Experimental study of hydraulic fracture propagation with multi-cluster in-plane perforations in a horizontal well

Tri-axial fracturing studies were carried out to understand the impact of lateral mechanical parameters on fracture propagation from multiple in-plane perforations in horizontal wells. Additionally, the discussion covered the effects of geology, treatment, and perforation characteristics on the non-planar propagation behavior. According to experimental findings, two parallel transverse fractures can be successfully initiated from in-plane perforation clusters in the horizontal well because of the in-plane perforation, the guide nonuniform fishbone structure fracture propagation still can be exhibited. The emergence of transverse fractures and axial fractures combined as complex fractures under low horizontal principal stress difference and large pump rate conditions. The injection pressure was also investigated, and the largest breakdown pressure can be also found for samples under these conditions.The increase in perforation number or decrease in the cluster spacing could provide more chances to increase the complexity of the target stimulated zone, thus affecting the pressure fluctuation. In a contrast, the increase in fracturing fluid viscosity can reduce the multiple fracture complexity. The fracture propagation is significantly affected by the change in the rock mechanical properties. The fracture geometry in the high brittle zone seems to be complicated and tends to induce fracture reorientation from the weak-brittle zone. The stress shadow effect can be used to explain the fracture attraction, branch, connection, and repulsion in the multiple perforation clusters for the horizontal well.The increase in the rock heterogeneity can enhance the stress shadow effect, resulting in more complex fracture geometry. In addition, the variable density perforation and temporary plugging fracturing were also conducted, demonstrating higher likelihood for non-uniform multiple fracture propagation. Thus, to increase the perforation efficiency along the horizontal well, it is necessary to consider the lateral fracability of the horizontal well on target formation.

Analysis of Stress Concentration Factors due to in-Plane Bending and out-of-Plane Bending Loads on Tubular TY-Joints of Offshore Structures

The aim of this work is to study the stress distributions and the location of hot spots stress in the vicinity of the intersection lines of the tubular elements of the tubular TY-joints.Using the finite element models,we analyze the effects of geometrical parameters on the stress concentration factor in the case of in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending loads,around the weld toe of the tubular joints.Our results reveal the location of the maximum stress concentration factor at the heel or toe in the case of in-plane bending loads and at the saddle point in the case of out-of-plane bending loads.Six parametric equations are established and used to calculate the stress concentration factor at critical locations using the non-linear regression method.The results obtained from the finite element analysis are close to the results of the parametric equations and the experimental data from the previous work.

ON THE ORIGIN OF STRESS PEAK IN UNI-AXIAL STRETCHING OF AMORPHOUS POLYMERS

Rubber of high molar mass, like cis-polybutadiene, shows's stress peak on the engineering stress-strain curve during stretching at room temperature. In this work cis-polybutadiene samples were swollen in a poor solvent, CHCl3/EtOH (1/1 v/v), for different times. It was found that both the initial modulus and the stress peak on stretching decreased in magnitude with increasing swelling time and the peak disappeared entirely after 1 hour of swelling. On further swelling the initial modulus increased somewhat and a small stress peak re-appeared after swelling for 2 h. The disappearance of the stress peak after swelling is interpreted as the result of disruption of cohesional entanglements present in the initial rubber sample. The re-appearance of a small stress peak and the increase of modulus on further swelling are interpreted as being of the same nature as the phenomenon of anti-plasticization. It is the result of forming some new cohesional entanglements of larger binding energies through longer range chain segmental motions excited after the disruption of the previously existing cohesional entanglements in the rubber. Thus an understanding of the stress peak on stretching a high molar mass rubber and the phenomenon of anti-plasticization on molecular level has been put forward.

Estimation of seismic stress drop from the peak velocity of ground motion

According to the source dislocation model suggested by Brune(1970), the authors have calculated the displacement spectra of S wave and source parameters of the Heqing M S 5 3 earthquake sequence, using the digital data of this sequence obtained in the Western Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Experimental Field (WYEPEF). Based on this calculation we have studied the dependence of the peak velocity ( rv ) of ground motion on the seismic stress drop Δ σ . From the seismic scaling law we obtained ( rv )∝Δ σ 2/3 , thus the three formulae of calculating seismic stress drop Δ σ using the peak velocity parameters can be derived: lg( rv)=d 1+13lg M 0+23lgΔ σ ; lg( rv) =d 2+13 M L+23lgΔ σ ; lgΔ σ =-1 0+1 5lg( rv ) Assuming that the average stress drop Δ σ =3.0×10 6 Pa for great and small earthquakes, then the constants d 1=-3 88 and d 2=-0 38 are determined by the observational data of the Heqing M S5 3 sequence. Results of the source parameters for this sequence show that the seismic moment M 0 is between 10 11 N·m and 10 15 N·m, the rupture radius a of the source is between 200 m and 600 m, the stress drop Δ σ is between 0 1 MPa and 10 MPa and the average stress drop Δ σ =3 7 MPa calculated from the peak velocity parameter of the ground motion. Δσ values measured from these scaling relations are basically in agreement with the results given by Brune′s method( 1970). Results of this study show that the dependence of the ground motion peak velocity parameter (rv) on the stress drop Δσ is even stronger than that on the seismic moment M 0 .

MODELING THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVES UNDER DYNAMIC RECRYSTALLIZATION

An analytical model for dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is studied based on the relative grain size model proposed by Sakai and Jonas, and the characteristic flow behaviors under DRX are analyzed and simulated. Introducing the variation of dynamic grain size and the heterogeneous distribution of disolo- cation densities densities under DRX,a simple method for modeling and simulating DRX processes is developed by using Laplace transformation theory. The results derived from the present model agree well with the experimental results in literatures. This simulation can reproduce a number of features in DRX flow behaviors, for example,single and multiple peak flow behaviors followed by a steady state flow, the transition between them, and so on.

In-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD induced by the first-dam reservoir filling

To evaluate the effects of dam height, valley narrowness and width of concrete slabs on the first-dam reservoir filling in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD＇s, 3D finite difference analyses were carried out. Behavior of rockfiU dams considered in this study was defined from the monitoring of a number of 3D sets of pressure cells and extensometers installed in three large dams in Mexico. The 3D analyses results show that high in-plane transversal compressive stresses develop within the concrete panels located in the central concrete face zone upon dam reservoir filling loading. Likewise, in-plane induced tensile transversal stresses in the zones near the abutments increase the potential of slabs cracking and damaging the waterstops in-between the vertical and perimetral joints. From the results of the 3D finite difference analyses, a simple method to estimate in-plane normal stresses in the concrete face is advanced and through comparisons with the results of a 3D case numerical study, its accuracy assessed.

A METHOD FOR CORRECTING INTENSITY IN CONTINU-OUS SCANNING X-RAY STRESS MEASUREMENT

A set of absorption curves was priorly prepared on transparent films to fit the background and peak intensities in continuous scanning X-ray stress measurement.It may be better to correct both background and absorption of pure diffraction intensity.Experimental results revealed this to be a reliable correction method.

Dynamic in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD

Severe earthquakes can induce damages to Concrete Face Rocldill Dams (CFRDs)such as concrete cracking and joint's water stops distressing where high in-plane transversal normal stresses develop.Although these damages rarely jeopardize the dam safety,they cause large water reservoir leakages that hinder the dam functioning.This issue can be addressed using well know numerical methods;however,given the wide range of parameters involved,it would seem appropriate to develop a simple yet reliable procedure to get a close understanding how their interaction affects the CFRD's overall behavior.Accordingly,once the physics of the problem is better understood one can proceed to perform a detailed design of the various components of the dam.To this end an easy-to-use procedure that accounts for the dam height effects,valley narrowness,valley slopes,width of concrete slabs and seismic excitation characteristics was developed.The procedure is the dynamic complement of a method recently developed to evaluate in-plane transversal normal stresses in the concrete face of CFRD's due to dam reservoir filling [1].Using these two procedures in a sequential manner,it is possible to define the concrete slab in-plane normal stresses induced by the reservoir filling and the action of orthogonal horizontal seismic excitations acting at the same time upstream-downstream and cross river.Both procedures were developed from a data base generated using nonlinear static and dynamic three-dimensional numerical analyses on the same group of CFRD's.Then,the results were interpreted with the Buckingham Pi theorem and various relationships were developed.In the above reference,the method to evaluate the concrete face in-plane transversal normal stresses caused by the first reservoir filling was reported.In this paper,the seismic procedure is first developed and then through an example the whole method (dam construction,reservoir filling plus seismic loading)of analysis is assessed.

The environment shear stress field for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence

The environment shear stress of Tangshan main earthquake and 38 great aftershocks have been calculated by the acceleration data of Tangshan earthquake sequence. The environment shear stress for 52 smaller aftershocks from July of 1982 to July of 1984 have also been calculated by use of the digital data of the Sino-American cooperation recorded by the instrumental arrays in Tangshan. The results represent that the environment shear stress τ0 values have a weak dependence on the seismic moment, only the small and moderate earthquakes will be able to occur in the region with smaller τ0 value and the large earthquakes are only in the region with greater τ0 value. The peak acceleration, velocity and displacement will be larger for the earthquakes occurred in the region with greater τ0 value, Therefore, the measurement of environment shear stress τ0 value for the significant region will play an important role in earthquske prediction and engineering shock-proof. The environment shear stress values for the great aftershocks occurred in the two ends of the main fault are often higher than that for the main shock. This case may represent the stress concentration in the two ends of the fault. This phenomenon provides the references for the place where the great aftershock will occur.

Novel extended C-m models of flow stress for accurate mechanical and metallurgical calculations and comparison with traditional flow models

Here,we developed novel extended piecewise bilinear power law(C-m)models to describe flow stresses under broad ranges of strain,strain rate,and temperature for mechanical and metallurgical calculations during metal forming at elevated temperatures.The traditional C-m model is improved upon by formulating the material parameters C and m,defined at sample strains and temperatures as functions of the strain rate.The coefficients are described as a linear combination of the basis functions defined in piecewise patches of the sample strain and temperature domain.A comparison with traditional closed-form function flow models revealed that our approach using the extended piecewise bilinear C-m model is superior in terms of accuracy,ease of use,and adaptability;additionally,the extended C-m model was applicable to numerical analysis of mechanical,metallurgical,and microstructural problems.Moreover,metallurgy-related values can be calculated directly from the flow stress information.Although the proposed model was developed for materials at elevated temperatures,it can be applied over a broad temperature range.

The space and time distribution characteristics of the shear stress field for the sequence of the Wuding earthquake

Follow Chen and Duda's model of spectral fall-off of ω~3, the dependence of peak parameters of ground motion, peak displacement d_m, peak velocity vin and peak acceleration a_m, upon the environment stress τ_o-values are studied using near source seismic digital recordings for the sequence of the Wuding, Yunnan, M = 6.5 earthquake, in which, as a new thought, the peak parameters are assumed to be related to the medium Q-value. Three formulae for estimating the environment stress τ_o-values by the peak parameters of three types of ground motions are derived. Using these formulae, the environment stress τ_o-values are calculated for the sequence of the Wuding earthquake. The result show that τ_o-values calculated by the three formulae are constant largely, the averages of τ_o are in the range of 5.0-35 MPa for most earthquakes. It belongs to the high-stress earthquakes sequence: the high-stress values are restricted to the relatively small area closely near to the epicenter of the main shock. The fine distribu tion structure for the contours of the environment stress τ_o-values is related closely to the strong aftershocks. The analysis of spatial and temporal feature of To-values suggests that the earthquakes sequence in a rupture process generated at the specific intersection zone of seismo-tectonics under high-stress background.

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体的力学性能与破坏模式对注浆整体效果具有显著影响。基于室内注浆模拟试验、劈裂型注浆加固体三轴压缩试验和相应的离散元数值模拟,研究劈裂浆脉形态与空间分布特征及注浆加固规律,分析浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量和倾角对注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式的影响,阐明三轴加载条件下加固体内部孔隙率和微裂纹演化规律。研究结果表明:劈裂浆脉空间分布模式主要包括半贯通型、交叉型和贯通型,注浆影响区域可分为加固区、过渡区和未扰动区;浆脉存在有效提升了加固体的整体刚度和承载力,加固体峰值偏应力与浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量呈正相关关系,而浆脉倾角增大会导致整体强度降低;加固体破坏模式主要有局部膨胀型和剪切滑移型,受浆脉形态特征影响,二者对整体变形破坏的贡献程度不同;在加载过程中,浆-土界面处首先萌生微裂纹,进而浆脉两侧软弱介质被压缩挤密后出现大量微裂纹,裂纹数量持续增多直至试样破坏;加固体孔隙率与微裂纹萌生数量变化规律均呈现明显的阶段性特征,且受浆脉形态特征影响显著。

混凝土内部受压力学性能试验与本构分析

为了精准测量受压混凝土内部应力-应变关系,通过在丙烯酸树脂杆上布置电阻式应变片,测量得到混凝土试块内部应变,研发大量程微型土压力盒实现混凝土内部应力测量。将相关测试装置预埋在混凝土试块内部,完成混凝土试块单轴压缩试验,获得精准的混凝土内部应力-应变关系数据。结果表明,混凝土内部本构模型相对于传统本构模型具有良好的延性,且峰值强度远高于传统本构模型。结合国内外几种具有代表性的混凝土本构方程对试验进行了有限元模拟,针对应力-应变曲线、峰值强度及峰值应变进行了对比分析。分析结果表明:实测的混凝土内部应力-应变曲线合理准确,相关测量方法具有良好的精度和可行性;基于我国规范模型的有限元模拟结果与试验结果吻合最好,可进一步推广使用。

基于正交试验的蓄能弹簧优化设计

为了提高蓄能弹簧的回弹性能,采用Ansys Workbench有限元软件建立了蓄能弹簧的有限元模型,并通过对比试验验证了模型的可靠性。以弹性能和最大等效应力作为回弹性能的评价指标,探究了薄片宽度、薄片厚度、截面直径、盘绕圈数以及盘绕中径等参数对蓄能弹簧回弹性能的影响。通过正交试验分析了各结构参数对蓄能弹簧的弹性能和等效应力的敏感性。基于弹性能最大和等效应力最小两个目标,对蓄能弹簧的结构参数进行了优化设计。研究结果表明:蓄能弹簧的弹性能随着薄片宽度、薄片厚度、截面直径以及盘绕圈数的增大而增大;最大等效应力随着薄片宽度增大而增大,随着截面直径和盘绕圈数的增大而减小;薄片厚度对弹性能的影响最大,盘绕圈数对最大等效应力的影响最大,而盘绕中径对弹性能与最大等效应力的影响均最小;优化后的蓄能弹簧弹性能提升了190.14%,同时等效应力峰值下降了2.26%。

峰前峰后循环加卸载对砂岩动力特性的影响

为深入分析砂岩峰前和峰后不同阶段的动力特性规律,开展单轴分级循环加卸载试验,综合分析下限应力对砂岩峰前峰后不同加卸载阶段的表观弹性模量、滞回圈面积、阻尼比、阻尼系数及动弹性模量等相关动力参数的影响。研究结果表明:①岩样在峰后因内部损伤加深和累积,相同下限应力下滞回曲线位于峰前右侧,且应变量增幅和最大应变增幅均随下限应力的增加而逐渐减小,说明峰后岩样虽然强度已达到极限状态,但只要岩石未完全破坏失稳,其致密性仍可以在高应力条件下的循环加卸载中得到增强。②砂岩在峰前峰后循环加卸载下的变化过程,可以通过表观弹性模量曲线斜率a值的变化得以体现,低下限应力循环加卸载试验中,致密性增强系数a_(1)>致密性劣化系数a_(2),斜率a均为正值,轴向应力对岩石整体的压密作用明显强于劣化损伤作用;随着下限应力升高,a_(2)的降低速率高于a_(1)的升高速率,a值逐渐减小甚至变为负值,说明轴向应力对岩石整体的压密作用逐渐弱于劣化损伤作用。③4组不同下限应力条件下,岩样峰后的滞回圈面积、阻尼比、阻尼系数均高于峰前状态,而动弹性模量低于峰前状态,说明岩样在峰后循环加卸载过程中内部劣化损伤程度高于峰前。

冻融循环下秸秆纤维混凝土损伤特性及动态力学性能研究

为研究冻融循环对不同纤维掺量的秸秆纤维混凝土动态力学性能的影响,采用非金属超声波检测仪测量不同冻融循环次数下秸秆纤维混凝土试件纵波波速,利用直径74 mm变截面分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置对试件开展动态单轴压缩试验,分析试件纵波波速、峰值应力、劣化度、韧性及破碎耗能密度与冻融循环次数及秸秆纤维掺量间的关系。结果表明:纤维的掺入能够提高混凝土材料的纵波波速及整体性,随着冻融循环次数的增加,秸秆纤维混凝土纵波波速随之降低,冻融循环会对试件造成损伤;秸秆纤维的掺入会增强混凝土材料的力学性能,掺量为0.2%时效果最佳,冻融循环作用试件峰值应力不断降低,劣化度不断增加,相较于冻融循环0次素混凝土试件,冻融循环30、60、90、120次试件峰值应力分别降低6.96%、19.4%、34.2%、53.3%,冻融循环后期应力降幅显著增加,纤维的掺入在一定程度上减缓了冻融作用下试件劣化程度;纤维掺量为0.2%时试件的韧性与破碎耗能密度提升最大,冻融循环会对试件造成劣化,降低其韧性及吸能效果。秸秆纤维的掺入使混凝土材料力学性能大幅增加,秸秆纤维的绿色可再生性对秸秆纤维混凝土的推广具有重大意义。

爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道动力响应特征与稳定性研究

为了研究爆破震动作用下高地应力巷道的动力响应特征及其稳定性,以淮南潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破扰动瓦斯综合治理巷为工程背景,通过理论分析建立了爆破作业扰动巷道围岩模型,并根据应力波传播理论及波前动量守恒定理推导出了爆破震动作用下巷道围岩振动方程。使用数值模拟研究了巷道围岩质点峰值振动速度(Peak Particle Velocity,PPV)的衰减特征,从应力分布规律的角度对理论分析进行了补充,并根据模拟结果对巷道围岩稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:巷道围岩振动方程显示,爆炸应力波入射角度的不同会导致巷道围岩不同区域的动态响应特征存在差异。随着爆心距增大,巷道轮廓面附近围岩PPV出现波动,并在自由面处获得最大峰值振速;地应力对巷道围岩PPV具有抑制作用,地应力越大抑制作用越明显,且不同位置围岩的PPV对地应力敏感度存在差异;随着地应力增大,爆破震动作用下巷道围岩受力状态从拉剪变为压剪,最大主应力和剪切应力也随之增大。研究认为随着埋深增加,在对爆破震动作用下巷道围岩的稳定性进行评估时地应力因素不可忽略。对于潘三矿超前预裂卸压爆破工程现场而言,除了巷道的直墙外,墙角、拱墙也是危险区域,应当着重予以加固并加强监测。

基于离散元法三裂纹岩石裂纹扩展特征的试验与数值研究

为研究三裂纹岩石的静力学破坏特征,采用离散元数值模拟软件PFC2D和模型试验方法,分析三裂纹岩石的峰值应力、应力—应变曲线及裂纹扩展特性,验证离散元数值模拟方法的可行性。通过改变岩石的水平围压和裂纹长度,分析单轴压缩载荷作用下三裂纹岩石的力学响应机制。研究结果表明:中间横向裂纹对裂纹岩石的峰值应力影响较大,中间竖向裂纹对裂纹岩石的峰值应力影响较小;加载过程中裂纹尖端最先出现应力集中现象,最后形成2条约70°的主裂纹贯通3条预制裂纹;随着围压的增大,三裂纹岩石的峰值应力先增大后减小;随着裂纹长度的增加,三裂纹岩石的峰值应力不断减小。

复式楔形掏槽在大断面隧道掘进中的应用研究

掏槽孔爆破效果对整个断面的爆破质量有着重要影响,为解决大断面隧道掘进困难,炮孔利用率低的问题,采用基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的流固耦合算法对比研究单楔形掏槽与复式楔形掏槽的内部有效应力与损伤破坏范围,与现场实际爆破效果印证解释了复式楔形掏槽爆破效果优于单楔形掏槽的原因。研究结果表明:单楔形掏槽应力峰值出现在孔底处,随孔底至堵塞段应力峰值缓慢降低,堵塞段到掌子面应力峰值骤降。复式楔形掏槽应力峰值则出现在一级掏槽孔底位置,且其数值大小高于单楔形掏槽应力峰值。选取两种掏槽模型的损伤区域截面发现,两者的破碎面积接近,但单楔形掏槽模型的堵塞段至掌子面区域的岩石未能破碎贯通,复式楔形掏槽模型整个槽腔完全贯通。根据数值模拟结果改进了某公路隧道爆破方案并进行了现场试验,复式楔形掏槽能更好地解决大断面隧道爆破炮孔利用率低以及爆后大块多的问题。研究结果可为相关隧道掏槽孔布设方案提供选择和参考。

不同应力循环路径下砂岩的能量演化特征

为从能量角度探究砂岩在循环应力作用下的力学响应,开展10 MPa初始峰值应力逐级递增、80 MPa初始峰值应力逐级递增及恒定100 MPa峰值应力3种循环路径下的加卸载试验,结合应力应变曲线和能量计算结果,分析砂岩各项能量随循环次数和峰值应力的演化特征。结果表明:随循环次数和峰值应力增加,初始峰值应力80和100 MPa时滞回环仅在第2次循环时向应变增大方向明显迁移。不同应力循环路径下单位体积耗散能表现出不同的阶段性演化特征,分级循环加卸载时,砂岩各项能量值随峰值应力增加由二次函数向线性函数增长特征转变,而峰值应力恒定为100 MPa等幅度循环加卸载时,随循环次数增加,砂岩单位体积能和单位体积弹性能呈开口向下的二次函数趋势下降,单位体积耗散能呈指数趋势下降。不同应力区间内循环路径对砂岩的能量影响有较大差异,分级循环加卸载与单次加卸载相比,峰值应力为80 MPa时各项能量相差均小于10%,峰值应力为100 MPa时各项能量相差达到22.74%~62.58%。