The in-situ formation mechanism of MgAl_(2)O_(4) was introduced,focusing on the formation process by solid phase reaction and gas phase reaction as well as the phenomenon of secondary spinelization.The influencing fac...The in-situ formation mechanism of MgAl_(2)O_(4) was introduced,focusing on the formation process by solid phase reaction and gas phase reaction as well as the phenomenon of secondary spinelization.The influencing factors of the in-situ MgAl_(2)O_(4) formation and its effect on the microstructure and the properties of materials were systematically summarized for the Al2O3-MgO-MgAl_(2)O_(4) system and the carbon-containing refractories systems.It was pointed out that the in-situ formation of MgAl_(2)O_(4),including secondary spinelization,can regulate the microstructure and the service performance of materials.Its expansion effect can not only offset the shrinkage caused by sintering to improve the corrosion resistance of refractories,but also seriously restrict the reliability of functional refractories.The composition,the particle size,the atmosphere,and the temperature are important factors affecting the in-situ formation of MgAl_(2)O_(4).In the carbon-containing materials systems,the solid-solid reaction and the gas-solid reaction coexist to produce MgAl_(2)O_(4),which provides an effective way to further regulate the microstructure and the properties of materials through the reaction process.展开更多
Na2Ti3O7 has attracted much attention in the field of anode materials for Na-ion batteries thanks to its non-toxicity and very low working potential of 0.3 V vs Na0/Na+.Building a clearer picture of its formation from...Na2Ti3O7 has attracted much attention in the field of anode materials for Na-ion batteries thanks to its non-toxicity and very low working potential of 0.3 V vs Na0/Na+.Building a clearer picture of its formation from cheap Na_(2)CO_(3) and TiO_(2) starting materials is therefore of obvious interest.Here,we report new insights from an in-situ high temperature X-ray diffraction study conducted from room temperature to 800°C,complemented by ex-situ characterizations.We were thereby able to position the previously reported Na_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12) and Na_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13) intermediate phases in a reaction scheme involving three successive steps and temperature ranges.Shifts and/or broadening of a subset of the Na_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13) reflections suggested a combination of intra-layer disorder with the well-established ordering of successive layers.This in-situ study was carried out on reproducible mixtures of Na_(2)CO_(3) and TiO_(2) in 1:3 molar ratio prepared by spraydrying of mixed aqueous suspensions.Single-phase Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) was obtained after only 8 h at 800°C in air,instead of a minimum of 20 h for a conventional solid-state route using the same precursors.Microstructure analysis revealed~15 mm diameter granules made up from rectangular rods of a fewmm length presenting electrochemical properties in line with expectations.In the absence of grinding or formation of intimate composites with conductive carbon,the specific capacity of 137 m Ah/g at C/5 decreased at higher rates.展开更多
An epitaxial ZnO thin film was entirely fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Both the orientation and the size of the crystallites were studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the film show strong c-axis ...An epitaxial ZnO thin film was entirely fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Both the orientation and the size of the crystallites were studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the film show strong c-axis oriented crystal structure with preferred （002） orientation. The Phi-sca~ XRD pattern confirms that the epitaxiM ZnO exhibits a single- domain wurtzite structure with hexagonal symmetry. In situ high-temperature XRD studies of ZnO thin film show that the crystallite size increases with increasing temperature, and （002） peaks shift systematically toward lower 20 values due to the change of lattice parameters. The lattice parameters show linear increase in their values with increasing temperature.展开更多
Here,simultaneous in-situ calibration of pressures and temperatures was performed in a hinge-type second-stage cubic large volume press(LVP)up to 15 GPa and 1400 K by an acoustic travel-time approach.Based on the rece...Here,simultaneous in-situ calibration of pressures and temperatures was performed in a hinge-type second-stage cubic large volume press(LVP)up to 15 GPa and 1400 K by an acoustic travel-time approach.Based on the recently reported P-tSand P-T-tP-tSequations for Al2O3buffer rod,the cell pressures and temperatures in the chamber of LVP were insitu determined,in comparison with those by conventional off-line(or fixed-points)pressure calibration method and direct thermocouple measurement,respectively.It is found that the cell pressures of the LVP chamber are significantly reduced after annealing at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures,owing to the stress relaxation as accumulate in the LVP chamber.This acoustic travel-time method is verified to be a good way for precise determination of thermal(cell)pressures at high temperature conditions,and is of great importance and necessity to conduct in-situ physical property measurements under extreme high P-T conditions,especially when the precious synchrotron x-ray/neutron diffraction beams are not available.展开更多
The tensile equipment of the advanced confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM） was used to research the high temperature mechanical properties of low carbon silicon-bearing steel by twin-roll strip casting. The res...The tensile equipment of the advanced confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM） was used to research the high temperature mechanical properties of low carbon silicon-bearing steel by twin-roll strip casting. The results show that, at the strain rate of 0. 000 5 s ^-1, the strip clearly shows signs of brittleness at around 600 ℃ and its plasticity falls considerably between 750 ℃ and 600 ℃. This is because during the transformation from austenite to ferrite, the low strength ferrite at the austenite grain boundaries greatly reduces the steel＇ s high temperature plasticity. The subsequent strip coiling process should be controlled at less than the brittle temperature of approximately 600 ℃, so cracks at the coiling stage can be prevented.展开更多
The equation of state(EOS)of Cr3C2 at high pressure is studied by the synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction(XRD)in a diamond anvil cell(DAC)at ambient temperature,and density functional theory(DFT).The XRD analysis ...The equation of state(EOS)of Cr3C2 at high pressure is studied by the synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction(XRD)in a diamond anvil cell(DAC)at ambient temperature,and density functional theory(DFT).The XRD analysis shows that the orthorhombic structure is maintained to a maximum pressure of 44.5 GPa.The XRD data show that the bulk modulus is K0=292(18)GPa with K0'=3.25(0.85).In addition,the high-pressure compression behavior of Cr3C2 is studied by first principles calculations.The obtained bulk modulus of Cr3C2 is 323(1)GPa.展开更多
Various types of geofluids exist in deep and ultra-deep layers in petroliferous basins.The geofluids are much more active under high-temperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions,but their properties are unclear.We si...Various types of geofluids exist in deep and ultra-deep layers in petroliferous basins.The geofluids are much more active under high-temperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions,but their properties are unclear.We simulated the mixing of different fluids in CH_(4)/C_(3)H_(8)/C_(6)H_(14)/C_(8)H_(18)-water systems and C_(6)H_(14)/C_(8)H_(18)-CO_(2)-H_(2)O systems at temperatures of 25℃ to 425℃ and pressures of 5 MPa to 105 MPa,using an in-situ micron quartz capillary tube thermal simulation system and molecular dynamics numerical simulation software.The mixing processes,patterns,and mechanisms of various fluids were analyzed at microscale under increasing temperature and pressure conditions.The results show that the miscibility of fluids in the different alkane-H_(2)O and alkane-CO_(2)-H_(2)O systems is not instantaneous,but the miscibility degree between different fluid phases increases as the temperature and pressure rise during the experiments.The physical thermal experiments(PTEs)show that the mixing process can be divided into three stages:initial miscibility,segmented dynamic miscibility,and complete miscibility.The molecular dynamics numerical simulations(MDNSs)indicate that the mixing process of fluids in the alkane-H_(2)O and alkane CO_(2)-H_(2)O systems can be divided into seven and eight stages,respectively.The carbon number affects the miscibility of alkanes and water,and the temperature and pressure required to reach the same miscibility stage with water increase with the carbon number(C_(3)H_(8),C_(6)H_(14),CH_(4),C_(8)H_(18)).CO_(2) has a critical bridge role in the miscibility of alkanes and water,and its presence significantly reduces the temperatures required to reach the initial,dynamic,and complete miscibility of alkanes and water.The results are of great significance for analyzing and understanding the miscibility of geofluids in deep and ultra-deep HTHP systems.展开更多
High-temperature microwave absorbers are significant for military equipment which experiences severe aerodynamic heat.In this work,high-entropy oxide(HEO)(FexCoNiCrMn)mOn with excellent high-temperature microwave abso...High-temperature microwave absorbers are significant for military equipment which experiences severe aerodynamic heat.In this work,high-entropy oxide(HEO)(FexCoNiCrMn)mOn with excellent high-temperature microwave absorption is studied.Driven by the effect of entropy,the composition of the oxide can be transformed from spinel-type phase(FexCoNiCrMn)_(3)O_(4) to corundum-type phase(FexCoNiCrMn)2O3 with the increasing content of iron.Only spinel-type or corundum-type structure composes the oxide when x≤3 or x≥5.But in-situ dual phases can coexist when x equals 4 during phase transition.Interestingly,obliged to abundant heterogeneous interfaces and crystal defects in the dual-phase HEO,magnetic property,dielectric polarization,and microwave loss ability are all well enhanced.The Smith chart analysis demonstrates the impedance matching condition is well improved due to the enhanced loss ability.These findings pave a new way for the adjustment of electromagnetic properties of HEO by entropy-driven phase regulation.Meanwhile,the dual-phase absorber can achieve better than 90%absorption in 9.6-12.4 GHz at 800℃ with a thickness of 2.6 mm,a low thermal diffusivity of 0.0038 cm^(2)/s at 900℃,and excellent high-temperature stability,which indicates it’s promising as a high-temperature microwave absorber.展开更多
The spinel LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)(LNMO)has been attracted great attention as lithium ion cathode material due to its high voltage and large energy density.However,the practical application of LNMO is still limited by...The spinel LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)(LNMO)has been attracted great attention as lithium ion cathode material due to its high voltage and large energy density.However,the practical application of LNMO is still limited by poor cycling stability.Herein,to improve the cycling stability of spinel LNMO,it was treated with anneal process at 900℃for 2 h after prepared by traditional solid-state method(LNMO-A).LNMO-A sample presented better electrochemical property especially under high rate,with capacity of 91.2 mAhg^(-1) after 1000 cycles under 10 C.Its superior electrochemical property was ascribed to the anneal process,resulting a stable crystal structure,indicated by XRD and Raman results of electrodes after 1000 cycles under 10 C and the longer solid-solution reaction,revealed by in-situ XRD.In addition,the optimized particle size,micro morphology and the larger BET area surface induced by the recrystallization in anneal process also contributes to its superior electrochemical property.What's more,the thin layer,which interacted LNMO-A particles with each other,induced by particles remelting in anneal process is also beneficial for its excellent electrochemical property.This study not only improved the electrochemical properties by anneal process,but also revealed the origins and mechanisms for its improvement.展开更多
By using high temperature optical microscopy, oxidation behaviors of poly- and single crystalline NbSi2 were observed in-situ at 1023 K. The effects of micro-cracks, porosity and grain boundary on the oxidation behavi...By using high temperature optical microscopy, oxidation behaviors of poly- and single crystalline NbSi2 were observed in-situ at 1023 K. The effects of micro-cracks, porosity and grain boundary on the oxidation behavior of NbSi2 have been studied. The results indicate that new cracks initiate and extend from the pre-existing cracking areas in the arc-melted poly-crystalline specimen, leading to fragmentation after 220 min at 1023 K. However, although pores and grain boundary are the preferential oxidation site, they do not directly lead to fragmentation during oxidation, indicating that the pre-existing cracks in specimen are the key reason to pesting. The oxidation kinetics of the studied NbSi2 specimens corresponds well with the in-situ observation.展开更多
Searching anodes with excellent electrochemical performance has been in great demand for rechargeable metal ion batteries. In this contribution, Fe/Co co-doped Ni S with N-based carbon(Fe Co-NiS@NC) derived from trime...Searching anodes with excellent electrochemical performance has been in great demand for rechargeable metal ion batteries. In this contribution, Fe/Co co-doped Ni S with N-based carbon(Fe Co-NiS@NC) derived from trimetallic Prussian blue analogue is designed and synthesized. The composition can be easily adjusted and modulated by multi-metals. In addition, the well-designed carbon nanocubes effectively promote electronic conductivity and buffer the volume change upon charge and discharge cycling, resulting in good capacity and long-term cycle life for both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, with capacities of 1018 m Ah g^(-1)(vs. Li/Li^(+)) and 454 m Ah g^(-1)(vs. Na/Na^(+)), respectively, after 100 cycles.Kinetics studies indicate that the electrochemical behaviors are manipulated by both diffusion and pseudocapacitance processes. These strategies would open new opportunities and potention for novel energy storage.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3701400)the Natural Science Foundation of China(51932008)Central Plains Science and Technology Innovation Leader(204200510011).
文摘The in-situ formation mechanism of MgAl_(2)O_(4) was introduced,focusing on the formation process by solid phase reaction and gas phase reaction as well as the phenomenon of secondary spinelization.The influencing factors of the in-situ MgAl_(2)O_(4) formation and its effect on the microstructure and the properties of materials were systematically summarized for the Al2O3-MgO-MgAl_(2)O_(4) system and the carbon-containing refractories systems.It was pointed out that the in-situ formation of MgAl_(2)O_(4),including secondary spinelization,can regulate the microstructure and the service performance of materials.Its expansion effect can not only offset the shrinkage caused by sintering to improve the corrosion resistance of refractories,but also seriously restrict the reliability of functional refractories.The composition,the particle size,the atmosphere,and the temperature are important factors affecting the in-situ formation of MgAl_(2)O_(4).In the carbon-containing materials systems,the solid-solid reaction and the gas-solid reaction coexist to produce MgAl_(2)O_(4),which provides an effective way to further regulate the microstructure and the properties of materials through the reaction process.
基金supported by the Walloon Region under the “PE PlanMarshall2.vert”program(BATWAL–1318146)。
文摘Na2Ti3O7 has attracted much attention in the field of anode materials for Na-ion batteries thanks to its non-toxicity and very low working potential of 0.3 V vs Na0/Na+.Building a clearer picture of its formation from cheap Na_(2)CO_(3) and TiO_(2) starting materials is therefore of obvious interest.Here,we report new insights from an in-situ high temperature X-ray diffraction study conducted from room temperature to 800°C,complemented by ex-situ characterizations.We were thereby able to position the previously reported Na_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12) and Na_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13) intermediate phases in a reaction scheme involving three successive steps and temperature ranges.Shifts and/or broadening of a subset of the Na_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13) reflections suggested a combination of intra-layer disorder with the well-established ordering of successive layers.This in-situ study was carried out on reproducible mixtures of Na_(2)CO_(3) and TiO_(2) in 1:3 molar ratio prepared by spraydrying of mixed aqueous suspensions.Single-phase Na_(2)Ti_(3)O_(7) was obtained after only 8 h at 800°C in air,instead of a minimum of 20 h for a conventional solid-state route using the same precursors.Microstructure analysis revealed~15 mm diameter granules made up from rectangular rods of a fewmm length presenting electrochemical properties in line with expectations.In the absence of grinding or formation of intimate composites with conductive carbon,the specific capacity of 137 m Ah/g at C/5 decreased at higher rates.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10490192)
文摘An epitaxial ZnO thin film was entirely fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Both the orientation and the size of the crystallites were studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the film show strong c-axis oriented crystal structure with preferred （002） orientation. The Phi-sca~ XRD pattern confirms that the epitaxiM ZnO exhibits a single- domain wurtzite structure with hexagonal symmetry. In situ high-temperature XRD studies of ZnO thin film show that the crystallite size increases with increasing temperature, and （002） peaks shift systematically toward lower 20 values due to the change of lattice parameters. The lattice parameters show linear increase in their values with increasing temperature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12075215,11872198,and U2030110)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0401503)。
文摘Here,simultaneous in-situ calibration of pressures and temperatures was performed in a hinge-type second-stage cubic large volume press(LVP)up to 15 GPa and 1400 K by an acoustic travel-time approach.Based on the recently reported P-tSand P-T-tP-tSequations for Al2O3buffer rod,the cell pressures and temperatures in the chamber of LVP were insitu determined,in comparison with those by conventional off-line(or fixed-points)pressure calibration method and direct thermocouple measurement,respectively.It is found that the cell pressures of the LVP chamber are significantly reduced after annealing at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures,owing to the stress relaxation as accumulate in the LVP chamber.This acoustic travel-time method is verified to be a good way for precise determination of thermal(cell)pressures at high temperature conditions,and is of great importance and necessity to conduct in-situ physical property measurements under extreme high P-T conditions,especially when the precious synchrotron x-ray/neutron diffraction beams are not available.
文摘The tensile equipment of the advanced confocal scanning laser microscope （CSLM） was used to research the high temperature mechanical properties of low carbon silicon-bearing steel by twin-roll strip casting. The results show that, at the strain rate of 0. 000 5 s ^-1, the strip clearly shows signs of brittleness at around 600 ℃ and its plasticity falls considerably between 750 ℃ and 600 ℃. This is because during the transformation from austenite to ferrite, the low strength ferrite at the austenite grain boundaries greatly reduces the steel＇ s high temperature plasticity. The subsequent strip coiling process should be controlled at less than the brittle temperature of approximately 600 ℃, so cracks at the coiling stage can be prevented.
基金the Project of Ph.D.Special Research of Sichuan University of Arts and Science,China(Grant No.2019BS006Z)the Fund from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.KJCX2-SW-N03 and KJCX2-SW-N20).
文摘The equation of state(EOS)of Cr3C2 at high pressure is studied by the synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction(XRD)in a diamond anvil cell(DAC)at ambient temperature,and density functional theory(DFT).The XRD analysis shows that the orthorhombic structure is maintained to a maximum pressure of 44.5 GPa.The XRD data show that the bulk modulus is K0=292(18)GPa with K0'=3.25(0.85).In addition,the high-pressure compression behavior of Cr3C2 is studied by first principles calculations.The obtained bulk modulus of Cr3C2 is 323(1)GPa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42222208,41821002)the Special Fund for Taishan Scholar Project(Grant No.tsqn201909061)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.20CX06067A)Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(Grant No.2021QNLM020001)。
文摘Various types of geofluids exist in deep and ultra-deep layers in petroliferous basins.The geofluids are much more active under high-temperature and high-pressure(HTHP)conditions,but their properties are unclear.We simulated the mixing of different fluids in CH_(4)/C_(3)H_(8)/C_(6)H_(14)/C_(8)H_(18)-water systems and C_(6)H_(14)/C_(8)H_(18)-CO_(2)-H_(2)O systems at temperatures of 25℃ to 425℃ and pressures of 5 MPa to 105 MPa,using an in-situ micron quartz capillary tube thermal simulation system and molecular dynamics numerical simulation software.The mixing processes,patterns,and mechanisms of various fluids were analyzed at microscale under increasing temperature and pressure conditions.The results show that the miscibility of fluids in the different alkane-H_(2)O and alkane-CO_(2)-H_(2)O systems is not instantaneous,but the miscibility degree between different fluid phases increases as the temperature and pressure rise during the experiments.The physical thermal experiments(PTEs)show that the mixing process can be divided into three stages:initial miscibility,segmented dynamic miscibility,and complete miscibility.The molecular dynamics numerical simulations(MDNSs)indicate that the mixing process of fluids in the alkane-H_(2)O and alkane CO_(2)-H_(2)O systems can be divided into seven and eight stages,respectively.The carbon number affects the miscibility of alkanes and water,and the temperature and pressure required to reach the same miscibility stage with water increase with the carbon number(C_(3)H_(8),C_(6)H_(14),CH_(4),C_(8)H_(18)).CO_(2) has a critical bridge role in the miscibility of alkanes and water,and its presence significantly reduces the temperatures required to reach the initial,dynamic,and complete miscibility of alkanes and water.The results are of great significance for analyzing and understanding the miscibility of geofluids in deep and ultra-deep HTHP systems.
基金financially supported by the Shanghai Sailing Program(No.21YF1454600)。
文摘High-temperature microwave absorbers are significant for military equipment which experiences severe aerodynamic heat.In this work,high-entropy oxide(HEO)(FexCoNiCrMn)mOn with excellent high-temperature microwave absorption is studied.Driven by the effect of entropy,the composition of the oxide can be transformed from spinel-type phase(FexCoNiCrMn)_(3)O_(4) to corundum-type phase(FexCoNiCrMn)2O3 with the increasing content of iron.Only spinel-type or corundum-type structure composes the oxide when x≤3 or x≥5.But in-situ dual phases can coexist when x equals 4 during phase transition.Interestingly,obliged to abundant heterogeneous interfaces and crystal defects in the dual-phase HEO,magnetic property,dielectric polarization,and microwave loss ability are all well enhanced.The Smith chart analysis demonstrates the impedance matching condition is well improved due to the enhanced loss ability.These findings pave a new way for the adjustment of electromagnetic properties of HEO by entropy-driven phase regulation.Meanwhile,the dual-phase absorber can achieve better than 90%absorption in 9.6-12.4 GHz at 800℃ with a thickness of 2.6 mm,a low thermal diffusivity of 0.0038 cm^(2)/s at 900℃,and excellent high-temperature stability,which indicates it’s promising as a high-temperature microwave absorber.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2018MEM017)。
文摘The spinel LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_(4)(LNMO)has been attracted great attention as lithium ion cathode material due to its high voltage and large energy density.However,the practical application of LNMO is still limited by poor cycling stability.Herein,to improve the cycling stability of spinel LNMO,it was treated with anneal process at 900℃for 2 h after prepared by traditional solid-state method(LNMO-A).LNMO-A sample presented better electrochemical property especially under high rate,with capacity of 91.2 mAhg^(-1) after 1000 cycles under 10 C.Its superior electrochemical property was ascribed to the anneal process,resulting a stable crystal structure,indicated by XRD and Raman results of electrodes after 1000 cycles under 10 C and the longer solid-solution reaction,revealed by in-situ XRD.In addition,the optimized particle size,micro morphology and the larger BET area surface induced by the recrystallization in anneal process also contributes to its superior electrochemical property.What's more,the thin layer,which interacted LNMO-A particles with each other,induced by particles remelting in anneal process is also beneficial for its excellent electrochemical property.This study not only improved the electrochemical properties by anneal process,but also revealed the origins and mechanisms for its improvement.
基金Provision of high purity raw elements from Kyoto University is appreciated. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50131030).
文摘By using high temperature optical microscopy, oxidation behaviors of poly- and single crystalline NbSi2 were observed in-situ at 1023 K. The effects of micro-cracks, porosity and grain boundary on the oxidation behavior of NbSi2 have been studied. The results indicate that new cracks initiate and extend from the pre-existing cracking areas in the arc-melted poly-crystalline specimen, leading to fragmentation after 220 min at 1023 K. However, although pores and grain boundary are the preferential oxidation site, they do not directly lead to fragmentation during oxidation, indicating that the pre-existing cracks in specimen are the key reason to pesting. The oxidation kinetics of the studied NbSi2 specimens corresponds well with the in-situ observation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21974007 and 22090043)。
文摘Searching anodes with excellent electrochemical performance has been in great demand for rechargeable metal ion batteries. In this contribution, Fe/Co co-doped Ni S with N-based carbon(Fe Co-NiS@NC) derived from trimetallic Prussian blue analogue is designed and synthesized. The composition can be easily adjusted and modulated by multi-metals. In addition, the well-designed carbon nanocubes effectively promote electronic conductivity and buffer the volume change upon charge and discharge cycling, resulting in good capacity and long-term cycle life for both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, with capacities of 1018 m Ah g^(-1)(vs. Li/Li^(+)) and 454 m Ah g^(-1)(vs. Na/Na^(+)), respectively, after 100 cycles.Kinetics studies indicate that the electrochemical behaviors are manipulated by both diffusion and pseudocapacitance processes. These strategies would open new opportunities and potention for novel energy storage.
