Toxicity evaluation in a paper recycling mill effluent by coupling bioindicator of aging with the toxicity identification evaluation method in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) can be used to determine the specific toxicant(s) in industrial effluents.In the current study,the authors have attempted to combine the advantages of the model organism,Caenorhabditis elegans,with the virtues of the TIE technique,to evaluate and identify the toxicity on aging from a paper recycling mill effluent.The results indicate that only the toxicities from mixed cellulose (MC) filtration and EDTA treatment are similar to the baseline aging toxicity,suggesting ...

Confirmation of combinational effects of calcium with other metals in a paper recycling mill effluent on nematode lifespan with toxicity identification evaluation method

We used toxicity identification evaluation （TIE） method to confirm the combinational effects of identified toxic metals in a paper recycling mill effluent in inducing the decreased lifespan in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.Exposure to Ca ＋ Al caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca,or Al;and exposure to Ca ＋ Fe induced more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca,or Fe.Exposure to Ca＋Al＋Fe caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca,or Ca＋Fe.Moreover,the baseline toxicity on lifespan was doubled by doubling the concentration of combined metals （Ca＋Al＋Fe） in spiking test in original effluent （oe）,and lifespan defects in oe＋Ca＋Al＋Fe exposed nematodes were more severe than that in Ca＋Al＋Fe exposed nematode.Therefore,Ca＋Al＋Fe exposure may largely explain the formation of decreased lifespan induced by the examined industrial effluent.Furthermore,the observed reduction of lifespan induced by the combination of high level of Ca with other metals may be at least partially independent of the insulin-like pathway.

Toxicity Evaluation of Freshwater Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806: Ⅱ Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Nephrotoxic potential of laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green al ga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 (Pasteur Institute) was assessed in male rats. The ani mals were injected intraperitoneally with 0. 5, 1. 0 and 2. 0 LD50 doses of lyophilized cell ex tract. Elevated plasma urea and creatinine levels were accompanied by decrease in protein and albumin levels, followed by hematuria, proteinuria and bilirubinuria. Also decrease in kidney lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase indicated possible nephrotoxic po tential of the cyanobacteria. The extract also produced various hematological changes associat ed with stagnant type of hypoxia. High perfomance liquid chromatography of the culture I dentified the active principle (toxin) as Microcystin-LR

Toxicity Evaluation of in vitro Cultures of Freshwater Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa:Ⅰ.Hepatotoxic and Histopathological Effects in Rats

Laboratory cultures of freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 was cvaluated for its hepatotoxic effects in rats. The lyophilized cell extract injected intraperitoneally at 1 and 2 LD50 (15.8 and 31.6 mg/kg, respectively) produced significant increase in liver-specific enzymes viz. plasma alkaline phosphatase,γ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase with a concomitant decrease in hepatic glutamic pyruvic transaminase. A corresponding increase in liver body weight index and histopathological changes in liver (degeneration of hepatocytes, congestion and hemorrhage etc.) are indicative of a dose and time dependent hepatotoxic nature of the algal extract

Study and application of Toxicity Test Method Using Neomysis awatschensis in Toxicity Evaluation of Drilling Fluid

Neomysis awatschensis was collected on the west coast of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao in 1992 and acclimated in the laboratory conditions. The acute toxicity method using 4~ 6 day juvenile mysid of this species is studied. The species is compared with M. bahia in taxonomy, geographic distribution, morphology, as well as the sensitivity to reference toxins. Based on the results, we recommend N. awatschensis to be a standard marine organism for toxicity test in China and the method to be applied in toxicity evaluation of drilling fluids. In this paper, we report the results of the above studies and the application of the method in the evaluation of several drilling fluid products.

Evaluation of Pesticide Toxicity and Chemical Compounds Revealed in Soils of Sikasso and Segou (Mali)

The contaminants of the ground are potentially harmful agents and when they are released in this medium, their persistence becomes an important concern. Because of the expressed interest, a certain number of pesticides and important chemicals and their toxicity are described in this article. The studies went on the determination of the concentration, the lethal amount of the organochlorinated compounds, chemical organophosphates, carbamates and compounds. One summer recorded 3 pesticides in 5 samples of the grounds of Sikasso and Segou (Mali). Their concentration varies from 20 (atrazine) with 45 g/kg of ground. The lethal amounts of the revealed poisons variable from 338 for phtalates to 28.710 mg/kg for hexane (alkane) thus evaluate their impact on the food chain. Organophosphates and the carbamates (insecticidal) involve a reduction of 34.2% of the number of Cyprinus carpio of fresh water. The atrazine contaminates drinking water, but the diuron modifies the behavior and the reproduction of fish by deteriorating their system of olfactive perception of natural substances. Important mortalities of birds are noted around the corn fields of Bougouni treated by the carbofuran. The pesticides involve at the man a reduction in fruitfulness, an increase in the risk of miscarriage of premature birth, congenital malformations and cancers.

Evaluation of Toxicological Profile of a Polyherbal Formulation

In current study toxicological profile of a commonly used herbal formulation was evaluated that is used extensively for gynecological disorders like menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, leucorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, pre-menstrual syndrome and post-menopausal bleeding. It was also claimed to strengthen endometrium and ovaries. Since this herbal formulation was been used by a large number of population hence there was a need to assess acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Acute oral toxicity (LD50) was observed in albino mice using standard protocols whereas sub-chronic, hematological and histopathological studies were assessed on 24 albino rabbits after giving herbal formulation for 60 days in two doses (20 and 60 mg/kg) against control groups. The outcomes of present study showed that the drug is safe up to 5000 mg/kg following acute oral toxicity test and no mortality was observed during sub chronic toxicity studies. Results of sub-chronic toxicity did not show any significant changes in biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters. However, some indicators such as urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, and RBC count were altered, but these changes do not correlate with the histopathological results and may be associated to intra individual variations. Despite the safety of the drug in few animals, clinical trials and more investigations on a large number of animals are essentially needed to establish safety and efficacy of the herbal formulation.

Security evaluation of compounded microbial flocculant

A new kind of compounded microbial flocculant (CMBF) for water and wastewater treatment has been developed through biological technology. In order to discuss its biological security, four groups of experiments, rat acute toxicity test via mouth, salmonella assay in vitro, mouse micronucleus in vivo test and teratogenesis test were conducted to evaluate its general toxicity, genotoxicity and generative toxicity. The experimental results showed that this type of compounded microbial flocculant was a substantial non-toxic substance based on the fact that LD50 value was over 10 mg/kg. The results from salmonella in vivo test and mouse micronucleus in vivo test revealed that the compounded microbial flocculant is a genetically non-toxic substance. Furthermore, compounded microbial flocculant has little effect on the growth of all the rats, and any morphologic abnormal phenomenon hasn’t appeared.

Annual advances of traditional medicine toxicity in 2018

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine (TM) and active natural products during the past 12 months. This annual toxicology review summarized different analysis methods of toxicology research, common evaluated models, toxic target organs, toxic mechanisms, and popular research issues and herbs in 2018. The emphasis was on hepatorenal toxicity induced by TM through cell apoptosis, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, liver and renal fibrosis and even inducing carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, traditional herbs were listed in this review. Taken together, the herbs mentioned in this paper should be used with caution. Combination of TM, processing drugs, quality control and dose control can be used in the prevention of TM toxicology in the future.

Clinical performance evaluation of O-Ring Halcyon Linac:A realworld study

BACKGROUND Radiation therapy,especially the development of linear accelerators,plays a key role in cancer management.The fast-rotating coplanar O-ring Halcyon Linac has demonstrated many advantages.The previous literature has mainly focused on the machine parameters and plan quality of Halcyon,with a lack of relevant research on its clinical application.AIM To evaluate the clinical performance of the O-ring Halcyon treatment system in a real-world application setting.METHODS Data from sixty-one patients who were treated with the Halcyon system throughout the entire radiotherapy process in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between August 2019 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed.We evaluated the target tumour response to radiotherapy and irradiation toxicity from 1 to 3 mo after treatment.Dosimetric verification of Halcyon plans was performed using a quality assurance procedure,including portal dosimetry,ArcCHECK and point dose measurements for verification of the system delivery accuracy.RESULTS Of the 61 patients in the five groups,16,12,7 and 26 patients had complete response,partial response,progressive disease and stable disease,respectively.No increase in the irradiated target tumour volume was observed when separately evaluating the local response.Regarding irradiation toxicity,no radiation-induced deaths were observed.Thirty-eight percent(23/61 patients)had no radiation toxicity after radiotherapy,56%(34/61 patients)experienced radiation toxicity that resolved after treatment,and 6%(4/61 patients)had irreversible adverse reactions.The average gamma passing rates with a 2%dose difference and 2-mm distance to agreement for IMRT/VMAT/SRT plans were ArcCHECK at 96.4%and portal dosimetry at 96.7%,respectively.All of the validated clinical plans were within 3%for point dose measurements,and Halcyon’s ArcCHECK demonstrated a high pass rate of 99.1%±1.1%for clinical gamma passing criteria of 3%/3 mm.CONCLUSION The O-ring Halcyon Linac could achieve a better therapeutic effect on the target volume by providing accurate treatment delivery plans with tolerable irradiation toxicity.

Application, Evaluation, and Process Analysis of the US EPA’s 2002 Multiple-Pollutant Air Quality Modeling Platform

A multiple-pollutant version of CMAQ v4.6 (i.e., CMAQ-MP) has been applied by the US EPA over continental US in 2002 to demonstrate the model’s capability in reproducing the long-term trends of ambient criteria and hazardous air pollutants (CAPs and HAPs, respectively) in support of regulatory analysis for air quality management. In this study, a comprehensive model performance evaluation for the full year of 2002 is performed for the first time for CMAQ-MP using the surface networks and satellite measurements. CMAQ-MP shows a comparable and improved performance for most CAPs species as compared to an older version of CMAQ that did not treat HAPs and used older versions of national emission inventories. CMAQ-MP generally gives better performance for CAPs than for HAPs. Max 8-h ozone (O3) mixing ratios are well reproduced in the O3season. The seasonal-mean performance is fairly good for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfate (SO42-), and mercury (Hg) wet deposition and worse for other CAPs and HAPs species. The reasons for the model biases may be attributed to uncertainties in emissions for some species (e.g., ammonia (NH3), elemental carbon (EC), primary organic aerosol (POA), HAPs), gas/aerosol chemistry treatments (e.g., secondary or- ganic aerosol formation, meteorology (e.g., overestimate in summer precipitation), measurements (e.g., NO3-), and the use of a coarse grid resolution. CMAQ cannot well reproduce spatial and seasonal variations of column variables except for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the ratio of column mass of HCHO/NO2. Possible reasons include inaccurate seasonal allocation or underestimation of emissions, inaccurate BCONs at higher altitudes, lack of model treatments such as mineral dust or plume-in-grid process, and limitations and errors in satellite data retrievals. The process analysis results show that in addition to transport, gas chemistry or aerosol/emissions play the most important roles for O3 or PM2.5, respectively. For most HAPs, emissions are important sources and cloud processes are a major sink. Simulated P H2 H O2/P HNO3 and HCHO/NO2 indicate VOC-limited chemistry in major urban areas throughout the year and in other non-urban areas in winter, but NOx-limited chemistry in most areas in summer.

UV/H2O2 oxidation of tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate: Intermediate products, degradation pathway and toxicity evaluation

Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate(TCEP) with the initial concentration of 5 mg/L was degraded by UV/H2O2 oxidation process. The removal rate of TCEP in the UV/H2O2 system was 89.1% with the production of Cl-and PO4^3- of 0.23 and 0.64 mg/L. The removal rate of total organic carbon of the reaction was 48.8% and the pH reached 3.3 after the reaction. The oxidative degradation process of TCEP in the UV/H2O2 system obeyed the first order kinetic reaction with the apparent rate constant of 0.0025 min^-1( R^2 = 0.9788). The intermediate products were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The addition reaction of HO · and H2O and the oxidation reaction with H2O2 were found during the degradation pathway of 5 mg/L TCEP in the UV/H2O2 system. For the first time, environment risk was estimated via the "ecological structure activity relationships" program and acute and chronic toxicity changes of intermediate products were pointed out. The luminescence inhibition rate of photobacterium was used to evaluate the acute toxicity of intermediate products. The results showed that the toxicity of the intermediate products increased with the increase of reaction time, which may be due to the production of chlorine compounds. Some measures should be introduced to the UV/H2O2 system to remove the highly toxic Cl-containing compounds, such as a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis unit.

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT, ANTIVIRAL STUDIES, FIELD EVALUATION AND TOXICITY OF AN ANTIVIRAL PLANT PROTECTANT NK0238

It has previously been shown that tryptophan, the biosynthesis precursor ofPeganum harmala alkaloids, and its derivatives have anti-TMV activity bothin vitro and in vivo. Further exploration of this led to the identification of NK0238as a highly effective agent for the prevention and control of diseases caused byplant viruses, but the existing routes are unsuitable for its large-scale synthesis.This study optimized a route for two-step synthesis of this virucide candidate viareaction of L-tryptophan with triphosgene to produce L-tryptophan-N-carboxylicanhydride, which then reacts with n-octylamine to give NK0238 at up to 94%yield and nearly 97% HPLC purity. In addition, the route was used for thepreparation of NK0238 on a > 40 g scale permitting further assessment of itsantivirus activity in the greenhouse and field experiments, and toxicity tests.NK0238 exhibited useful antiviral activities against a variety of viruses both ingreenhouse and field experiments. The toxicity tests showed that NK0238 wasnot acutely toxic to birds, fish, honey bees and silkworms. The optimized routeprovides a solid foundation for its large-scale synthesis and subsequent efficacyand toxicity studies, its excellent activity and safety make NK0238 a promisingdrug candidate for further development.

Toxicity evaluation of collagen hydrolysates from chrome shavings and their potential use in the preparation of amino acid fertilizer for crop growth

Resource utilization of chrome shavings(CS)has attracted a lot of attention from scientists and technologists in leather industry.Especially,the collagen hydrolysates extracted from CS are expected to find potential application values in agricultural field.However,there is no biotoxicity analysis of collagen hydrolysates from CS.Herein,the collagen hydrolysates with different molecular weights were produced from CS by three hydrolysis dechroming methods including alkaline hydrolysis,enzymatic hydrolysis and alkaline-enzymatic synergistic hydrolysis,and the optimal hydrolysis process of CS was designed and conducted.To evaluate their toxicity,the three collagen hydrolysates were formulated into a nutrient solution for zebrafish development.The obtained results indicated that the hydrolysates with low concentrations(less than 0.6 mg/mL)were safe and could promote the development for zebrafish embryos.Furthermore,the three collagen hydrolysates were utilized as organic nitrogen sources and formulated into amino acid water-soluble fertilizers(AAWSF)including alkaline type fertilizer(OH),enzymatic type fertilizer(M)and alkaline-enzymatic type fertilizer(OH-M)for the early soilless seeding cultivation of wheat,soybean and rapeseed.It is worth mentioning that the chromium contents in the prepared AAWSF were less than 10 mg/kg,which is far less than the limit value in the standard(China,50 mg/kg).The growth and development of seedlings(germination rate,plant height,fresh weight of leaves,soluble sugar content and chlorophyll content)were investigated.The corresponding results showed that the growth of seedlings watered with AAWSF was better compared with the other treatments,and the OH-M fertilizer had the best promoting effect on the seedlings growth and development,followed by the M and OH fertilizers.The safe toxicity assessment of the collagen hydrolysates will expand their application scope,and the use of collagen hydrolysates extracted from CS for seedlings growth also provides an effective and reason-able way to deal with the chromium-containing leather solid waste,which is an effective way to realize its resource utilization.

Toxicological Studies of Irradiated Pollen for Medicinal Use

The toxicity and mutagenicity of irradiated pollen were studied. Its oral LD50 value was＞21,500 mg/kg for both malc and female mice. Mutagenicity assays were studied by three short-term tests. Ames test showed that irradiated pollen did not induce any mutation of the strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102. Micronucleus test on the bone marrow cells of mice showed no significant difference in the percentages of polychromatic erythrocytes with micronuclei between the exposed groups and the control. Chromosomal test on the reproduction cells of mice showed no change on the chromosomal aberration rate. These results demonstrate that irradiated pollen is safe for medicinal use.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2019

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine(TM)and active natural products during the past 12 months.This annual toxicology review summarized target organs of TM like liver,kidney and heart.Safety medication of TM has been concerned to different kinds of people,including infants,children,pregnancy and the postnatal period.Besides rodents,zebrafish embryoes have been regarded as common models to evaluate the safety of TM.New technologies in toxicology focus on rapidly screening and identification of toxins in TM.Multispectral optoacoustic tomography imaging the precise location of TM-induced liver injury with 3D information and integrating serum exosomal microRNA and liver microRNA profiles are used to explain the mechanism of TM-induced hepatotoxicity.Taken together,study on the toxicity mechanism of other target organs,drug safety in elders,new models and methods should be paid attention to in the prevention of TM toxicology in the future.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2021

In 2021,there have been many studies on the toxicological evaluation of traditional medicine,as well as natural active ingredients.Among them,the toxicity evaluation of evodiamine,Gardenia Jasminoides J.Ellis,and anthraquinone in the liver,kidneys,heart,and other organs has become a popular topic.Their toxic mechanisms include oxidative stress,inflammatory response,apoptosis,mitochondrial damage,and disorders of lipid and amino acid metabolism.In response to the drawbacks of time-consuming,expensive,and ethical restrictions of animal models,a variety of techniques,such as 3D organoid models,metabolomics,toxicokinetics,bioprinting methods,and network toxicology methods,have been gradually employed in the toxicity evaluation of traditional medicine.This review summarizes the drug toxicity and safety assessment of traditional medicine in 2021.In the future,attention should be paid to preventing traditional medicine toxicity.

Toxicological advances of traditional medicine in 2020

There were many researches concerning toxicology of traditional medicine and active natural products during the past 12 months.This annual toxicology review summarized different toxic analysis methods of traditional medicine,evaluated models,toxic target organs,toxic mechanisms,popular research issues and herbs in 2020.Caenorhabditis elegans came to use for the assessment of toxicity.Omics technology such as genomics,transcriptome,metabolomics and proteomics were applied extensively.2020 toxicology research demonstrated that liver,kidney and heart were the mainly toxic target organs of traditional medicine.Their toxic mechanisms included cell apoptosis,metabolic disorder,oxidative stress,inflammatory damage,liver and renal fibrosis and even inducing carcinogenesis.In addition,the safety assessment of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.,Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.as well as their detoxification methods were still hot issue.Therefore,study on the toxicity mechanism of target organs,processing and extract methods,quality control and dose control,new models and methods should be used in the prevention of traditional medicine toxicology in the future.

22种抗生素对梨火疫病菌的室内毒力测定及对花器安全性评价

【目的】筛选出抑制梨火疫病的药剂,为梨火疫病的绿色安全防控提供技术支持。【方法】采用抑菌圈法筛选22种抗生素,评价其在库尔勒香梨花器上的安全性。【结果】13种抗生素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,其中在抑菌圈直径达到9 mm时,氯霉素①、注射用头孢噻肟钠、注射用头孢曲松钠和诺氟沙星的药剂有效浓度由低至高是5.30、7.60、9.88、11.64 mg/L,使用同等剂量下4种药剂的抑制作用强于其它药剂;氯霉素①、注射用头孢噻肟钠、注射用头孢曲松钠、罗红霉素分散片、诺氟沙星对库尔勒香梨花器的危害较轻。【结论】氯霉素①、诺氟沙星、注射用头孢曲松钠和注射用头孢噻肟钠可在田间防治梨火疫病上应用。

工业废水综合毒性评价方法及其应用研究进展

我国目前实施的工业废水处理排放标准无法客观而准确地评价废水水质安全性。系统梳理了国内外废水综合毒性评价方法体系的特点和应用状况,其中重点探讨了废水综合毒性检测(WET)、直接毒性评估(DTA)、废水综合评估(WEA)的特点和应用。对比分析并总结了我国在废水综合毒性指标体系和评价方法等方面的不足,从物种选择、试验流程和评价方法等方面提出了建立废水综合毒性评价体系的合理化建议,指出我国应综合考虑废水污染物特征、排放方式、受纳水环境质量等实际状况,建立符合我国国情的废水综合毒性控制指标和评价方法体系。