Stochastic sampled-data multi-objective control of active suspension systems for in-wheel motor driven electric vehicles

This paper addresses the sampled-data multi-objective active suspension control problem for an in-wheel motor driven electric vehicle subject to stochastic sampling periods and asynchronous premise variables.The focus is placed on the scenario that the dynamical state of the half-vehicle active suspension system is transmitted over an in-vehicle controller area network that only permits the transmission of sampled data packets.For this purpose,a stochastic sampling mechanism is developed such that the sampling periods can randomly switch among different values with certain mathematical probabilities.Then,an asynchronous fuzzy sampled-data controller,featuring distinct premise variables from the active suspension system,is constructed to eliminate the stringent requirement that the sampled-data controller has to share the same grades of membership.Furthermore,novel criteria for both stability analysis and controller design are derived in order to guarantee that the resultant closed-loop active suspension system is stochastically stable with simultaneous𝐻2 and𝐻∞performance requirements.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed stochastic sampled-data multi-objective control method is verified via several numerical cases studies in both time domain and frequency domain under various road disturbance profiles.

Decentralized Dynamic Event-Triggered Communication and Active Suspension Control of In-Wheel Motor Driven Electric Vehicles with Dynamic Damping

This paper addresses the co-design problem of decentralized dynamic event-triggered communication and active suspension control for an in-wheel motor driven electric vehicle equipped with a dynamic damper. The main objective is to simultaneously improve the desired suspension performance caused by various road disturbances and alleviate the network resource utilization for the concerned in-vehicle networked suspension system. First, a T-S fuzzy active suspension model of an electric vehicle under dynamic damping is established. Second,a novel decentralized dynamic event-triggered communication mechanism is developed to regulate each sensor's data transmissions such that sampled data packets on each sensor are scheduled in an independent manner. In contrast to the traditional static triggering mechanisms, a key feature of the proposed mechanism is that the threshold parameter in the event trigger is adjusted adaptively over time to reduce the network resources occupancy. Third, co-design criteria for the desired event-triggered fuzzy controller and dynamic triggering mechanisms are derived. Finally, comprehensive comparative simulation studies of a 3-degrees-of-freedom quarter suspension model are provided under both bump road disturbance and ISO-2631 classified random road disturbance to validate the effectiveness of the proposed co-design approach. It is shown that ride comfort can be greatly improved in either road disturbance case and the suspension deflection, dynamic tyre load and actuator control input are all kept below the prescribed maximum allowable limits, while simultaneously maintaining desirable communication efficiency.

Driving force coordinated control of an 8x8 in-wheel motor drive vehicle with tire-road friction coefficient identification

Because of the complexities of tire-road interaction,the wheels of a multi-wheel distributed electricdrive vehicle can easily slip under certain working conditions.As wheel slip affects the dynamic per-formance and stability of the vehicle,it is crucial to control it and coordinate the driving force.With this aim,this paper presents a driving force coordination control strategy with road identification for eight-wheeled electric vehicles equipped with an in-wheel motor for each wheel.In the proposed control strategy,the road identification module estimates tire-road forces using an unscented Kalman filter al-gorithm and recognizes the road adhesion coefficient by employing the recursive least-square method According to road identification,the optimal sip ratio under the current driving condition is obtainedand a controller based on sliding mode control with a conditional integrator uses this value for accel-eration slip regulation.The anti-slip controller obtains the adjusting torque,which is integrated with the driver-command-based feedforward control torque to implement driving force coordination control.The results of hardware-in-loop simulation show that this control strategy can accurately estimate tire-roadrces as well as the friction coefficient,and thus,can effectively fulfill the purpose of driving force coordinated control under different driving conditions.

Torque Distribution of Electric Vehicle with Four In-Wheel Motors Based on Road Adhesion Margin

With the worsening of energy crisis and environmental pollution,electric vehicles with four in?wheel motors have been paid more and more attention. The main research subject is how to reasonably distribute the driving torque of each wheel. Considering the longitudinal motion,lateral motion,yaw movement and rotation of the four wheels,the tire model and the seven DOF dynamic model of the vehicle are established in this paper. Then,the torque distribution method is proposed based on road adhesion margin,which can be divided into anti ? slip control layer and torque distribution layer. The anti?slip control layer is built based on sliding mode variable structure control,whose main function is to avoid the excessive slip of wheels caused by road conditions. The torque distribution layer is responsible for selecting the torque distribution method based on road adhesion margin. The simulation results show that the proposed torque distribution method can ensure the vehicle quickly adapt to current road adhesion conditions,and improve the handling stability and dynamic performance of the vehicle in the driving process.

Electromagnetic analysis and design of in-wheel motor of micro-electric vehicle based on Maxwell

To obtain a good drivability and high efficiency of the micro-electric vehicle, a new driving in-wheel motor design was analyzed and optimized. Maxwell software was used to build finite element simulation model of the driving in-wheel motor. The basic features and starting process were analyzed by field-circuit coupled finite element method. The internal complicated magnetic field distribution and dynamic performance simulation were obtained in different positions. No-load and load characteristics of the driving in-wheel motor was simulated, and the power consumption of materials was computed. The conformity of the final simulation results with the experimental data indicates that this method can be used to provide a theoretical basis to make further optimal design of this new driving in-wheel motor and its control system, so as to improve the starting torque and reduce torque ripple of the motor. This method can shorten the development cycle of in-wheel motors and save development costs, which has a wide range of engineering application value.

A study of EV induction motor controller based on rotor flux oriented control

Induction motor is a multi-parameter, non-linear and strong coupling system, which requires efficient control algorithms. In this paper, rotor flux oriented control （FOC） algorithm based on voltage source inverter-fed is deduced in detail, including stator voltage compensation, closed-loop PI parameters＇ calculation of torque and rotor flux. FOC＇ s Simulink model is setup to simulate torque and rotor flux＇s response. At last, the experimental results are shown.

Blended Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System and Electronic Wedge Brake Coordinate Control Ensuring Maximal Energy Recovery and Stability of All-Wheel-Motor-Drive Electric Vehicles

ABS is an active safety system which showed a valuable contribution to vehicle safety and stability since it was first introduced. Recently, EVs with in-wheel-motors have drawn increasing attention owing to their greatest advantages. Wheels torques are precisely and swiftly controlled thanks to electric motors and their advanced driving techniques. In this paper, a regenerative-ABS control RABS is proposed for all-in-wheel-motors-drive EVs. The RABS is realized as a pure electronic braking system called brake-by-wire. A coordination strategy is suggested to control RABS compromising three layers. First, wheels slip control takes place, and braking torque is calculated in the higher layer. In the coordinate interlayer, torque is allocated between actuators ensuring maximal energy recovery and vehicle stability. While in the lower layer, actuator control is performed. The RABS effectiveness is validated on a 3-DOF EVSimulink model through two straight-line braking manoeuvres with low and high initial speeds of 50 km/h and 150 km/h, respectively. Both regular and emergency braking manoeuvres are considered with ABS enabled and disabled for comparison. Simulation results showed the high performance of the proposed RABS control in terms of vehicle stability, brake response, stopping distance, and battery re-charging.

轮毂电机电动汽车空气悬架阻尼GA-LQR控制研究

针对轮毂电机驱动电动汽车因电机内部不平衡电磁力引起的负面振动加剧等问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的线性二次型调节器(GA-LQR)的空气悬架阻尼控制方法。建立包含轮毂电机和空气悬架系统的轮毂电机驱动电动汽车8自由度半车动力学模型,并进行实车试验验证模型;仿真分析路面激励和不平衡电磁力两者对电动汽车垂向振动的影响;根据最优控制理论提出LQR控制策略,并通过遗传算法对LQR控制中的加权矩阵Q和R进行全局搜索优化,构建了GA-LQR阻尼控制器。仿真结果表明:相较于被动悬架和LQR控制的空气悬架,基于GA-LQR控制的空气悬架对电动汽车各评价指标的改善效果明显,可有效抑制轮毂电机因偏心引起的不良振动,极大地提高车辆的乘坐舒适性。

新型叠层功率母线在EV电机驱动器中的应用

针对电动汽车(ElectricVehicle,简称EV)对电机驱动器高功率密度的要求,提出了一种新型叠层功率母线。这种功率母线采用4层式叠层功率母线技术和极板鄄凸台导电技术,运用这种新型功率母线可有效地减小功率母线寄生电感,降低功率模块开关过程中产生的过冲电压和功率母线对电机驱动器空间的电磁干扰,同时可以增加伴生电容,有利于提高高频时的电容容量,减小电压纹波。这一新型功率母线已成功应用于EV的电机驱动器中。

基于工况识别的IWM-EV主动悬架MOPSO模糊滑模控制

轮毂电机电动汽车(in-wheel motor electric vehicle,IWM-EV)的电机激励与车辆系统的耦合特性严重的恶化车辆的动力学性能以及电机的工作稳定性,针对这种振动负效应问题,建立了考虑机电耦合的车辆动力学耦合模型,并设计了工况识别的主动悬架多目标粒子群(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MOPSO)模糊滑模控制器。基于傅里叶级数法建立了轮毂电机的垂向不平衡激励与电机转矩的电机模型;将电机模型与车辆动力学模型结合建立了电机与悬架联合的垂向-驱动非线性动力学耦合模型。基于耦合模型分析了车辆的机电耦合振动负效应特性,针对模型强非线性的特点,设计了耦合模型的非线性控制器。仿真结果表明,控制器能既能有效的减小电机的相对偏心率,抑制电机不平衡电磁力,又能提升车辆动力学性能,有效的抑制了轮毂电机电动汽车的振动负效应。

基于电池电压的EV电驱动系统的谐波分析

电动汽车处在低速区域时,电驱动系统效率低,而提升低速区域的效率可以增加续航里程,有利于电动汽车的使用与推广。以空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector PWM,SVPWM)算法分析为基础,建立了Matlab/Simulink仿真模型,通过对某EV实际工况数据的测试分析,研究了电驱动系统线电压谐波分布及电池母线电压对谐波含量的影响。实验结果表明:缩小母线电压与工况所需基波线电压之差可降低谐波含量,提高系统效率。据此,提出了关于降低谐波含量提高系统效率的电机优化方案。

基于dSPACE的EV电机系统SPS测试平台设计

为了更好地了解电动汽车电机系统的参数特性,提高电机系统的工作运行效率,基于dSPACE搭建了电动汽车电机系统半实物仿真测试平台。利用dSPACE软件和Matlab/Simulink搭建仿真测试模型,结合实际的动力电池和电机系统,完成平台的建立。通过测试平台在不同转速和转矩情况下,对电动汽车电机系统的驱动特性、制动特性和效率特性进行了实验测试研究,分析了特定工况点下电机系统直流母线电压和电流的响应特性,验证了响应的快速性。通过效率实验确定了高效工作区与电机转速、转矩的关系。因此,设计的测试平台可以很方便地进行电机驱动和制动特性的测试,确定电机的高效工作转速和转矩,对电动汽车驱动和制动行驶工况的选取具有重要意义。

Auto-Test on Motor Temperature Rising in Electric Vehicles with Mutual MRAS

A new method to calculate the motor temperature rising in electric vehicle （EV） is proposed based on the stator resistance identification. The measure theory of the motor temperature rising with the stator resistance is discussed at first. An enhanced magnetism motor dynamic math model is built which is the research object. Then the resistance identification system model is built on the mutual model reference adaptive,system （MRAS） theory. The simulation diagram of the mutual MRAS model is constructed and the resistance identification performance is studied in different motor states. Simulation results indicate that the stator resistance identification model with the mutual MRAS is effective. At the same time, the identification of motor temperature rising is possible with the identification of the stator resistance.

A New Structure of Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Number of Switches for Electric Vehicle Applications

Both Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) need a traction motor and a power in-verter to drive the traction motor. The requirements for the power inverter include high peak power, opti-mum consumption of energy, low output harmonics and inexpensive circuit. In this paper, a new structure of multilevel inverter with reduced number of switches is proposed for electric vehicle applications. It consists of an H-bridge and an inverter in each phase which produces multilevel voltage by switching the dc voltage sources in series. As the number of switches are reduced, both conduction and switching losses will be de-creased, which leads to increase the efficiency of converter. The size and power consumption of driving cir-cuits are also reduced. The proposed three phase inverter can produces more number of voltage levels in the same number of the voltage source and reduced number of switches compared to the conventional inverters. This structure minimizes the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage waveforms. The structure of proposed multilevel inverter, modulation method, switching losses, THD calculation and simulation re-sults with PSCAD/EMTDC software are shown in this paper.

Optimization of Vibration and Noise Performance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles

In the design of the motor used for electric vehicles(EVS),vibration and noise problems are often ignored,which reduce the reliability and service life of the motor.In this paper,an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM)with high power density is taken as an example,and its electromagnetic vibration and noise problem is investigated and optimized.Firstly,the factors that generate the electromagnetic force harmonic of IPMSM are analyzed by theoretical derivation.Furthermore,the mode and electromagnetic harmonic distribution of the motor are calculated and analyzed by establishing the electromagnetic-structure-sound coupling simulation model.Then,by combining finite element method(FEM)with modern optimization algorithm,an electromagnetic vibration and noise performance optimization method is proposed in the electromagnetic design stage of the motor.Finally,an IPMSM is optimized by this method for electromagnetic vibration and noise performance.The results of comparison between before and after optimization prove the feasibility of the method.

An Integrated Drive for Two PMSMs Involved Automotive Applications and Development of Current Reference Expanded Two Arm Modulation Technique

A five leg inverter (FLI) control is incorporated to drive two independent rated permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for automotive applications. Literature evidences many attempts of employing the FLI for controlling two general purpose/special motors, where variety of modulation techniques has been practiced for performance enhancement. Also in these cases one leg of inverter is common to both the motors. The expanded two arm modulation (ETAM) has been generally engaged in FLI. In ETAM the percentage voltage utilization factor (VUF) is calculated based on “αmax”, where “αmax” is the maximum modulation index and equal to and hence it restricts the VUF to 50%. This makes the FLI drives to use the dc link in inefficient way, which is due to the fact that conventional ETAM works with voltage reference. This paper modifies the ETAM in an ingenious way to improve the VUF further through current reference. In addition, the developed current reference expanded two arm modulation (CRETAM) minimizes the current harmonics and torque ripple as well. A detailed comparison of the CRETAM with the conventional ETAM and the competent digital counterpart, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), is also presented. The enhancement in VUF, torque ripple minimization and current total harmonic distortion (THD) reduction are found in the MATLAB based simulation results.

Thermal analysis of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicle application

As a driving motor, surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor exhibits high efficiency and high power density. However, it is susceptible to suffer irreversible demagnetization and insulation failure of coils under severe thermal load condition. Therefore, it is essential to predict temperattrre distribution in the driving motor. In this paper, a lumped parameter thermal mode/of surface mounted permanent magnet is investigated. By using finite element method, the iron loss distribution in various parts of the driving motor is achieved. Moreover, the influences of interface gap and flow rate on temperature distribution are discussed. Finally, the simulation of temperature distribution in different parts of the driving motor is achieved. The presented methodology contributes to verify the feasibility of the driving motor design.

EV、FCEV和HEV用驱动电动机技术初探

重点阐述电动汽车用三相异步感应电动机的各种转矩与机械特性,通过公式分析得知转矩与电源电压和绕组电阻等的相互关系,从而为如何选配合理的电动汽车电机提供帮助。

封装工艺对电枢热导率影响的实验研究

车用电机为满足不同驱动结构的需求,通常会在高转速和高转矩之间做出选择。为实现车用电机的高效区优化,多样化的电枢结构被应用于各类电机。相对于静态电器中使用的电枢,车用电机电枢最显著的特征在于其普遍需要使用非金属材料进行封装。但目前对于具有封装工艺的各类电枢,鲜有模型能够对其轴向热导率进行合理的预测。本文选取包括发卡绕组、圆形漆包线、换位漆包线、圆形利兹线和矩形利兹线在内的9款车用电机常见的电枢结构进行了研究。首先设计了一款用于测量电枢轴向热导率的实验台架,并提出一种补偿实验台架误差的数学方法。之后测量了9款电枢在封装前后的轴向热导率差异。最后基于各类电枢的加工方法和实验结果,分别对“平行电枢”和“绞合电枢”提出了考虑封装工艺对其影响的轴向热导率数学模型和经验公式。

Rollover prevention control for a four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle on an uneven road

When a four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle with a specific wheels mass is running on an uneven road and transient steering occurs in the meantime, the joint action of the large unsprung dynamic load and the centrifugal force may cause the vehicle to rollover. To avoid the above accident, a rollover prevention control method based on active distribution of the in-wheel motors driving torques is investigated. First, tile rollover evolution process of the four in-wheel motors drive electric vehicle under the described operating condition is analyzed. Next, a multiple degrees of freedom vehicle dynamics model including an uneven road tyre model is established, and the rollover warning threshold is determined according to the load transfer ratio. Then, the hypothesis of the effects of unsprung mass on the vehicle roll stability on a plat road and on an uneven road is verified respectively. Finally, a rollover prevention controller is designed based on the distribution of the four wheels driving torques with sliding mode control, and the control effect is verified by simulations. The conclusion shows that, once the wheels mass does not match road conditions, the large unsprung mass may play a detrimental role on the vehicle roll stability on an uneven road, which is different from the beneficial role of large unsprung mass on the vehicle roll stability on a plat road. With the aforementioned rollover prevention controller, the vehicle rollover, which is caused by the coupling effect between large unsprung dynamic load and suspension potential energy on an uneven road, can be avoided effectively.