Vane Shear Strength Based Stability Analysis of Slopes in Unconsolidated Soft Clay

In-situ vane shear test is frequently performed to determine shear strength for slope stability analysis in Tianjin New Harbor.However,the soil shear strength varies with the shear plane orientation.A possible means to reduce the effect of directional dependency of shear strength is to convert the in-situ vane shear strength into undrained shear strength parameters.A method of converting in-situ vane shear strength into undrained shear strength parameters is presented.The shear strength parameters determined for all of the in-situ vane shear strengths are subjected to statistical regression analysis to take into consideration the possible effect of non-homogeneity in the soft clay deposit.Using the regressed shear strength parameters,slope stability analyses are performed for five existing soil slopes.The results of stability analyses indicate that the safety factors obtained from the converted parameters reflect the state of the slopes analyzed much better than those obtained from in-situ vane shear strength and laboratory consolidated-undrained and unconsolidated-undrained strength parameters.It is concluded that the presented methsod of determining undrained shear strength parameters for in-situ vane shear strength is effective.

Settling,consolidation and shear strength behaviour of coal tailings slurry

The volume change and shear strength behaviour of tailings slurry with the changes in gravimetric moisture content is important to effectively utilise the storage volume and analysis of dam failure potential.Consolidation testing of tailings from a slurry-like to soil-like state is a critical task,and conventional consolidation apparatus does not have the capability of doing such testing,as the tailings slurries contain high water content.Settling tests conducted on slurries having a 25%solids concentration showed very low efficiency;final sediment was still slurry-like.An intrinsic point was identified based on pore water pressure dissipation during consolidation tests in a slurry consolidometer that can define two states of the tailings i.e.slurry-like and soil-like.In the slurry-like state,the volume change was greater for Slurry 2 than Slurry 1,while the inverse was observed in the soil-like state.The evolution of peak vane shear strength with the changes in moisture content was almost similar for both samples and obeyed the power function.Regression models have been developed and validated to predict the shear strength of materials at any gravimetric moisture content or void ratio.

Revisiting the Bjerrum's correction factor:Use of the liquidity index for assessing the effect of soil plasticity on undrained shear strength

The undrained shear strength （su） of fine-grained soils that can be measured in situ and in laboratory isone of the key geotechnical parameters. The unconfined compression test （UCT） is widely used in laboratoryto measure this parameter due to its simplicity; however, it is severely affected by sampledisturbance. The vane shear test （VST） technique that is less sensitive to sample disturbance involves acorrection factor against the soil plasticity, commonly known as the Bjerrum＇s correction factor, m. Thisstudy aims to reevaluate the Bjerrum＇s correction factor in consideration of a different approach and arelatively new method of testing. Atterberg limits test, miniature VST, and reverse extrusion test （RET）were conducted on 120 remolded samples. The effect of soil plasticity on undrained shear strength wasexamined using the liquidity index instead of Bjerrum＇s correction factor. In comparison with the resultobatined using the Bjerrum＇s correction factor, the undrained shear strength was better representedwhen su values were correlated with the liquidity index. The results were validated by the RET, whichwas proven to take into account soil plasticity with a reliable degree of accuracy. This study also showsthat the RET has strong promise as a new tool for testing undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils.

Determination Method for Shear Strength Parameters of Rock-Soil Mixtures Using Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3-D Limit Equilibrium Theory

Using a combination of close-range photogrammetry and three-dimensional(3-D) limit equilibrium theory, a determination method for the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixture is presented. A close-range photogrammetry method is used for measurement of the 3-D terrain of the experimental target. Auto CAD Lisp and EXCEL VBA are used to perform 3-D limit equilibrium analysis of the stability of sliding mass and perform backanalysis of shear strength parameters. The presented method was used to determine the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures at the Liyuan Hydropower Station. The 3-D terrain of sliding surface could be measured notably well using of closerange photogrammetry. The computed results reveal that the cohesion and friction angle of rock-soil mixtures were 3.15 k Pa and 29.88o for test A, respectively, and 4.43 k Pa and 28.30o for test B, respectively, within the range of shear strength parameters, as determined by field and laboratory tests. The computation of shear strength parameters is influenced by the mesh grid number, especially the cohesion of the rock-soil mixture. The application of close-range photogrammetry can reduce the siteworks and improve the computational efficiency and accuracy.

带压环境下泥浆-泡沫组合改良级配不良砂剪切特性研究

盾构穿越富水砂性地层时易出现排渣不畅或喷涌等风险,仅采用泡沫改良往往无法有效改善级配不良渣土的流动性与抗渗性,归因于泡沫易消散和流失,故须引入膨润土泥浆进行组合改良。正确认识土舱压力环境泥浆-泡沫组合改良级配不良砂土的剪切大变形行为有助于优化满足盾构安全掘进的渣土组合改良方案。因此,开展了泥浆-泡沫组合改良级配不良砂土的加压十字板剪切试验,研究结果表明:在土舱压力环境下,组合改良砂土的初始孔隙比和饱和度随泥浆注入比(bentonite injection ratio,简称BIR)增加而增大,有效应力降低,进而导致峰值强度和残余强度降低;然而剪切强度的剪切率相关性和有效内摩擦角对BIR的敏感性较弱;BIR增加还使大变形后改良砂土的屈服应力有所降低。此外,对比常压下流动性相似的3类不同改良砂土带压剪切大变形行为,表明带压环境下提高BIR或泡沫注入比(foam injection ratio,简称FIR)均可提高孔隙比且减小有效应力,但相较于纯泡沫改良砂土,组合改良砂土具有更低的有效应力和剪切强度。该类级配不良砂土的合适组合改良参数为FIR=20%、BIR=10%~15%。最后,细观成像结果揭示了膨润土对改良砂土剪切强度的双重削弱作用:(1)吸附砂土颗粒表面,降低颗粒间摩擦力;(2)延缓泡沫衰变,使得小粒径气泡较均匀分布于孔隙中,进而有效削弱土骨架强度。

Study on Shear Strength Characteristics of Columnar Jointed Basalt Based on in-situ Direct Shear Test at Baihetan Hydropower Station

Columnar jointed basalt(CJB) widely distributes in the dam site of the Baihetan Hydropower Station.The columnar joint structure and fracture development of CJB have significant influence on the mechanical properties of rock mass,and the mechanical properties of CJB are of great significance to the Baihetan Hydropower Project.Therefore,in-situ direct shear tests were carried out on ten test adit at different locations in the dam site area to study the shear behavior of CJB.In this study,21 sets of in-situ direct shear tests were conducted for rock types of type Ⅱ_(2),type Ⅲ_(1)and type Ⅲ_(2),with horizontal and vertical shear planes and two different specimen sizes of CJB.Shear strength parameters of CJB were obtained by linear fitting of in-situ direct shear test results based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion.The results indicate that the shear strength parameters of CJB with horizontal shear plane increase as the increase of rock type grade.The shear strength parameters of CJB show obvious anisotropy and the friction coefficient of the horizontal shear plane is greater than the vertical shear plane.The friction coefficient in the horizontal direction of the shear plane is 1.27 times that in the vertical direction of the shear plane.With the increase of rock type grade,the difference of friction coefficient becomes larger.However,the cohesion changes little whether the shear plane is horizontal or vertical.In addition,the size effect of CJB in this area is significant.The shear strength parameters of large size(100 cm × 100 cm) specimens are lower than those of regular size(50 cm × 50 cm) specimens.The reduction of cohesion is greater than that of the friction coefficient.For rock type Ⅲ_(2),the cohesion of large-size specimens is 0.637 of the regular-size specimens.The reduction percentage of the friction coefficient for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.66 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The reduction percentage of the cohesion for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.27 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The size effect decreases with the increase of rock type grade.The research results of this study can provide an important basis for the selection of rock mechanics parameters in the dam site area of Baihetan Hydropower Station and the stability analysis of the dam foundation and rocky slopes.

惠州港区软土室内与原位十字板剪切试验强度对比分析

原位十字板剪切试验的应用已非常成熟,而室内十字板剪切试验的研究和实际应用尚不多见。依托惠州港区勘察项目对软土进行了室内与原位十字板剪切试验的初步对比研究,得出结论:相同深度处室内试验强度小于原位测试强度,室内测试深度效应较弱而原位测试深度效应更明显;造成室内、原位十字板强度差异的主要原因一是应力状态的差异,二是取样和样品运输过程中土样扰动造成的强度损失;原位十字板抗剪强度与室内测试强度和试验深度相关性良好,惠州港区软土利用室内十字板强度估算的原位十字板强度和实测值平均误差约为12%,可在不具备原位十字板测试条件时通过室内试验间接获得较为可靠的原位十字板强度数据。

基于有效应力原理的泡沫改良粗粒土不排水残余剪切强度计算模型

泡沫常用于土压平衡盾构渣土改良,流动性良好的泡沫改良粗粒渣土有利于盾构进排土顺畅和土舱压力传递,进而避免地层过大变形和失稳。从泡沫改良粗粒土不排水压缩和剪切机理出发,推导了不排水条件下带压泡沫改良粗粒土流动大变形后的残余剪切强度统一理论模型。首先基于理想气体定律和土的有效应力-应变双曲线方程求解不排水一维压缩时的有效应力,然后推导不排水剪切引起的超孔隙压力和残余状态下剪切强度与有效应力的关系式,再构建剪切速率相关的残余剪切强度计算模型。采用不排水加压十字板剪切试验验证了计算模型的准确性,试验值与理论值的平均误差约10%,表明该计算模型可用于确定泡沫改良粗粒土连续流动时的残余剪切强度。最后开展了影响因素分析,竖向总应力增大能提高残余剪切强度,而泡沫注入比增加能降低残余剪切强度;残余状态下流动大变形泡沫改良粗粒土的屈服应力和塑性黏度均与竖向总应力呈正相关,而与泡沫注入比呈负相关。

珠江三角洲软土触变性试验研究

为研究珠江三角洲软土触变特性,采用无侧限压缩试验和十字板剪切试验对珠江入海口软土开展了长达115 d的试验研究,重点分析了不同含水率和静置时间条件下,软土强度恢复演化规律。试验结果表明:珠江入海口软土具有显著的触变特性,无论是无侧限压缩试验还是十字板剪切试验,软土扰动后强度均随静置时间的增长逐渐恢复;相同静置时间条件下,软土试样强度均随含水率的增大而减小。然而,通过两种试验方法得到的软土触变强度恢复曲线不一,总体上来看,通过十字板剪切试验得到的软土触变强度高于无侧限压缩试验结果。在此基础上,结合十字板剪切试验结果,建立了可反映随含水率和静置时间影响的珠江入海口软土强度触变模型;通过实测值和计算值的对比,表明该模型可以较好地预测软土触变强度。

用十字板强度推算软黏土抗剪强度指标的方法及应用

天津港区地基土上覆较厚的软黏土层,处于欠固结状态,含水率高,承载力低。在构筑物施工期稳定性分析中,需要采用不排水强度指标。常用的几种抗剪强度指标中,以十字板强度最为可靠。但由于十字板强度是土体各滑动面上的抗剪强度的较小值,用于计算土坡稳定性计算常得出过于保守的不合理的结果。同时,单一的十字板强度指标无法用于计算箱筒型基础的地基土压力及承载力。基于十字板强度随深度线性分布的规律及莫尔–库仑抗剪强度原理,结合收集的大量的十字板强度实测数据,通过回归统计分析推算出地基土的两个抗剪强度指标,并将其应用于软黏土土坡的稳定分析及新型箱筒型基础稳定性的计算,计算结果较为合理。

含水率对重塑淤泥不排水强度性质的影响

通过室内调配不同含水率的重塑淤泥,利用研制的室内微型高精度十字板剪切仪,研究了含水率对重塑淤泥重塑不排水强度的影响。该仪器的剪切强度分辨率为1 Pa,经试验验证,仪器测量结果的稳定性较好,但对强度越低的重塑淤泥试样其测量值的相对平均偏差越大。淤泥含水率对淤泥的不排水强度有显著影响,不排水强度均随含水率/液限的增大而减小,含水率/液限越大,不排水强度下降趋势越小。相同的含水率/液限时,不同种类的重塑淤泥的不排水强度比较接近。在双对数坐标中,不排水强度均随含水率/液限的增大而线性减小。由试验数据得出了不同种类重塑淤泥的不排水强度与含水率/液限之间的关系式,利用该关系式可以求得每一种重塑淤泥任意含水率下的不排水强度。文中的试验值大于洪振舜提出的关系式的计算值。当IL>2时,试验值与Locat和Leroueil提出的关系式的计算值基本吻合,当IL<2时,试验值大于Locat和Leroueil提出的关系式的计算值。

太湖与白马湖疏浚淤泥的触变特性研究

利用研制的微型十字板剪切仪对重塑后静置一定时间的太湖与白马湖两种疏浚淤泥进行了强度测试,对两种疏浚淤泥的触变特性进行了研究与比较。研究结果表明,两种疏浚淤泥重塑后最初始时间内触变强度的增长最快,随时间增长触变强度的增长变慢,448d时触变强度随时间的增长趋于稳定。含水率为液限时白马湖疏浚淤泥的触变强度高于太湖疏浚淤泥。触变强度比率与触变强度的变化趋势类似。含水率越小疏浚淤泥触变性越大。含水率为液限时两种疏浚淤泥的触变强度比率与London和Detroit淤泥接近,小于Beauharnois和Shellhave淤泥,大于Horten淤泥。448d时除Beauharnois淤泥外,其他淤泥的触变强度比率均保持相对稳定。根据定义两种疏浚淤泥均为低灵敏性黏土。

连云港海相软土不排水强度特征

连云港地区软土为碱性环境下沉积的非均质海积软土,软土抗剪强度具有固有各向异性。采用三轴不固结不排水剪切(UU)试验、无侧限抗压强度(UTC)试验、快剪试验和原位十字板剪切(FVT)试验4种方法,对连云港地区软土的不固结不排水抗剪强度特征进行了研究。结果表明:土体水平剪切面强度最低,竖直面抗剪强度最高;土体制样采用垂直方向的切取试样方式时,土体强度最高。根据三轴UU试验得出的黏聚强度和内摩擦角基于土体单元极限平衡理论恢复了土体剪切破坏时的应力状态,计算出土体实际抗剪强度。三轴UU试验得出的抗剪强度平均值约为13.13kPa,试样破裂面与水平面的夹角在45.1°~45.7°区间最为集中。UTC试验测得的土体平均抗剪强度近似等于三轴UU试验测得的平均抗剪强度。FVT试验测得软土抗剪强度平均值为19.72kPa,与三轴UU试验和UTC试验得出的抗剪强度平均值相比高了约6.60kPa,这种现象与室内试验试样的机械扰动、土体应力状态改变和剪切面特征有关。

利用标准贯入试验确定粘性土的不排水抗剪强度

粘性土的不排水抗剪强度是粘性土的重要力学指标,但目前确定该指标的方法存在着取样扰动或测试深度有限的缺点。通过对马来西亚槟州第二跨海大桥的试验结果研究,综合考虑了SPT的修正方式,不排水抗剪强度的确定方法,粘性土的塑性指数等因素的影响,建立了该地区土层的Cu和SPT之间的经验关系,可为该地区或其它地区的类似工程提供参考。

扁铲侧胀试验求解天津软土不排水抗剪强度

以天津滨海新区软土为研究对象,为了更准确地获得土体不排水抗剪强度Cu,进行了大量的扁铲侧胀试验。并用国内外已有的经验公式,计算了土体的不排水抗剪强度。通过与相邻位置十字板剪切试验结果对比,对已有经验公式在天津滨海新区软土的适用性进行了验证。结果表明,扁铲侧胀试验具有一定的地域性,使用经验公式时需要结合地区土性进行验证或修正。对于天津滨海新区ID≤0.35的软土,采用Lacass和Lunne(1988)提出的计算Cu的公式,当系数取0.17时进行计算适用性较好。

两种方法测定根-土复合体抗剪强度试验对比研究

为了便捷、有效且减少地表破坏面积地原位测定根—土复合体抗剪强度,采用改制后的十字剪切仪在青海大学校内原生植被生长的试验区,分别进行了三种植被覆盖度和三种含水量条件下根—土复合体原位十字剪切试验和室内直接剪切试验。试验结果显示：当土体含水量相同时,室内直剪试验测得的根—土复合体平均粘聚力为20.39～36.49kPa,原位十字剪切试验测得的根—土复合体抗剪强度为35.92～102.36kPa;当植被覆盖度相同时,室内直剪试验测得的根—土复合体平均粘聚力为32.46～23.32kPa,原位十字剪切试验测得的根—土复合体抗剪强度为109.7～68.12kPa。两种试验结果均表现为：根—土复合体的抗剪强度随植被覆盖度的增大而增大,随含水量的增大而减小。原位十字剪切试验测得的根—土复合体抗剪强度值大于直接剪切试验所测得的剪切强度值,平均增幅达到94.23%。两种试验结果产生差异的主要原因是由于剪切过程中剪切方式、破坏面积、受剪根系的数量及破坏程度不同而造成。其中,原位十字剪切试验是在原位不破坏土体结构和根系分布的基础上,将根—土复合体完全剪破,相对更能准确、直观地反映边坡滑坡过程中的变化规律。

软土地基稳定性计算中抗剪强度指标的相关分析

基于摩尔-库伦抗剪强度公式,结合十字板强度与深度的关系,建立了抗剪强度指标的统计回归方程,通过方程可推算出地基土的两个抗剪强度指标。相比较传统的抗剪强度指标,本文推算出的强度指标更接近土体真实的抗剪强度,采用推算指标计算的安全系数更符合工程实际,而且还可用于新型箱筒型基础的稳定性和地基承载力的分析。

添加生石灰/土、粉煤灰改善污泥填埋特性的研究

为使脱水污泥满足填埋所需要的最低强度要求,分别以生石灰/土、生石灰/粉煤灰为添加剂,对不同添加量下的污泥填埋特性(土工含水率、十字板抗剪强度、无侧限抗压强度)进行了研究。结果表明,生石灰/土对污泥填埋特性的改善效果优于生石灰/粉煤灰的,采用生石灰∶土∶污泥=1∶4∶5的配比在养护20 d时,试样的十字板抗剪强度>25 kPa、无侧限抗压强度>50 kPa,可达到最低填埋要求。

不同添加剂改善脱水污泥填埋特性的正交试验研究

采用添加剂是改善污泥填埋特性的有效措施,但是对于污泥、添加剂混合试样填埋特性的变化过程研究却不多,就此对石灰、土、粉煤灰、硅酸钠四种添加剂不同添加量水平进行了正交试验研究,认为两种或者两种以上添加剂比单一添加剂对改善污泥填埋特性效果更好,建议优先选用4号(石灰∶粉煤灰∶土∶污泥=10∶10∶20∶60)和7号(石灰∶粉煤灰∶土∶污泥=15∶10∶30∶45)方案。提出了改善污泥填埋特性的具体措施。

软粘土边坡稳定性分析中十字板强度取值的探讨

土体强度指标的确定和选取是正确计算边坡稳定性的关键。对于欠固结、高灵敏度的软粘土地基,获取完全不扰动的土样进行室内试验是相当困难的,对此种软土地基通常采用十字板法来获得其强度指标进而进行边坡稳定性分析。但工程经验表明,由于土体强度具有摩擦特性和明显的各向异性,使得由十字板指标计算的边坡稳定性不能反映实际情况。考虑到上述因素,将十字板强度与土体的抗剪强度指标建立联系,采用经过修正的十字板强度指标进行边坡稳定性分析,通过对若干工程进行对比分析表明,该方法能够比较准确地反映工程的实际情况。