A Study of the Rock Breaking Mechanism during Swirling Water Jet Drilling

Based on an analysis of the factors affecting rock breaking and the coupling between rock and fluid during water jet drilling, the rock damage model and the damage-coupling model suitable for the whole rock breaking process under the water jet is established with continuous damage mechanics and micro-damage mechanics. The evolvement of rock damage during swirling water jet drilling is simulated on a nonlinear FEM and dynamic rock damage model, and a decoupled method is used to analyze the rock damage. The numerical results agree with the test results to a high degree, which shows the rock breaking ability of the swirling water jet is strong. This is because the jet particle velocity of the swirling water jet is three-dimensional, and its rock-breaking manner mainly has a slopping impact. Thus, the interference from returning fluid is less. All these aspects make it easy to draw and shear the rock surface. The rock breaking process is to break out an annular on the rock surface first, and then the annular develops quickly in both the radial and axial directions, the last part of the rock broken hole bottom is a protruding awl. The advantage of the swirling water jet breaking rock is the heavy breaking efficiency,large breaking area and less energy used to break rock per unite volume, so the swirling water jet can drill in a hole of a large diameter.

A swirling jet from a nozzle with tangential inlets and its characteristics in breaking-up rocks

In order to apply a swirling jet to a PDC drill bit, the nozzle performance influenced by nozzle inlet geometric parameters and rock breaking tests under submerged conditions were studied. Numerical simulation was used to study the influence of the nozzle structure on the swirling intensity and nozzle discharge coefficient. Simulation results indicate that spreading angle of the swirling jet is greater than that of＂ the non-swirling jet, and the swirling intensity of the jet is strongly influenced by the length of the nozzle body but weakly by the number of tangential inlets. Rock breaking tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the swirling jet. It is found that the swirling jet shows a lower threshold pressure to break the rock samples and could break rock more efficiently compared with the non-swirling jet.

STUDIES ON STABILITY AND DYNAMICS OF A SWIRLING JET

The temporal instability and nonlinear evolution of the swirling jet near a nozzle exit are studied by both normal-mode method and three dimensional direct numerical simulation (3D DNS),. It is found that the swirl enhances the maximum linear growth rates for negative helical modes, while decreases the growth rate for axisymmetric mode. Numerical simulations show that the evolution in early stage is compared well with the linear stability theory. In nonlinear stage, the swirl promotes the breakup of 3D large scale organized structures in the flow into small eddies.

Detached eddy simulation on the structure of swirling jet flow field

The improved delayed detached eddy simulation method with shear stress transport model was used to analyze the evolution of vortex structure,velocity and pressure fields of swirling jet.The influence of nozzle pressure drop on vortex structure development and turbulence pulsation was investigated.The development of vortex structure could be divided into three stages:Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)instability,transition stage and swirling flow instability.Swirling flow could significantly enhance radial turbulence pulsation and increase diffusion angle.At the downstream of the jet flow,turbulence pulsation dissipation was the main reason for jet velocity attenuation.With the increase of pressure drop,the jet velocity,pulsation amplitude and the symmetry of velocity distribution increased correspondingly.Meanwhile the pressure pulsation along with the axis and vortex transport intensity also increased significantly.When the jet distance exceeded about 9 times the dimensionless jet distance,the impact distance of swirling jet could not be improved effectively by increasing the pressure drop.However,it could effectively increase the swirl intensity and jet diffusion angle.The swirling jet is more suitable for radial horizontal drilling with large hole size,coalbed methane horizontal well cavity completion and roadway drilling and pressure relief,etc.

Numerical investigation of confined swirling gas-solid two phase jet

This paper presents a \%k\|ε\|k\-p\% multi\|fluid model for simulating confined swirling gas\|solid two phase jet comprised of particle\|laden flow from a center tube and a swirling air stream entering the test section from the coaxial annular. A series of numerical simulations of the two\|phase flow of 30 μm, 45 μm, 60 μm diameter particles respectively yielded results fitting well with published experimental data.

The Swirling Jet Generation Method and Its Effect on the Velocity Distribution

The wing tip vortex has a great similarity with the swirling jets.Since these are generated of a simpler and more economic form in a laboratory,it is relevant to determine which the best method is for the generation of the swirling jet.In this paper,the velocity distribution obtained experimentally with the method of generation here proposed,which consists of the employment of an axial fan without stators,is compared with the velocity distribution of swirling jets generated with three different methods.It is observed that the velocity distribution obtained with the proposed method is similar with one of the methods found in the references,which uses fixed blades guides at the entry of the pipe.The proposed method is suitable for the generation of the swirling jet and it is considered that it is simpler and more economic to use blades fixed guides.

THE STABILITY OF VISCOUS LIQUID JETS IN A SWIRLING GAS

Based on the linear analysis of stability, a dispersion equation is deduced which delineates the evolution of a general 3-dimensional disturbance on the free surface of an incompressible viscous liquid jet injected into a gas with swirl. Here, the dimensionless parameter J(e) is again introduced, in the meantime, another dimensionless-parameter E called as circulation is also introduced to represent the relative swirling intensity. With respect to the spatial growing disturbance mode, the numerical results obtained from solving the dispersion equation reveal the following facts. First, at the same value of E, in pace-with the changing of J(e), the variation of disturbance and the critical disturbance mode still keep the same characters. Second, the present results are the same as that of S.P. Lin when J(e) > 1; but in the range of J(e) < 1, it's no more the case, the swirl decreases the axisymmetric disturbance, yet increases the asymmetric disturbance, furthermore the swirl may make the character of the most unstable disturbance mode changed (axisymmetric or asymmetric); the above action of the swirl becomes much Stronger when J(e) << 1.

Swirl Jets in Crossflow at Low Velocity Ratios

This investigation examines experimentally the behavior of swirled jets produced by axial flow fans blowing into a crossflow at low velocity ratios. The main difference with non-swirl cases is an asymmetry of the dominant kidney vortex and a slight distortion of the jet trace downstream of the injection hole. The effect of jet rotation at relatively low swirl numbers and similar velocity ratios is also investigated by a validated computational analysis tool. The numerical results are analyzed by means of various post-processing procedures, aiming to clarify, quantify and analyze the impact of swirl on the characteristics and the flow domain of a jet in crossflow. In general, swirl introduces an asymmetry in all examined quantities and prevents the penetration of the jet into the crossflow, causing the jet to remain closer to the wall surface. The rotation of the injected fluid results in an imparity of the two parts of the Counter Rotating Vortex Pair （CVP） which is no longer symmetric to the axial centerline plane. High swirl numbers result in the destruction of the CVP and the dominant kidney shape vortex is transformed into a comma shape vortex, rotating close to the wall.

Laws of Jet Mixing of the Swirled Flows in a Pipe

Results of experimental research of the mixing process of coaxial flows in a pipe with swirled peripheral jet are presented in this paper. Distribution of temperature and concentration of gases on the axis and wall of the channel under the influence of such factors as the regime flow, ratio of density of flows and swirl degree of the peripheral jet are studied. Research of temperature, swirl angle, circulation in cross sections along with the channel have shown that their distributions have the jet-like character and are described by known dependences for the layer of mixture.

基于旋流射流的清管器结构研究

针对管道污垢容易在清管器皮碗底部形成楔形堆积,造成清管器卡堵等问题,提出一种基于旋流射流的清管器结构。基于计算流体力学方法,对旋流射流清管器进行流场数值模拟,研究导流管直径、叶片安装角、翼型折角对叶轮力矩和旋流射流平均速度的影响,分析导流管气流对皮碗底部污垢吹扫效果;采用正交试验法确定最优结构参数。研究表明:导流管直径在65~75 mm之间时,叶轮力矩基本达到峰值;增大翼型折角或叶片安装角都能显著提高叶轮力矩,但叶片安装角对旋流射流平均速度影响较小;导流管中射到皮碗底部的气流速度在40~60 m/s,湍动能大小在6 m^(2)/s^(2)左右,且影响范围广,能解决由皮碗底部污垢堆积而产生的卡堵问题;最优结构参数为导流管直径45 mm、叶片安装角40°、翼型折角33°。研究可为研发新型清管器以及解除卡堵问题提供参考。

LYZH型急冷箱数值模拟与结构优化

为适应加氢反应器大型化趋势,开发了集旋流、撞击及挡板分流等功能于一体的LYZH型急冷箱,其结构由上至下依次为旋流冷氢管、冷氢盘、喷射管和接液盘。采用CFD软件对LYZH型急冷箱进行数值模拟研究,结果表明LYZH型急冷箱具有优秀的传热性能及气液混合性能。为使LYZH型急冷箱的性能得到进一步提升,对其结构进行了优化,最优结构的旋流冷氢管中径为2218.9 mm、喷射管直径为526.9 mm以及接液盘到冷氢盘高度为175.4 mm。与原始结构相比,最优结构的传热性能提高7.61%,压力降降低14.4%,LYZH型急冷箱的综合性能得到较大改善。

Numerical Study on Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics for Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube with Swirl Generators

This study investigated the heat transfer and flow characteristics of one kind of swirlgenerator in a circular heat exchanger tube through a numericalsimulation. The swirlflow induced by this type of swirlgenerator can obtain a high heat transfer rate with minimalpressure drop penalty. The simulations were carried out to understand the physicalbehavior of this kind of mesoscale heat enhancement component. By visualizing the heat transfer and flow characteristics, it is found that the swirlflow is induced by swirlgenerator in the circular tube couples with the impinging jet effect. After passing through the swirlgenerator, the localfriction factor of liquid can quickly return to lower levelmore quickly, while the localNusselt number maintains higher values for a distance; thus, the evaluation criterion of localperformance is improved. Single-factor optimization is used for three geometric parameters, i.e., the angle of swirlgenerator(25o, 45o, and 60o), the length of swirlgenerator(0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 m), and the center rod radius(1, 2, and 3 mm). The optimum parameters of the swirlgenerator for laminar flow of air in a circular tube are obtained, which should be 60o, 0.005 m, and 3 mm, respectively.

Inlet flow disturbance effects on direct numerical simulation of incompressible round jet at Reynolds number 2500

This letter reports inlet flow disturbance effects on direct numerical simulation of incompressible round jet at Reynolds number 2500.The simulation employs an accurate projection method in which a sixth order biased upwind difference scheme is used for spatial discretization of nonlinear convective terms,with a fourth order central difference scheme used in the discretization of the divergence of intermediate velocity.Carefully identifying reveals that the inlet flow disturbance has some influences on the distribution pattern of mean factor of swirling strength intermittency.With the increase of inlet disturbance magnitude jet core cone slightly shortens,observable differences occur in the centerline velocity and its fluctuations,despite the negligible impacts on the least square fitted centerline velocity decay constant(B_u)and distribution parameter(K_u)for velocity profile in self-similar region.

随机场TPDF在非结构网格平台的开发及检验

为实现对燃烧室内部燃烧过程的高精度数值模拟,增强航空发动机燃烧室研究手段,采用开源的非结构网格平台Saturne,开发可以耦合详细化学反应机理,高精度解析湍流燃烧过程的概率密度函数输运方程(TPDF)湍流燃烧模型。采用随机场方法求解TPDF方程,在原有程序基础上研发了TPDF程序模块及配合的加速算法等模拟单元,发展了针对燃烧室燃烧过程模拟的软件功能。采用射流火焰Flame D和旋流火焰TECFLAM对新软件进行了测试,结果表明:模拟结果与试验数据趋势一致,精度尚可。对某型燃烧室性能模拟验证中,计算的出口温度分布与试验结果一致,平均温度误差小于3.8%,新的软件可进一步应用于燃烧室性能的研究。

旋转空化喷嘴结构优化设计及涡旋特性分析

为提升高压水射流破碎开采天然气水合物的效率,优化设计一种旋转空化射流喷嘴。利用计算流体力学方法探究不同叶轮数、叶轮加旋角度、入口速度和出口围压对旋转空化射流特性的影响规律,对比分析旋转空化射流和收缩-扩张型空化射流的流场分布规律、涡旋特性及天然气水合物沉积物的破碎特征。研究结果表明:叶轮加旋角度对旋转空化射流的影响明显比叶轮数的影响大,叶轮数及叶轮加旋角度的优化值分别为3个和360°;在喷嘴结构固定的情况下,提高入口速度能获得空蚀及射流冲蚀能力更强的旋转空化射流,而围压升高则会弱化流场中空化云的初生与发展;旋转空化射流因兼具正向冲击、径向张力及周向剪力和“梭形”空化云特点,较收缩-扩张型空化射流有更优的破岩效果;叶轮旋转效应所产生的中心涡使得旋转空化射流的涡结构更加复杂,流场中更易形成“负压”区以提升射流的空蚀能力。

旋转磨料射流钻孔储层适应性研究

为了揭示旋转磨料射流破岩钻孔储层适用性,以油气储层常见岩石为试验岩样,分析了其破岩成孔特性和关键参数影响规律,并基于ALE-FEM流-固耦合方法,开展了其破岩机理研究。结果表明:旋转磨料射流可高效破碎页岩、煤岩、灰岩、砂岩、花岗岩,形成壁面光滑、带锥形凸起的大直径规则圆形孔眼;射流成孔直径和成孔深度随喷射压力增加而增大,随岩石抗拉强度增大而降低;射流压力25 MPa下,上述各类岩石成孔直径分别为50,90,62,70,53 mm;在旋转磨料射流冲击下,岩石表面出现环形应力集中带,且环形应力集中带宽度随喷射时间增加而增大,揭示了锥形凸起形成过程。研究结果可为旋转磨料射流应用于径向水平井技术提供参考和理论指导。

基于VOF-LPT模型的强旋来流条件横向射流破碎雾化特征研究

研究强旋来流条件横向液体射流的破碎雾化特征对先进航发燃烧室设计具有重要意义.该文采用Euler-Lagrange方法模拟了射流破碎雾化过程,基于VOF(volume of fluid)方法捕获了近场射流破碎过程中相界面的拓扑结构变化,通过Lagrange粒子追踪(LPT)方法模化喷雾液滴的动力学过程得到远场油雾分布特征.该研究构建了不同旋流强度横向来流,旋流数从0变化至2.5,射流与气流的动量比q为10,来流We数为39.在该工况下,射流破碎过程包含柱状破碎和表面破碎.结果表明,由Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)不稳定诱导的轴向波的发展是射流发生柱状破碎的主要原因,而射流分支/液膜从液柱表面剥离形成了射流的表面破碎,其主要由方位剪切不稳定波主导.强旋流加速了射流的柱状破碎过程,降低了破碎位置的径向高度,但旋流延迟了射流的表面破碎过程,破碎开始位置的径向高度随旋流数增大而升高.随着旋流数的增大,流向方向速度分量不断减小,射流沿径向方向的喷注轨迹显著升高;射流的偏转角度与流向位置呈线性关系,旋流数越大偏转斜率越大.此外,射流雾化场的Sauter直径(SMD)随旋流数的增加而减小,液雾场的空间分布区域也随旋流数的增加而增大.

旋转磨料射流喷嘴叶轮参数优化设计

为增强旋转磨料射流在硬岩地层高效破岩效果,喷射破岩形成较大孔径径向水平井井眼,对喷嘴叶轮参数展开了优化设计。对径向水平井井下工况旋转磨料射流流场进行模拟,研究了叶轮扭转角、长度、直径、叶片厚度和叶片数量等参数对流场速度的影响。结果表明:叶轮扭转角度为影响流场旋流强度的主要因素;减小叶轮直径或增加叶片厚度会缩小流道的过流面积,增加射流的旋转强度,直径影响最大切向速度相差15.1%,厚度影响相差44.6%;叶片数量较多会降低射流冲击速度。在本文条件下,给出了建议性优化喷嘴叶轮结构参数:叶轮扭转角度为630°,长度为30 mm,直径为18 mm,叶片厚度为4 mm,叶片数量为3。所得结果可为径向井旋转磨料射流喷嘴优化设计提供依据。

通风系统扰动下旋动雾幕控尘技术研究

为解决掘进机截割头处煤尘扩散污染问题,基于完整掘进工作面模型建立了数值分析模型和相似实验系统,对旋动雾幕控尘系统在井下辅助通风系统扰动下的雾幕完整性与控尘性能进行研究分析。模拟结果表明:随着辅助通风系统压风风量的逐步增大,旋动雾幕逐渐被破坏,当相似压风风量大于4 m^(3)/min时,旋转的液滴脱离原有运动轨迹由掘进机回风侧向后扩散。实验结果表明:旋动雾幕具有一定的抗干扰性,与模拟结果较一致;当雾幕完整时均能达到较好的控尘性能,当压风风量逐渐上升到4 m^(3)/min时,司机位置处可保持较高的降尘效率,但掘进机后5 m处总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘降尘效率表现出较明显的降低,分别由97.6%、96.4%降为89.4%、85.8%,保持辅助通风风速小于3.3 m/s时可获得较好的旋动雾幕控尘效果。

Characteristics of annular impinging jets with/without swirling flow by short guide vanes

Annular jets impinging on a uniformly heated flat plate with or without swirling flow by short guide vanes are experimentally characterized. With the Reynolds number fixed at a relatively low value, the variation of jet flow structures with impinging distance is characterized using the technique of particle image velocimetry (PIV). Correspondingly, the distributions of wall pressure and heat transfer on the plate are measured. At sufficiently large impinging distances, without swirling flow, the obtained flow and wall pressure/heat transfer data are consistent with the classical observation for a conventional annular impinging jet, showing the transition from annular impinging jet flow to single circular impinging jet-like flow. In contrast, no such transition occurs in the presence of flow turning by short guide vanes. At short and intermediate impinging distances, flow turning causes more non-uniform distributions of wall pressure and heat transfer on the target plate and the local heat transfer rates higher than those of the conventional annular jet. This is attributed to the vortical flow structures shed and convected downstream from the short guide vanes. In sharp contrast, at large impinging distances, the larger momentum loss due to flow turning results in lower heat transfer rates on the plate.