山东高密高氟地下水成因模式与原位驱氟设想

山东省高密市地处胶莱盆地,南部为丘陵区,中部为缓坡区,北部为高氟地下水分布的平原区,属于盆地浅层地下水型饮水高氟地区,是全国氟中毒较为严重的地区之一。该区地势平坦,属暖温带大陆季风气候区,蒸发强度较高。晚更新世以来,该区较为平稳,地表水、地下水径流滞缓,地下水以降水补给、蒸发排泄为主,目前兼有少量的人工开采。高氟地下水赋存于白垩纪火山碎屑岩风化残积形成的第四系松散堆积物中,含水层以砂质亚黏土为主,在埋深0.5~1.0m处普遍发育钙质结核,俗称姜石。靠近北部河流,第四系底部多发育一层厚度渐大的含砾砂层。随着砂层的出现、增厚,地下水中的含氟量逐渐降低。据此总结了高密市高氟地下水的成因模式,为溶滤富集型与蒸发浓缩碱化型的复合模式。通过室内淋溶试验,结合当地的实际,提出＂原位驱氟＂的设想。

In-situ growth of gold nanoparticles on electrospun flexible multilayered PVDF nanofibers for SERS sensing of molecules and bacteria

Plasmonic surface of flexible multilayered nanofibers possesses special superiority for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)sensing of molecules and microbial cells.However,the fabrication of flexible plasmonic nanofibers with high sensitivity and reproducibility is difficult.Herein,we report a smart strategy for fabricating flexible plasmonic fibers,in which compact and homogeneous gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)are in-situ grown on the high-curvature surface of multilayered fibers of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF).Firstly,the surface of PVDF fibers is changed electrically,and Au seeds are deposited on the surface of PVDF fibers using electrostatic driving force.Secondly,a stable AuI_(4)−complex is formed employing coordination between I−and AuCl4−ions,which could decrease the reduction potential of AuCl4−and restrain the self-nucleation,and then the reduction reaction of AuI4−is initiated by introducing PVDF@Au seeds to pull down the barrier of potential energy.Finally,in-situ growth of AuNPs is generated on the high-curvature surface of PVDF nanofibers,and large-scale hotspots are generated by adjacent AuNPs coupling in the three-dimensional(3D)space of multilayered fibers.Membrane of PVDF@Au nanofibers also realizes the sensitive detection of thiram molecules(low limit of detection of 0.1 nM)and good reproducibility(relative standard deviation of 10.6%).Meanwhile,due to the multilayered construction of PVDF@Au nanofibers,a valid SERS signal on 3D surface of bacteria could be generated.3D distribution of hotspots on multilayered PVDF@Au nanofibers gives a clear advantage for SERS sensing of organic molecules and microbial cells.

Design of hierarchical and mesoporous FeF_(3)/rGO hybrids as cathodes for superior lithium-ion batteries

Iron fluoride(FeF_(3)) is considered as a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity(712 mAh/g)with a 3 e-transfer.Herein,we have designed a strategy of hierarchical and mesoporous FeF_(3)/rG O hybrids for LIBs,where the hollow Fe F_(3) nanospheres are the main contributor to the specific capacity and the 2 D r GO nanosheets are the matrix elevating the electronic conductivity and buffering the volume expansion.The unique FeF_(3)/rGO hybrid can be rationally synthesized by a nonaqueous in-situ precipitation method,offering the merits of large specific surface area with rich active sites,fast transport channels for lithium ions,effective alleviation of volume expansion during cycles,and accelerating the electrochemical reaction kinetics.The Fe F_(3)/r GO hybrid electrode possesses a high initial discharge capacity of 553.9 m Ah/g at a rate of 0.5 C with 378 m Ah/g after 100 cycles,acceptable rate capability with 168 m Ah/g at 2 C,and feasible high-temperature operation(320 m Ah/g at 70℃).The superior electrochemical behaviors presented here demonstrates that the FeF_(3)/rGO hybrid is a potential electrode for LIBs,which may open up a new vision to design high-efficiency energy-storage devices such as LIBs based on transition metal fluorides.