The default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection:a longitudinal study

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection can lead to cognitive dysfunction represented by changes in the default mode network.Most recent studies have been cross-sectional and thus have not revealed dynamic changes in the default mode network following acquired immune deficiency syndrome infection and antiretroviral therapy.Specifically,when brain imaging data at only one time point are analyzed,determining the duration at which the default mode network is the most effective following antiretroviral therapy after the occurrence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome.However,because infection times and other factors are often uncertain,longitudinal studies cannot be conducted directly in the clinic.Therefore,in this study,we performed a longitudinal study on the dynamic changes in the default mode network over time in a rhesus monkey model of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.We found marked changes in default mode network connectivity in 11 pairs of regions of interest at baseline and 10 days and 4 weeks after virus inoculation.Significant interactions between treatment and time were observed in the default mode network connectivity of regions of interest pairs area 31/V6.R and area 8/frontal eye field(FEF).L,area 8/FEF.L and caudal temporal parietal occipital area(TPOC).R,and area 31/V6.R and TPOC.L.ART administered 4 weeks after infection not only interrupted the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus infection but also preserved brain function to a large extent.These findings suggest that the default mode network is affected in the early stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and that it may serve as a potential biomarker for early changes in brain function and an objective indicator for making early clinical intervention decisions.

PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH ORDER LONGITUDINAL MODES IN STEEL STRANDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Propagation characteristics of high order longitudinal modes of ultrasonic guided waves in seven-wire steel strands are investigated theoretically and experimentally. According to these analysis results, proper longitudinal modes are selected for defect detection in steel strands. Dispersion curves for helical and central wires in a 17.80 mm nominal diameter seven-wire steel strand are numerically obtained firstly, and propagation characteristics of high-order longitudinal modes, such as wave structures, attenuation and dispersion, are analyzed. In experiments, the signals of ultrasonic guided wave at different high frequencies are excited and received at one end of a steel strand by using the same single piezoelectric transducer. The identification of longitudinal modes in the received signals is achieved based on short time Fourier transform. Furthermore, appropriate L（0, 5） mode at 2.54 MHz is chosen for detecting an artificial defect in a helical wire of the steel strand. Results show that high order longitudinal modes in a high frequency range with low dispersion and attenuation whose energy propagates mainly in the center of the wires can be used for defect detection in long range steel strands.

An Integrated Dynamic Model of Ocean Mining System and Fast Simulation of Its Longitudinal Reciprocating Motion

An integrated dynamic model of China＇s deep ocean mining system is developed and the fast simulation analysis of its longitudinal reciprocating motion operation processes is achieved. The seafloor tracked miner is built as a three-dimensional single-body model with six-degree-of-freedom. The track-terrain interaction is modeled by partitioning the track-terrain interface into a certain number of mesh elements with three mutually perpendicular forces, including the normal force, the longitudinal shear force and the lateral shear force, acting on the center point of each mesh element. The hydrodynamic force of the miner is considered and applied. By considering the operational safety and collection efficiency, two new mining paths for the miner on the seafloor are proposed, which can be simulated with the established single-body dynamic model of the miner. The pipeline subsystem is built as a three-dimensional multi-body discrete element model, which is divided into rigid elements linked by flexible connectors. The flexible connector without mass is represented by six spring-damper elements. The external hydrodynamic forces of the ocean current from the longitudinal and lateral directions are both considered and modeled based on the Morison formula and applied to the mass center of each corresponding discrete rigid element. The mining ship is simplified and represented by a general kinematic point, whose heave motion induced by the ocean waves and the longitudinal and lateral towing motions are considered and applied. By integrating the single-body dynamic model of the miner and the multi-body discrete element dynamic model of the pipeline, and defining the kinematic equations of the mining ship, the integrated dynamic model of the total deep ocean mining system is formed. The longitudinal reciprocating motion operation modes of the total mining system, which combine the active straight-line and turning motions of the miner and the ship, and the passive towed motions of the pipeline, are proposed and simulated with the developed 3D dynamic model. Some critical simulation results are obtained and analyzed, such as the motion trajectories of key subsystems, the velocities of the buoyancy modules and the interaction forces between subsystems, which in a way can provide important theoretical basis and useful technical reference for the practical deep ocean mining system analysis, operation and control.

Stable single longitudinal mode erbium-doped silica fiber laser based on an asymmetric linear three-cavity structure

We present a stable linear-cavity single longitudinal mode （SLM） erbium-doped silica fiber laser. It consists of four fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） directly written in a section of photosensitive erbium-doped fiber （EDF） to form an asymmetric three-cavity structure. The stable SLM operation at a wavelength of 1545.112 nm with a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.012 nm and an optical signal-to-noise ratio （OSNR） of about 60 dB is verified experimentally. Under laboratory conditions, the performance of a power fluctuation of less than 0.05 dB observed from the power meter for 6 h and a wavelength variation of less than 0.01 nm obtained from the optical spectrum analyzer （OSA） for about 1.5 h are demonstrated. The gain fiber length is no longer limited to only several centimeters for SLM operation because of the excellent mode-selecting ability of the asymmetric three-cavity structure. The proposed scheme provides a simple and cost-effective approach to realizing a stable SLM fiber laser.

DETECTION OF LONGITUDINAL DEFECT IN PIPES USING TORSIONAL MODES

The multi-modes and disperse characteristics of torsional modes in pipes are investigated theoretically and experimentally. At all frequencies, both phase velocity and group velocity of the lowest torsional mode T（0,1） are constant and equal to shear wave velocity. T（0,1） mode at all frequencies is the fastest torsional mode. In the experiments, T（0,1） mode is excited and received in pipes using 9 thickness shear vibration mode piezoelectric ceramic elements. Furthermore, an artificial longitudinal defect of a 4 m long pipe is detected using T（0,1） mode at 50 kHz. Experimental results show that it is feasible for longitudinal defect detection in pipes using T（0,1） mode of ultrasonic guided waves.

The Effect of Injected Energy on Low Energy Single Longitudinal Mode Pre-Lase Q-Switched Pr:YLF Laser

In this paper, the effect of injected energy on low energy single longitudinal mode (SLM) pre-lase Q-switched is analyzed and the optimization procedure is shown in detail. Here, taking the Pr:YLF laser as an example of low energy laser, and the parameters of Pr:YLF laser by using pre-lase have been shown. Compared with normal Q-switched laser, the single pulse energy reaches 60.16% and the pulse width exceeds 39.73% when the same maximum energy is injected and SLM is achieved in pre-lase. The analysis results show that pre-lase is suitable for low energy laser to obtain SLM and there be an optimal performance to achieve the optimal energy output.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Based on Longitudinal Force Estimation for Electro-mechanical Braking Systems using BLDC Motor

This paper focuses on the controller design using fuzzy sliding mode control(FSMC)with application to electro-mechanical brake(EMB)systems using BLDC Motor.The EMB controller transmits the control signal to the motor driver to rotate the motor.The torque distribution of motors is studied in this paper actually.Firstly,the model of the EMB system is established.Then the state observer is developed to estimate the vehicle states including the vehicle velocity and longitudinal force.Due to the fact that the EMB system is nonlinear and uncertain,a FSMC strategy based on wheel slip ratio is proposed,where both the normal and emergency braking conditions are taken into account.The equivalent control law of sliding mode controller is designed on the basis of the variation of the front axle and rear axle load during the brake process,while the switching control law is adjusted by the fuzzy corrector.The simulation results illustrate that the FSMC strategy has the superior performance,better adaptability to various types of roads,and shorter braking distance,as compared to PID control and traditional sliding mode control technologies.Finally,the hardware-in-loop(HIL)experimental results have exemplified the validation of the developed methodology.

The single-longitudinal-mode operation of a ridge waveguide laser based on two-dimensional photonic crystals

An electrically driven, single-longitudinal-mode GaAs based photonic crystal （PC） ridge waveguide （RWG） laser emitting at around 850 nm is demonstrated. The single-longitudinal-mode lasing characteristic is achieved by introducing the PC to the RWG laser. The triangle PC is etched on both sides of the ridge by photolithography and inductive coupled plasma （ICP） etching. The lasing spectra of the RWG lasers with and without the PC are studied, and the result shows that the PC purifies the longitudinal mode. The power per facet versus current and current-voltage characteristics have also been studied and compared.

Zero group velocity longitudinal modes in an isotropic cylinder

Zero group velocity （ZGV） modes are studied in an isotropic cylinder. The L （0, 2） mode behaves anomalously for the materials with a value of the bulk velocity ratio, to, in the range √2 〈 κ 〈 2.64 and normally otherwise. All higher modes, except the first few, have no ZGV point for all isotropic materials. This is explained analytically by finding the slope of phase velocity dispersion curves of modes first when the phase velocity equals κ and then at their initial state.

A single-longitudinal-mode continuous-wave Ho-(3＋)：YVO4 laser at 2.05 μm pumped by a Tm-fibre laser

We present a single-longitudinal-mode continuous-wave Ho^3＋：YVO4 laser at 2.05 μm pumped by a Tm-doped fibre laser. Use of a cavity etalon enables spectral selectivity for single-mode operation. The highest power achieved in the single longitudinal mode at 2052.5 nm is 282 mW at a slope efficiency of 6.9%, corresponding to an optical conversion efficiency of 3.0%. These features demonstrate that this single-longitudinal-mode Ho：YVO4 laser is suitable for use as a seed laser in some Lidar systems（e.g., coherent Lidar or differential absorption Lidar）. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on such a single-longitudinal-mode Ho：YVO4 laser at 2.05 μm.

The Role of Radiative Surface Modes and Longitudinal Excitons in the Formation of Exciton-Polariton Luminescence Spectra of CdS-Type Crystals

The low-temperature (T = 2 K) exciton-polariton luminescence (EPL) spectra in the vicinity of the exciton-resonance frequency An=1 for CdS-type crystals have been theoretically and experimentally investigated with allowance for the mechanical exciton decay . The results of the numerical calculations of the partial and interference contributions of the bulk and radiative surface spectral modes to the EPL in the geometry of additional s- and p-polarized waves emitted into vacuum are analyzed. It is shown that the contributions of purely longitudinal excitons and their interference with polaritons of the upper dispersion branch near the longitudinal frequency ωL to the EPL are small (∼10% - 30%);nevertheless, they must be taken into account to obtain quantitative agreement with experimental data. Specifically these contributions are responsible for the formation of an additional line (along with the fundamental AT line) in the case of oblique incidence of radiation.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR RESPONSE OF COLLISION OF PARTICLE WITH CONICAL ROD CAUSED BY LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION

The objective is to present exact analytical solutions of longitudinal impact analysis for slender conical rods struck by a particle and a new method is proposed for conical rod-particle impact analysis, in which the superposition method is used and the response of the rod is presented. These analytical results are exact and can be used to validate the numerical methods or other analytical results. The numerical example shows that one of the advantages of the present method is that the analytical form is very simple. The result is that mass ratio and some variables describing the geometrical shape of rods such as taper, length and radius play an important role in impact dynamic system.

考虑超载和纵坡效应的隧道开挖面破坏分析

针对地表超载和纵向坡度影响下的隧道开挖面稳定性问题,提出源于构造破坏机制的初始三角形网格更新策略,应用刚体平动运动单元上限分析(UB-RTME)方法开展非线性规划运算,获得地表临界超载系数σs/c图表与滑移线网破坏模式。结果表明:①以网格更新得到的UB-RTME滑移线网与OptumG2自适应加密网格,均可反映隧道开挖面破坏影响范围及承载关键区域,且UB-RTME以有效间断线及单元速度确定破坏范围,可揭示相对破坏范围S/D2定量数据及滑移线网破坏形态与影响因素的关联规律。②临界超载系数σs/c随纵向坡度角θ增大而显著降低,随埋深比C/D增大而增大,随重度系数γD/c增大而不断减小,随内摩擦角ϕ增大而非线性增大。③对于C/D和ϕ数值较大的情况,网格密度将显著影响UB-RTME运算得到的σs/c数值解精度;网格密度增加后,σs/c计算结果精度显著提高,且体现破坏特征的网状滑移线变得更加光滑。

隧道纵向风及列车侧门开启方式对车厢内火灾温度场影响研究

为了探究隧道纵向通风、列车侧门开启方式对车厢内部火灾烟气温度分布的影响规律,建立1∶15缩尺寸“车-隧”耦合试验模型,以及着火车厢侧门双侧开启时“车-隧”耦合区间车厢内部考虑无量纲纵向风速、无量纲侧门开口因子、无量纲火源热释放速率的无量纲烟气回流长度分段函数关系式。定性分析车厢顶部烟气温度分布规律,定量分析车厢内烟气回流长度数据,从而揭示烟气回流长度随纵向风速、侧门开启方式和火源热释放速率变化的规律。研究结果表明:不同纵向风速下,火源上游烟气温度分布在贯通门位置处发生明显降低。不同侧门开启方式下,着火车厢侧门双侧开启工况的火源上游温度衰减速率大于侧门单侧开启的工况;随着车厢每侧侧门开启数量增加,着火车厢侧门单侧开启工况与双侧开启工况的火源上游温度衰减速率差距随之增大。着火车厢、非着火车厢侧门均单侧开启时,烟气回流长度变化规律受贯通门停滞影响较大,当火源热释放速率增大至5.7 kW,纵向风速大于0.8 m/s后,烟气回流长度不再随纵向风速的增大而变化。着火车厢侧门双侧开启、非着火车厢侧门单侧开启时,烟气回流长度符合加速衰减区、停滞区、缓慢衰减区变化规律。研究结果可为提升列车火灾烟气防治效果,加强区间隧道烟气控制及运营安全提供经验和理论参考。

科研反哺教学的“管道无损检测技术”课程教学模式改革

针对“管道无损检测技术”课程的教学过程中普遍存在教学方法单调、评价方式单一、学生学习兴趣不高及教学效果不理想等问题,从课程性质和保障学生能力培养的课程衔接方案着手,探讨了以提升应用型人才的工程实践能力为教学改革目标的方法,完成了将最新科研成果融入各实践教学环节的改革方案,在优化课程体系、构建科研实践平台及项目驱动保障等方面展开改革实践。结果表明,改革措施有效改善了教学效果,调动了学生学习的积极性和主动性,使学生创新创业能力和工程实践能力明显提升。

基于干扰观测器与终端滑模的车辆纵向控制

为了消除未知干扰和不确定性对车辆纵向控制的影响,设计了基于干扰观测器和终端滑模控制的分层式车辆纵向控制系统.利用干扰观测器对系统干扰进行实时观测,实现对系统的反馈补偿,降低滑模控制的切换增益,从而抑制滑模控制的抖振.利用Lyapunov函数证明了控制系统的稳定性,并通过Carsim/Simulink进行了联合仿真试验.结果表明:在两种仿真工况条件下,控制器对参考速度跟踪效果良好,速度误差最大仅为0.22 m/s,干扰观测器对系统干扰能够准确快速估计,估计误差仅为0.003 14,切换逻辑执行器发挥良好;与传统滑模控制相比,所设计的控制器稳定性更好,抑制了滑模控制的抖振,实现了对车辆纵向速度的稳定跟踪.

基于反步滑模方法的车辆纵向自适应控制

车辆纵向控制是自动驾驶研究的关键技术之一,建立了复杂的车辆纵向动力学模型,设计了合适的控制算法,并构造了控制器,提升了控制性能。首先,在考虑道路倾角、轮胎形变和车轮滑动等影响因素的基础上,建立了复杂的车辆纵向动力学模型;然后,综合运用自适应方法和反步滑模控制方法对所建模型设计控制器,并对控制系统的稳定性作了证明;最后,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件对控制系统进行仿真分析。研究结果表明:通过自适应反步滑模方法设计的控制器具有较好的稳定性,能够控制车辆以极小的误差以期望速度行驶。研究成果可为车辆自动驾驶及交通拥堵的缓解提供技术支撑。

用于液体容器内液位测量的金属薄壁梁振动模态仿真研究

为实现用于液体容器内液位测量的金属薄壁梁振动模态的准确模拟,构建金属薄壁梁的有限元圆梁模型。该模型采用有限元法对金属薄壁梁纵向振动模型的特征频率进行分析,从而对金属薄壁梁暴露于外部刺激时所产生的纵向振动进行准确模拟。在所开展研究中,对薄壁梁采用圆梁分布质量模型,分析模型的前4种振动模态的特征频率。为验证该模型的有效性,将该模型对金属薄壁梁前4种纵向振动模态的模拟结果与理论模型结果、实际金属薄壁梁试验结果及其他两种仿真模型的模拟结果进行了对比。对比结果表明,所构建圆梁模型对金属薄壁梁纵向振动模态的模拟结果与理论、试验分析结果高度一致,且模拟结果效果明显优于其他两种模型。

单端激励的压电细棒纵振特性分析建模

针对单端激励的压电纵振换能器中激励部分与被激模态之间的关系问题,使用压电细棒分布参数模型构建等效电路,通过计算其力学阻抗的零极点,研究了激励部分的长度与所激发模态之间的关系以及被激模态的谐振特性。通过有限元方法建立具体算例,仿真分析了不同激励长度对压电细棒谐振特性的影响规律。对比分析结果表明,理论模型与有限元仿真计算吻合较好。研究结果可为单端激励方法以及多模态纵振换能器的设计提供理论依据。

飞秒激光小切口角膜微透镜取出术病人围术期焦虑变化趋势及其影响因素

目的:探讨飞秒激光小切口角膜微透镜取出术(SMILE)病人围术期不同时间点心理体验的动态变化及影响因素。方法:选择郑州市某三级甲等医院视光中心就诊的SMILE 226例病人,采用一般资料和临床特征调查表、心理弹性量表、医学应对方式问卷、特质焦虑量表和状态焦虑量表在术前检查(T0)、手术当天(T1)、术后1 d(T2)、术后1周(T3)、术后1个月(T4)5个时间点纵向评估SMILE病人围术期焦虑状况,采用重复测量方差分析探讨焦虑的时间效应,相关性分析探讨每个时间点的相关因素,并采用广义估计方程探讨影响因素。结果:最终纳入病人208例。SMILE病人围术期5个时间点状态焦虑量表得分分别为(34.25±8.77)分、(38.22±9.25)分、(36.89±11.28)分、(34.04±11.02)分和(30.50±9.91)分。相关性分析结果显示,病人近视程度、与家人关系、屈服应对方式、心理弹性、焦虑特质在5个时间点皆与焦虑具有相关性,性别在T0、T1、T2、T4时间点与焦虑相关,而居住地只在T4时与焦虑相关。广义估计方程结果显示,性别、月收入、年龄、文化程度、居住地、既往手术史、心理弹性、屈服应对方式和焦虑特质为SMILE病人围术期焦虑的影响因素。结论:SMILE病人围术期焦虑呈先上升后下降趋势,影响因素在不同时间点表现不同,护士可针对不同时间点影响因素制订个性化护理措施,降低病人焦虑状况。