Experimental investigation on the effective thermal conductivities of different hydrate-bearing sediments

The natural gas hydrate has been regarded as an important future green energy.Significant progress on the hydrate exploitation has been made,but some challenges are still remaining.In order to enhance the hydrate exploitation efficiency,a significant understanding of the effective thermal conductivity(ETC)of the hydrate-bearing sediment has become essential,since it directly controls the heat and mass transfer behaviors,and thereby determines the stability of hydrate reservoir and production rate.In this study,the effective thermal conductivities of various hydrate-bearing sediments were in-situ measured and studied.The impacts of temperature,particle size and type of sediment were investigated.The effective thermal conductivities of the quartz sand sediments before and after hydrate formation were in-situ measured.The results show the weak negative correlation of effective thermal conductivity of the quartz sand sediment on the temperature before and after the hydrate formation.The effective thermal conductivity of the hydrate-bearing sediment decreases with the increase of particle size of the sediment.The dominant effect of the type of porous medium on the characteristics of the effective thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediment was highlighted.The results indicate that both the effective thermal conductivities of hydrate-bearing quartz sand sediment and hydrate-bearing silicon carbide sediment are weakly negatively correlated with temperature,but the effective thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing clay sediment is weakly positively dependent on the temperature.In addition,the values of the effective thermal conductivities of various hydrate-bearing sediments are in the order of hydrate-bearing silicon carbide sediment>hydrate-bearing quartz sand sediment>hydrate-bearing clay sediment.These findings could suggest that the intrinsic thermal conductivity of porous medium could control the characteristics of effective thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediment.

Numerical analysis on thermal conductivity of poly-mineral rock

In order to explore the thermal conductivity of the natural poly-mineral rock,numerical tests of rock models with randomly-distributed components were conducted and compared with each other.Elaborately designed Monte Carlo method was adopted to ingratiate the requirement of the random characteristics of grain size and the grains＇spatial distribution.This requirement was fulfilled by clustering the randomly generated unstructured tetrahedral elements in full three dimensions.Natural rocks are consisted of randomly distributed crystal particles or intergranular minerals.Our primary results verify that the thermal conductivity of the rock is strongly sensitive to the ingredients＇ volume fraction and their spatial distribution.Furthermore,we proved that,in order to reduce the measurement error to a reasonable range,the numerical specimen must be large enough or include sufficient number of mineral particles.Our numerical test results are in accordance with a variety of empirical formulas which are currently employed in petrology.

Laboratory and field experiment on measurement of soil thermal conductivity by probe method

The authors presented a new measuring method of the soil thermal conductivity,the probe method,which is designed and made based on the theory of line heat source. This method is used to measure thermal conductivity of coarse sand,fine sand and silty clay in different water contents. The results that measured by the probe method are well consistent with those of QTM-D_2. The soil thermal conductivity increases in different levels with the increase of the water content. Compared the soil thermal conductivity measured by the probe method in laboratory with in-situ experiment,it shows that the measuring gap gradually increases with the increase of the depth. The reason is that the in-situ measuring thermal conductivity can reflect the actual situation of the soil mass.

Experimental Verification to Estimate Ground Thermal Conductivity Using Spiral Coil Type Ground Heat Exchangers

This paper presents an experimental study on the evaluation of thermal response of a spiral coil type GHE （ground heat exchanger）. This GHE was installed on partially saturated landfill ground that was composed of silt and clay in the runway area of Incheon International airport. TRT （thermal response test） was conducted for more than 65 hours under continuous operation conditions. Ground thermal conductivity was derived based on line source theory, which has usually been found to be appropriate for line type GHEs such as U, W and 2U types. A reasonable method to derive ground thermal conductivity using the infinite line source theory for a spiral coil type GHE was introduced. Ground thermal conductivity from the TRT using spiral coil type GHE was compared with those from the analytical equivalent model of ground thermal conductivity.

Enhanced thermal and electrical properties of poly (D,L-lactide)/ multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites by in-situ polymerization

Biodegradable poly （D,L-lactide） （PLA）/carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes （c-MWCNTs） composites were achieved via in-situ polymerization. These as-prepared composite materials were characterized with FT-IR, XRD, TG, DSC, SEM, and high insulation resistance meter. The results demonstrate that the multi-walled carbon nanotube was carboxyl functionalized, which improved the collection between c-MWCNTs and PLA, and further realized the graft copolymerization of c-MWCNTs and PLA. There is a higher glass transition temperature and a lower pyrolysis temperature of PLA/c-MWCNTs composites than pure PLA. The c-MWCNTs gave a better dispersion than unmodified MWCNTs in the PLA matrix, and an even coating of PLA on the surface of c-MWCNTs was obtained, which increased the interfacial interaction. High insulation resistance analysis showed that the addition of c-MWCNTs increased the electric conductivity, and c-MWCNTs performed against the large dielectric coefficient and electrostatic state of PLA. These results demonstrated that c-MWCNTs modified PLA composites were beneficial for potential application in the development of heat-resisting and conductivity plastic engineering.

Thermal Response Test by Improved Test Rig with Heating or Cooling Soil

An improved test rig providing both the heat and cold source was used to perform thermal response test （TRT）, and the line source model was used for data analysis. The principle of determining the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of test well can keep the heating or cooling rate constant, along with a reduced size of test rig. Among the influencial factors of the line source model, the temperature difference was determined as the most important, which agreed with the test results. When the gravel was taken as the backfill material, the soil thermal conductivities of heating and cooling at the test place were 1.883 W/（m＆#183;K） and 1.754 W/（m＆#183;K）, respectively, and the deviation of TRT between heating and cooling soil was 6.8%. In the case of fine sand, the thermal conductivities of heating and cooling were 1.541 W/（m＆#183;K） and 1.486 W/（m＆#183;K）, respectively, and the corresponding deviation was 6%. It was also concluded that different velocities of water had less influence on TRT than the temperature difference.

Thermal Response Test for Kelix GHE System

The performance of a BTES （borehole thermal energy storage） system is primarily governed by ground heat flux, soil thermal properties and groundwater conditions. However, the design of the heat exchanger used within the BTES system can also make a significant difference in the efficiency of the system. A thermal response test was carded out for a Kelix GHE （ground heat exchanger） system, the latest innovation in geothermal ground loop construction, on an Ecofarm in the town of Caledon East, Ontario, Canada. In addition, a verifying test was performed for a CEES （conventional earth energy system） located 6 m away from the Kelix GHE. The boreholes for these two different heat exchanger designs were drilled with the same diameter, to the same depth and were located in the same/identical geo-hydrological conditions. The response test provided the effective average of undisturbed ground temperature, geothermal properties including thermal conductivity, heat capacity and thermal resistance between the fluid and the borehole wall. The mathematical analysis method used for the response test is presented here. Results of the response test were verified, analyzed and are further discussed.

基于正交试验的泡沫混凝土导热性能和孔结构研究

以硫铝酸盐水泥、粉煤灰为胶凝材料,采用正交试验法研究了发泡剂、减水剂、增稠剂对于泡沫混凝土导热性能的影响并确定最优组合。制备5组不同密度(300、400、500、700、900 kg/m^(3))泡沫混凝土,采用Photoshop图像处理软件对各组样品截面图进行二值化处理,并利用Image-Pro Plus软件对孔隙率、圆度值和孔径分布等孔结构特性进行分析。结果表明,影响泡沫混凝土导热系数的各因素主次顺序为增稠剂、发泡剂、减水剂。泡沫混凝土的密度与孔隙率呈负相关,相关系数R^(2)为0.91;密度越大,圆度值为1的孔隙占比越大。不同密度等级泡沫混凝土的孔径分布近似服从对数正态分布,孔径主要集中于200μm,且大孔径比例随着密度的增大而逐渐降低。

某高导热绝缘胶在星载端机可靠性应用评价

针对星载端机对高导热绝缘底填胶可靠性应用需求,开展双组分高导热绝缘胶可靠性及环境适应性综合影响评估。通过导热绝缘胶性能测试标准样件,测试验证本征性能指标及工艺性指标,并分析评估其合格性;设计制作典型BGA菊花链网络结构样件,采用导热胶填充工艺技术,验证导热绝缘胶空洞率对BGA器件焊点的影响,评价其工艺适应性;设计制作星载端机载荷,开展星载产品验收级环境与可靠性试验,验证端机载荷具有经受工作应力和环境应力的能力。该高导热绝缘胶满足星载产品散热及抗高载荷的需求,实现可靠性应用。

测试条件对水流量平板法测试的热导率的影响

利用水流量平板法测试的热导率的公式确定了影响测试结果的试验参数,通过试验验证了中心量热器单位时间水流量和试样冷热面温差对热导率的影响。试验表明:在测试温度下试样的热导率随中心量热器单位时间水流量的增加而增大,但当中心量热器单位时间水流量超过一定值后,热导率增大趋势变缓;确定水流量平板法测试的热导率与试样冷热面温差有关,可通过热导率与Δt/ΔT的拟合曲线计算曲线范围内或曲线外推温度下的热导率。

双层地基中高导热能量桩热力学特性研究

通过室内模型试验,针对不同循环次数与桩顶荷载作用下高导热能量桩热力学特性进行研究。结果表明:桩身与土体温度随着循环次数增加存在累积行为,距离桩中轴线越远,土体温度越低,变化越小;桩身附加温度应力沿深度方向先减小后增大,最大附加温度应力位于-257 mm处,附加温度应力随着桩顶荷载和循环次数增加而增大;随着桩顶荷载增大,循环后桩顶沉降增大,桩顶沉降随着循环次数增加存在累积行为,在能量桩设计时予以充分考虑。

基于正交试验的免蒸压加气混凝土的制备与性能优化

【目的】制备轻质高强、节能保温的免蒸压加气混凝土,寻找最优制备配合比,提高固体废弃物的利用率。【方法】基于正交试验采用极差分析和矩阵关联分析的方法确定免蒸压加气混凝土的基础最优配比,优化玻璃粉的掺入量来实现加气混凝土性能的提升。【结果】各因素对免蒸压加气混凝土的表观干密度和抗压强度的影响程度由大到小为铝粉掺量(质量分数,下同)、水泥掺量、水料比、聚丙烯纤维(PP纤维)掺量,加气混凝土的基础最优配比为水泥掺量为24%,水料比为0.44,铝粉掺量为0.13%,PP纤维掺量为0.4%;当玻璃粉质量替代率达到25%时,混凝土的综合性能达到最优。【结论】玻璃粉作为粉煤灰的替代材料,在改善免蒸压加气混凝土干密度、抗压强度、导热系数方面效果显著。

饱和砂土地基中碳化硅能源桩的传热特性测试与分析

采用标准试块测试与模型试验,对碳化硅能源桩的传热特性进行研究。通过桩基混凝土试块导热系数和力学性能测试,确定碳化硅能源桩的桩身材料配合比;通过饱和砂土地基中能源桩高温释热工况模型试验,分析饱和砂土地基中碳化硅能源桩的传热性能以及轴向和径向温度分布及变化规律。结果表明:碳化硅代砂率达到16.0%时,桩基混凝土试块的导热系数、抗压强度以及抗折强度会分别提升64.1%、19.9%和11.4%,该代砂率下的碳化硅能源桩桩身材料配合比为最佳配合比。碳化硅能源桩的最高温度出现在桩体中部。相较于普通能源桩,碳化硅能源桩具有更高的桩体温度、温度增长速率和换热功率,表现出更优的传热性能。在碳化硅能源桩进行热循环时,桩土间的热量传递效率自桩身向外沿径向递减;热循环后,桩周土体呈现热量堆积现象,且这种现象随着接近桩身区域而逐渐增强。研究结果可为碳化硅能源桩的设计及其在饱和砂土地基中的应用提供试验依据。

建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板耐久性试验研究

建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板广泛应用于工业与民用建筑的屋面和墙体。现行的国家标准中没有建筑用金属面绝热夹芯板耐久性试验方法及评价指标的要求。根据金属面夹芯板实际用途,选择3种不同芯材的金属面夹芯板,在4种不同环境条件下进行耐久性试验,并对芯材的密度、质量吸湿率、导热系数以及金属面夹芯板的粘结强度进行测试。通过对试验数据的分析,找出影响试验数据的主要因素,并对金属面夹芯板耐久性评价指标的确定提出建议。

内蒙古阴山南麓地区生土砌体材料改性研究

在内蒙古阴山南麓地区的生土中掺入莜麦秸秆、羊毛纤维、糯米浆以及甲基硅酸钠,通过正交试验对生土材料进行复合改性,研究不同掺量下各改性材料对改性生土试件抗压强度、导热性能的影响规律,并确定最优配合比。结果表明,高抗压型改性生土材料最优配合比为:整体含水率18%,莜麦秸秆掺量为0.6%,羊毛纤维掺量为0.6%,糯米浆掺量为2%,甲基硅酸钠掺量为1.5%。相较于素土试件其抗压强度提高了65.6%,导热系数减少了8.0%。低导热型最优配合比为:整体含水率18%,莜麦秸秆掺量为0.6%,羊毛纤维掺量为0.6%,糯米浆掺量为2%,甲基硅酸钠掺量为0.7%。相较于素土试件其抗压强度提高了50.5%,导热系数减少了16.6%。

无损测试泡沫混凝土表面分形维数的方法

泡沫混凝土的表面分形维数是决定泡沫混凝土力学性能和热性能的重要参数。建立了泡沫混凝土分形维数与导热系数之间的关系,并通过不同文献中导热系数的实测值验证了这一关系。采用该关系测试了不同水胶比时泡沫混凝土的导热系数进而计算出分形维数,发现泡沫混凝土的分形维数介于2.70~2.85,且随着水胶比的增加先增大后减小,该测试结果与计盒数法得到的数据基本一致。相比于其他方法,通过导热系数法测试泡沫混凝土表面分形维数的方法,不需要对混凝土进行切片取样,不会对混凝土结构造成破坏。

动力电池导热胶涂覆方式模拟与试验研究

以动力电池热管理关键部件导热胶为研究对象,使用仿真软件Fluent建立动力电池仿真模型,对导热胶涂覆面积(85%~95%)进行仿真计算,采用台架试验研究用户典型工况下导热胶对动力电池温度场分布及温度一致性的影响,为热管理方案设计阶段导热胶选型及用量等提供依据。结果表明:随着导热胶涂覆面积从95%降低到85%、电池最高温度从47.87℃上升到50.84℃、上表面最大温差从2.40℃上升到5.87℃,考虑到动力电池设计指标,最终确定使用90%涂覆面积的导热胶能够满足动力电池在3种严苛工况下的最高温度及温差的设计要求,避免在实际生产中导热胶用量过多导致原材料浪费,实现成本节约。

煤中氮元素分析仪改造及性能验证研究

为实现使用热导系数与氮气相差较小的、价格更便宜的氩气替换氦气做载气以测定煤中氮元素含量,采取对CHN628元素分析仪进行改造并提升热导池测试灵敏度。改造后的仪器采用氩气做载气并对其设置相关参数,即在基线延迟时间10 s、最短分析时间120 s、比较水平1%、平衡时间30 s、装填压强150 mmHg和氩气流量320 mL/min条件下测定煤样中的氮含量,分析曲线光滑。选择能涵盖日常检测样品氮含量范围的有证煤标准物质标定曲线,曲线的相关系数(r)为0.998,符合线性关系要求;采用空白样品法测得的检出限、定量限分别为0.06%、0.15%,满足方法要求;统计日常工作中采用氩气或氦气做载气的2种方法以测定煤中氮元素含量,同时测定有证煤标准物质GBW 11107p,通过F检验和t检验表明用氩气做载气测定煤中氮元素含量则其期间精密度、短期精密度和准确度均满足国标GB/T 30733—2014要求,因此改造后的元素分析设备可用于测定煤中氮元素含量,且该方法采用的氩气市场供应稳定、价格低,能降低检测成本。

一种薄膜导热性能测试装置的研制

纳米碳材料复合薄膜具有优异的传热换热性能,被视为新一代热管理材料,已在产业中推广应用。准确测量其导热系数是评价薄膜传热性能的重要指标。本文基于3ω法原理,搭建一套薄膜导热性能测试装置,用于测量纳米碳材料复合薄膜导热系数及热扩散率,并使用SiO_(2)薄膜对装置的可靠性进行验证。结果表明:SiO_(2)薄膜导热系数与文献的标准值偏差小于5%,该装置可有效开展薄膜导热系数测量。