evidences were limited by the potential biases and confounders. Large and well-designed trials are still needed.

Ultrasound guided neural stem cell transplantation through the lateral ventricle for treatment of cerebral palsy in children

A total of 24 children with cerebral palsy were enrolled in this study and underwent ultrasound guided transplantation of neural stem cells through the lateral ventricle. Neural stem cells （3.8 x 106-7.3 x 107） were injected into the lateral ventricles. Mild injury of lateral ventricular blood vessels occurred in only two cases （8.3%）. Seven cases （29.2%） experienced a fever. Clinical manifestations were improved to varying degrees in eight cases （28.0%） within 3 months after transplantation. Patient condition did not worsen, and no patient experienced severe adverse reactions.

Norovirus Infection and Histo-blood Group Antigens in Children Hospitalized with Diarrhea in Lulong and Chenzhou in China

Norovirus （NOV） is a pathogen that commonly causes viral diarrhea in children. Studies indicate that NoV recognizes human histo-blood group antigens （HBGAs） as cell attachment factors. In order to explore the correlation between of NoV infection and HBGAs, a cross-sectional study was conducted in children less than five years old who were hospitalized with diarrhea in two areas of China between November 2014 and February 2015. Of the paired stool and saliva samples taken from 424 children,

Analysis on the Clinical Effect of Shenling Baizhu San Combined with Routine Treatment on Bacterial Pneumonia in Children

[Objectives]To explore the effect of Shenling Baizhu San combined with routine treatment on the clinical efficacy,gastrointestinal function protection,inflammatory response and immune function of children with bacterial pneumonia.[Methods]From July 2017 to January 2018,80 children with bacterial pneumonia were randomly selected and divided into observation group and control group with 40 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional Western medicine,while the observation group was treated with Shenling Baizhu San on the basis of conventional treatment,with a period of 10 d.Then,we compared the clinical efficacy,incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms,WBC,CRP,CD4+and CD8+levels between the two groups.[Results]The clinical efficacy of the observation group was better than that of the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of WBC and CRP in the two groups decreased,especially in the observation group(P<0.05).After treatment,the level of CD4+in both groups increased significantly,while the level of CD8+decreased significantly,and the level of CD4+in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group after treatment.The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.01).[Conclusions]Shenling Baizhu San can obviously improve the clinical effect of bacterial pneumonia in children and has the protective effect of gastrointestinal tract,and its mechanism may be related to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), Kawasaki Disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome so Different and Similar

Children are infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but they are asymptomatic or suffer a mild disease compared to adults. However, the post-infectious immune dysregulation may result in the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). The most common presentations of MIS are fever, gastrointestinal (diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain), cardiovascular, mucocutaneous (rash, mucus membrane changes, conjunctival injection), respiratory (including sore throat), headache, limb and periorbital edema, and elevated inflammation markers. Some clinical and laboratory features of MIS-C are similar to other systemic diseases of childhood as Kawasaki disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome. Here are reported three cases in children with MIS-C, Kawasaki disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome to highlight the similarities and differences of these diseases.

Research Progress of Continuous Blood Purification in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis in Children

Pediatric sepsis is the most common disease in pediatric critical illness,because the main reason for the disease is that children's immune level is not high or the immune system is not perfect,when children's lung,abdominal cavity and blood system are infected,it will cause systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction.Early clinical symptoms are mainly irregular and intermittent fever.When the disease develops to severe sepsis,the children will suffer from acute heart failure,oliguria,respiratory alkalosis and even multiple organ failure.The incidence of death is high.It is reported that the incidence rate of sepsis in children can reach 0.3%,and the mortality rate is 50%.High incidence rate,high mortality rate and high treatment cost are the biggest problems in the pediatric field.In the past,the clinical hope of clearing away heat and toxin,promoting blood circulation and removing stasis,strengthening inflammation and other methods in traditional Chinese medicine,but the treatment effect is not ideal.With the improvement of modem medical understanding of sepsis,continuous blood purification therapy is introduced into the treatment of children with severe sepsis.In order to further explore the effect of continuous blood purification in the treatment of children with severe sepsis,the author summarizes the clinical practice experience and relevant literature,hoping to provide reference for relevant medical staff。

Hepatitis of unknown etiology in children:Current evidence and association

Two years after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in children(AHUCD)began to be reported worldwide.The novel coronavirus and adenovirus were found in pathogen and antibody tests in AHUCD cases reported by the World Health Organization.Children are not exposed to the viruses that children are generally exposed to owing to COVID-19 infection preventive measures such as isolation and wearing masks;therefore,some researchers have speculated that this disease is related to reduced exposure to pathogens.Some scientists have also speculated that the disease is related to liver injury and adenoviral hepatitis,which are the sequelae of COVID-19.Some evidence also suggests a weak association between the disease and COVID-19 vaccination.Therefore,further research and investigation of the pathogenesis,preventive measures,and early treatment of hepatitis of unknown etiology are required.This study aimed to synthesize available evidence to further elucidate this disease in order to treat and prevent it effectively.

TCM Treatment of Asthma in Children with Yin Hua Wu Mei Tang——Professor Liu Bichen's Experience in Treating Asthma

Asthma is characterized by paroxysmaldyspnea,rales in the throat,difficulty in breathing,and inability to lie horizontally.It is commonly seenin children with a weak body constitution,and tendsto be intractable,thus being harmful to the

Factors Influencing the Number of Rabies Cases in Children in China

To understand the epidemic situation and factors influencing rabies cases in children in China, we obtained an overview of the current epidemic based on individual data of rabies cases in children and a descriptive analysis was carried on the prevalence and related factors. The results showed that the rabies cases in children accounted for 21.3% of the total number of rabies cases in China, 97.0% of these cases occurred in rural areas, they were mainly caused by dogs （81.5%）, and were primarily level Ill exposure （47.7%）. More than half of the cases were not treated with wound care, vaccination rate was extremely low （15.7%）, and only 5.9% of cases were injected with antibodies. Furthermore, 25.4% of cases adopted incorrect treatments such as extruding bleed and wound closure, cases vaccinated with 5 injections acco- unted for only 22.5%. In conclusion, the prevalence of rabies cases in children in China remains a serious concern, the number and immune status of dogs in rural areas, and knowledge of rabies by risk populations should be considered in future rabies prevention and control programs.

Meta-analysis on the treatment of adenoid hypertrophy in children with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine

Objective: To evaluate the effect of combined Chinese and western medicine on children withadenoidal hypertrophy. Methods: System comprehensive retrieve hownet (CNKI), a database of ten thousand China (WanFang), Chinese biomedical database (CBM), weipu database (VIP), PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library database, retrieval time from March 1, 2009 to December 31, 2019, the use of "Cochrane bias risk assessment tools to have included in the quality of literature evaluation, and to use the literature on into RevMan 5.3 software for Meta quantitative analysis. A total of 10 references were included in this study, and a total of 464 clinical cases were included in the total sample size for meta-analysis, including 242 in the experimental group and 222 in the control group. Results: The statistical data show that the total effective rate of combined traditional Chinese and western medicine for the treatment of adenoid hypertrophy in children is higher than that of western medicine alone (OR = 4.27, 95% CI: 2.50, 7.13, P <0.00001) The effect of nasal congestion caused by adenoid hypertrophy in children is better than that of western medicine alone (MD =-0.64, 95% CI [-0.94, -0.35], P <0.0001);the effect of improving snoring symptoms in children Better than using western medicine alone, the difference is statistically significant (MD =-0.66, 95% CI [-1.11, -0.21], P <0.01);the effect of reducing the relative ratio of adenoid and posterior nostril is better than that of pure The difference was statistically significant when treated with Chinese or Western medicine (MD =-0.18, 95% CI [-0.24, -0.12], P <0.00001). Conclusion: Based on the existing data and methods, traditional Chinese medicine combined with western medicine has a reliable effect on adenoid hypertrophy in children. It is superior to western medicine alone in terms of treatment efficiency and improvement of clinical symptoms, without serious adverse reactions.

Daily Physical Activity Improves Vascular Function and Motor Skills in Children

The literature is consistent that regular physical activity in children has to be increased in order to compensate the negative health effects resulting from growing sedentary lifestyle. Thus, we analyzed in 45 students （aged 6.6 ± 0.7 years） the effects of a regular exercise intervention, on top of the normal physical education classes, on motor performance （MP） and hemodynamic parameters. The students were randomized either to an intervention （INT） （n = 23） or a control （CON） （n = 22） group. Throughout a 9 months period, INT received additional exercise interventions two days a week for 45 minutes. The main outcome measures were MP, peripheral and central blood pressure （BP）, augmentation index （Alx） and aortic pulse wave velocity （aPWV）. After the exercise intervention, we found significant （P 〈 0.05） positive effects on various test items of MP and significant decreases in peripheral and central systolic BP in INT. In contrast, in CON the respective parameters increased in CON alter the observation period. Moreover, aPWV decreased significantly in INT （P = 0.047） and increased in CON, thus resulting in a significant difference in the mean change （P = 0.043）. There were no considerable changes in AIx in both groups. In conclusion, we demonstrated that an increase in regular physical activity has a positive influence on development of MP and hemodynamic parameters even in early childhood. The findings of this study suggest that an increase in exercise time should be initiated as early as possible to improve motor ability and prevent future cardiovascular risk.

Clinical Observation of Double Tube Laryngeal Mask in Fast-Track Anesthesia for Limb Orthopedic Surgery in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objective: To compare and analyze the effect and safety of double tube laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation general anesthesia in fast track anesthesia for limb orthopaedic surgery in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: 78 children with cerebral palsy undergoing limb orthopedic surgery were randomly divided into laryngeal mask group and intubation group, with 39 cases in each group. The perioperative hemodynamic indexes, anesthesia effect related indexes, anesthesia related complications or adverse reaction rates of the two groups were observed and compared between the two groups. Results: When the two groups of children entered the room, there was no significant difference in MAP and HR (P > 0.05);MAP and HR of children in the intubation group were higher than those in the laryngeal mask anesthesia group (P Conclusion: Laryngeal mask is used to establish the airway of intravenous general anesthesia in limb orthopaedic surgery of children with cerebral palsy, which is conducive to the stability of children’s circulatory and respiratory system, to reduce the impact of narcotic drugs on children, to reduce the incidence of postoperative anesthesia related complications, and to improve the anesthetic effect. It meets the requirements of fast track anesthesia, and can be widely used in clinical practice.