Recent advances in quantifying the inactive lithium and failure mechanism of Li anodes in rechargeable lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal is considered as the ultimate anode material for the next generation of high-energy density batteries.However,non-uniform lithium dendrite growth,serious electrolyte consumption,and significant volume changes during lithium deposition/stripping processes lead to sustained accumulation of inactive lithium and poor cycling reversibility.Quantifying the formation and evolution of inactive lithium under different conditions and fully evaluating the complex failure modes are the key issues in this challenging field.This article comprehensively reviews recent research progress on the quantification of formation and evolution of inactive lithium detected by different quantitative techniques in rechargeable lithium metal batteries.The key research challenges such as failure mechanism,modification strategies and operando characterization of lithium metal anodes are systematically summarized and prospected.This review provides a new angle of view to understand failure mechanism of lithium metal anodes and inspiration and guidance for the future development of rechargeable lithium metal batteries.

Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Cases during Active and Inactive Disease States

Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in children. Both the humoral and cell mediated immunities are involved in the pathogenesis of JIA. It is reported that overall immunoglobulin levels in JIA patients are significantly higher than their control during the active state of disease. Methodology: This prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 18 months All the newly diagnosed oligo-articular and poly-articular JIA patients having active disease were included by purposive sampling. Data were collected by a semi-structured predesigned questionnaire. Result: Most of the study subjects (57.6%) belonged to age group > 3 - 9 years. Oligo JIA was diagnosed in 66.7% and poly JIA in 33.3% of JIA children. The difference in mean (±SD) ESR (33.52 ± 21.29 and 15.09 ± 7.71 mm in 1st hour) at active and inactive states was highly significant. Mean (±SD) difference of IgG, IgM and IgA in active and inactive states of disease were highly significant. Conclusion: Higher and abnormal levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA) were present among JIA patients in active disease state which became normal during inactive disease state after treatment.

MEC辅助的Inactive状态用户动态位置管理方案

移动边缘计算(mobile edge computing,MEC)作为5G网络架构演进的关键技术,能够满足系统对于吞吐量、时延及智能化要求。同时,5G引入用户(user equipment,UE)无线资源控制(radio resource control,RRC) Inactive状态作为用户的主要状态。在分析MEC的特点、网络架构、装置结构的基础上,基于Inactive状态特点,对当前Inactive状态的寻呼和位置跟踪方案进行分析和对比,提出一种基于MEC的UE数据包缓存和动态位置管理方案,该方案由部署在靠近无线接入网(radio access network,RAN)基站侧的MEC缓存Inactive UE数据包,并更新UE的RAN通知区域(RAN notification area,RNA)。和传统的方案相比,该方案能有效解决锚点g NB(5G-NodeB)的容量问题,并且实现UE有效的位置管理。

Hepatitis B surface antigen clearance in inactive hepatitis B surface antigen carriers treated with peginterferon alfa-2a

AIM: To examine the association between interferon(IFN) therapy and loss of hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag) in inactive HBs Ag carriers. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study in inactive HBs Ag carriers, who were treatment-naive, with a serum HBs Ag level < 100 IU/m L and an undetectable hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA level(< 100 IU/m L). All the 20 treated patients received subcutaneous PEG-IFN alfa-2a 180 μg/wk for 72 wk and were then followed for 24 wk. There were 40 untreated controls matched with 96 wk of observation. Serum HBs Ag, HBV DNA, and alanine aminotransferases were monitored every 3 mo in the treatment group and every 3-6 mo in the control group. RESULTS: Thirteen(65.0%) of 20 treated patients achieved HBs Ag loss, 12 of whom achieved HBs Ag seroconversion. Mean HBs Ag level in treated patients decreased to 6.69 ± 13.04 IU/m L after 24 wk of treatment from a baseline level of 26.22 ± 33.00 IU/m L. Serum HBV DNA level remained undetectable(< 100 IU/m L) in all treated patients during the study. HBs Ag level of the control group decreased from 25.72 ± 25.58 IU/m L at baseline to 17.11 ± 21.62 IU/m L at week 96(P = 0.108). In the control group, no patient experienced HBs Ag loss/seroconversion, and two(5.0%) developed HBV reactivation.CONCLUSION: IFN treatment results in HBs Ag loss and seroconversion in a considerable proportion of inactive HBs Ag carriers with low HBs Ag concentrations.

The effect of electrochemically inactive Ti substituted for Ru in Li_(2)Ru_(1-x)Ti_xO_(3) on structure and electrochemical performance

The approach of substituting electrochemically active with inactive elements has widely been used to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-rich intercalation cathode materials. This especially is true for Li-rich compounds where almost all of the Li+ions are reversibly(de)intercalated during electrochemical cycling. The beneficial mechanism behind this substitution with electrochemically inactive elements is still not clear yet. Li_(2)RuO_(3) is chosen as basis for a model solid solution system to investigate the effect of electrochemically inactive elements owing to its high specific capacity of more than 300 m Ah g^(-1) and the significant contribution of anion redox mechanism. Herein, Li_(2)Ru_(1-x)Ti_xO_(3) solid solution series are synthesized and the effect of substituting with electrochemical inactive Ti for Ru on structure and electrochemical performance have been comprehensively investigated. The electrochemical performance is significantly improved, especially for Li_(2)Ru_(0.8)Ti_(0.2)O_(3), and the capacity retention after 50 cycles increases from 81% to 90%, as compared to the end member Li_(2)RuO_(3). Results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that Ti substitution reduces the charge transfer impedance, which favors the Li+diffusion across the electrolyte–electrode interface and improves the electronic conductivity. For the first time,nuclear magnetic resonance was utilized to confirm that a small part of Ti ions exchange their position with Li ions in the Li layer. This research provides a better understanding of electrochemical inactive element substitution and strong insights for the functional design of the next generation of Li-rich cathode materials.

Regional and Synoptic-scale Features Associated with Inactive Periods of the Summer Monsoon over South China

This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall data over Hong Kong Meteorological parameters provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1985-1990 are examined. Daily values of each parameter for the six years are then composited each day for the period of 5 days before to 1 day after the break. It is found that several days before the break, changes opposite to those occurred during the onset and active periods begin to take place. This suggests that a feedback mechanism is present which tends to restore the atmosphere to a more stable state. This mechanism may be initiated by the formation of convective clouds during the onset and active periods. These clouds then reduce the solar radiation to the ground, leading to a gradual drop in the temperature. This drop, together with the cooling of the atmosphere due to the large amounts of rainfall, causes the pressure over the SC region to become higher, which in turn induces a westward extension of the subtropical ridge. The decrease in temperature over SC may also shift the location of the heat source to the west, which leads to a concomitant westward shift of the convergence of the southerlies and results in less moisture-laden air reaching the SC region. The atmosphere then becomes unfavourable for heavy convection and therefore a break starts.

Early Warning System of Risk in Dairy Cows with Inactive Ovaries

The incidence of Inactive ovaries of dairy cows in China is relatively high. There is no complete early warning system for the occurrence of ovarian quiescence in clinical cows. This test provides early warning indicators for clinical prediction of ovary cessation in dairy cows. This experiment selected blood samples of dairy cows from 60 to 90 days postpartum in the inactive ovaries group and control group. Differential proteins were selected on the basis of proteomics, three energy indexes: AST, Glu, NEFA. Four reproductive hormones: E2, P4, FSH, LH, and four differentially expressed proteins: IGFBP-2, AHSG, APO-A4, and RBP-4. Key enzyme activities: ALDOB, LDHB, ITIH3, GPX3, SPAM1, PKM2. The ELISA test kit was used to detect the content and activity of the above markers in the test bovine serum. Through correlation analysis, binary logistic regression modeling and ROC analysis, a single indicator early warning technique for APOA4 and ITIH3 was established. The early warning values were APOA4 > 28.825 μg/L and ITIH3 > 195.07 ng/L. A multi-index early warning system based on potential biomarkers of APOA4 + ITIH3 and APOA4 + ITIH3 + E2 was established. The former had an early warning value of: APOA4 > 19.55 μg/I;ITIH3 > 191.14 ng/L;the latter has an early warning value: APOA4 > 47.56 μg/L, ITIH4 > 187.80 ng/L, E2 < 69.63 ng/L.

清空WindowsXP的Inactive icons旧列表

工具:UltraEdit (或其它十六进制编辑器,推荐使用WinHEX,它可以直接搜索UNICODE) 说明:该列表保存在各个用户本身的 NTUSER.DAT 文件中。目前尚无现成的方法/工具来清理,只好自己编辑NTUSER.DAT文件。由于用户登陆后,该文件处于受保护的状态,故需要借助另一个帐号来修改。

THE HYDROXYLATON OF INACTIVE HYDROCARBONS WITH ACTIVE CARBON SUPPORTED METALLOPORPHYRINS

A supported Mn-porphyrin catalyst was prepared by adsorption of Mn-porphyrin on active carbon, and found to be efficient for the hydroxylation of hexane with hydrogen peroxide.

Nonlinear Seismic Response of Rock Tunnels Crossing Inactive Fault under Obliquely Incident Seismic P Waves

The failure mechanism of tunnels crossing faults is a critical issue for tunnels located in seismically active regions. This study aims to investigate the nonlinear response of rock tunnels crossing inactive faults under obliquely incident seismic P waves. Based on the equivalent nodal force method together with the viscous-spring boundary, an incident method for the site, which contains fault and is subjected to obliquely incident seismic P waves, is developed first. Then, based on the proposed incident method, the nonlinear response and the failure process of the tunnel crossing inactive fault are numerically studied. The numerical results show that the failure mechanism of the tunnel crossing inactive fault can be attributed to the combined action of the seismic waves and its associated fault slippage. Finally, parameter studies are conducted to investigate the effects of the wave impedance ratio of the fault to the surrounding rock and the incident angle of P waves. By the parameter analysis, it can be concluded that:(1) with decreasing the wave impedance ratio of the fault to the surrounding rock, the seismic response of the tunnel increases significantly;(2) the seismic response of the tunnel increases first and then decreases with the increasing of the incident angle of P waves. This study offers the insight for further research on the seismic stability of tunnels crossing inactive faults.

δ^(18)O and δD records of inactive ice wedge in Yitulihe, Northeastern China and their paleoclimatic implications

Discovered in the late 1980s, inactive ice wedges in Yitulihe in the north part of Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China are the southernmost in the Northern Hemisphere, and they are important paleo-environmental indicators. Recently, research was carried out to analyze the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of an inactive ice wedge from them. The plot of stable isotopes reveals three periods of temperature fluctuations centered approximately at 2.8, 2.3 and 1.9 ka BP. And the resultant temperature was probably lowered by about 2.1, 1.1, and 1.3℃, respectively, in comparison with present temperatures. In conjunction with previous studies, pollen record and radiocarbon dating, the ice wedges probably developed between 3.3 to 1.6 ka BP, and the southern limit of the permafrost （SLP） at that time advanced southwards by around 2°N, i.e., about 200 km.

Molecular basis for the functions of dominantly active Y35N and inactive D60K Rheb mutants in mTORC1 signaling

Dear Editor,Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1)serves as a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating signals from growth factors,nutrients,energy status,and cellular stress(Saxton and Sabatini,2017).A small GTPase,called Ras homolog enriched in brain(Rheb),is a positive regulator of mTORC1.Like other small GTPases,the function of Rheb is dictated by its guanine nucleotide binding states:it is active in the GTP-bound form and inactive in the GDP-bound form(Aspuria and Tamanoi,2004).

A highly efficient way to recycle inactive stereoisomers of Bedaquiline into two previous intermediates via base-catalyzed C_(sp3)–C_(sp3) bond cleavage

Bedaquiline is a new medicine for pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis （MDR-TB）, which is a pure enantiomer with two chiral centers. The current industrial preparation process requires the separation of active Bedaquiline from a mixture of four isomers. Obviously, direct dispose of the other three undesired stereoisomers will cause significant waste and increase the unnecessary cost of production. Here, we developed an efficient, facile and scalable process for recycling the inactive stereoisomers of Bedaquiline. All these inactive stereoisomers could be recycled by their conversion to two important intermediates in the Bedaquiline synthesis via a base-catalyzed Csp3-Csp3 bond cleavage of a benzyl alcohol intermediate. And the precise conditions and mechanism of the base-catalyzed cleavage reaction were discussed.

Specific Thermoresponsive Behaviours Exhibited by Optically Active and Inactive Phenylalanine Modified Hyperbranched Polyethylenimines in Water

Optically active and inactive hyperbranched polymers with specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water were reported.Through two steps hyperbranched polyethylenimine（HPEI） polymers terminated with different amount of D-phenylalanine（D-Phe）,L-phenylalanine（L-Phe） or DL-phenylalanine（DL-Phe） were prepared and characterized.The analyses on the solution properties by turbidimetry,dynamic light scattering,fluorescence probe and 1H-NMR demonstrated that all the polymers exhibited specific thermoresponsive behaviours in water,including：（1） In the dilute polymer concentration region,increasing the polymer concentration led to the increase of phase transition temperature;（2） The optically inactive thermoresponsive hyperbranched polymers showed a higher cloud-point temperature（Tcp） than their corresponding optically active ones in a relatively higher polymer concentration;（3） At the same polymer concentration the hydrophobic groups of the optically inactive HPEI-DL-Phe formed more perfect hydrophobic domain than those of the optically active HPEI-L-Phe and HPEI-D-Phe.

ACE Score Identifies HBeAg-negative Inactive Carriers at a Single-point Evaluation,Regardless of HBV Genotype

Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)biomark-ers have been used for a better categorization of patients,even though the lack of simple algorithms and the impact of genotypes limit their application.Our aim was to assess the usefulness of noninvasive markers for the identification of HBV inactive carriers(ICs)in a single-point evaluation and to design a predictive model for their identification.Meth-ods:This retrospective-prospective study included 343 consecutive HBeAg-negative individuals.Clinical,analytical,and virological data were collected,and a liver biopsy was performed if needed.Subjects were classified at the end of follow-up as ICs,chronic hepatitis B and gray zone.A pre-dictive model was constructed,and validated by 1000-boot-strap samples.Results:After 39 months of follow-up,298 subjects were ICs,36 were chronic hepatitis B CHB,and nine were gray zone.Eighty-nine(25.9%)individuals re-quired a liver biopsy.Baseline HBV DNA hazard ratio(HR)6.0,p<0.001),HBV core-related antigen(HBcrAg)(HR 6.5,p<0.001),and elastography(HR 4.6,p<0.001)were inde-pendently associated with the IC stage.The ACE score(HBV DNA,HBcrAg,elastography),obtained by bootstrapping,yielded an area under the receiver operating characteris-tics(AUROC)of 0.925(95%CI:0.880-0.970,p<0.001)for identification of ICs.The AUROC for genotype D was 0.95,0.96 for A,0.90 for E,and 0.88 for H/F.An ACE score of<1 had a positive predictive value of 99.5%,and a score≤12 points had a diagnostic accuracy of 93.8%.Conclusions:Low baseline HBV DNA,HBcrAg,and liver stiffness were in-dependently associated with the IC phase.A score including those variables identified ICs at a single-point evaluation,and might be applied to implement less intensive follow-up strategies.

An Efficient Method for Identifying the Inactive Transmission Constraints in a Network-Constrained Unit Commitment

Network-constrained unit commitment(NCUC)is one of the most widely used applications in power system and electricity market operations.According to empirical evidence,some of the transmission constraints in a NCUC are inactive.Identifying and eliminating these inactive constraints can improve the efficiency.In this paper,an efficient method is first proposed for identifying the inactive transmission constraints.The physical and economic insights of NCUC are carefully considered and utilized.Both the generating costs and power transfer distribution factor(PTDF)are considered.Not only redundant constraints but also non-binding constraints can be identified via the proposed method.An acceleration method that combines relaxation-based neighborhood search and improved relaxation inducement is proposed for further reducing the computation time.The case study shows that the proposed method can significantly reduce the number of transmission constraints and substantially improve the efficiency of NCUC without impacting the optimality.

The incidence of liver abnormalities is higher in inactive hepatitis B virus carriers with influenza A infection

1INTRODUCTION China is still at a high risk of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection and has a large number of inactive HBV carriers(ICs)[1].Chronic hepatitis B viral infection is a global problem,which commonly progresses to liver cirrhosis[2],hepatocellular carcinoma[3],and liver diseaserelated death[4].

Study of Students'Inactive Participation in Oral English Class and its Countermeasures

With the rapid development of economy, China has cooperated with other countries in a larger range and a wider sphere.Then,more and more people are becoming increasingly conscious of the importance of English,especially,spoken English. However,in oral English classes,students are unwilling to speak,which results in a depressing atmosphere.Therefore,what leads to students' inactive participation in oral English classroom activities?How to deal with this issue?This thesis gives an account of affec?tive factors and offers some countermeasures to solve the problem by adopting implications from the constructivism.

Molecular characteristics and stages of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common viral pathogen that causes a substantial health burden worldwide. Remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the natural stages of chronic HBV infection. A dynamic balance between viral replication and host immune response is pivotal to the pathogenesis of liver disease. Knowledge of the HBV genome organization and replication cycle can unravel HBV genotypes and molecular variants, which contribute to the heterogeneity in outcome of chronic HBV infection. Most HBV infections are spontaneously resolved in immunocompetent adults, whereas they become chronic in most neonates and infants at a great risk of developing complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Those with chronic HBV infection may present in one of the four phases of infection: immune tolerance, immune clearance [hepatitis B eantigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)], inactive carrier state, and reactivation (HBeAg-negative CHB). Understanding the dynamic nature of chronic HBV infection is crucial in the management of HBV carriers. Long-term monitoring and optimal timing of antiviral therapy for chronic HBV infection help to prevent progression of HBV-related liver disease to its later stage, particularly in patients with higher risk markers of HCC, such as serum DNA concentration, HBeAg status, serum aminotransferase, HBV genotypes, and pre-core or core mutants.

Hepatitis B in patients with hematological diseases: An update

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) reactivation(HBVr) in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy is still a hot topic worldwide. Its prevention and management still represents a challenge for specialists dealing with immunosuppressed patients. Aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the relevant information emerged in the recent literature regarding HBV reactivation following immunosuppressive treatments for oncohematological tumors. A computerized literature search in MEDLINE was performed using appropriate terms arrangement, including English-written literature only or additional relevant articles. Articles published only in abstract form and case reports not giving considerable news were excluded. Clinical manifestation of HBVr can be manifold, ranging from asymptomatic self-limiting anicteric hepatitis to life-threatening fulminant liver failure. In clusters of patients adverse outcomes are potentially predictable. Clinicians should be aware of the inherent risk of HBVr among the different virological categories(active carriers, occult HBV carriers and inactive carriers, the most intriguing category), and classes of immunosuppressive drugs. We recommend that patients undergoing immunosuppressive treatments for hematological malignancies should undergo HBV screening. In case of serological sign(s) of current or past infection with the virus, appropriate therapeutic or preventive strategies are suggested, according to both virological categories, risk of HBVr by immunosuppressive drugsand liver status. Either antiviral drug management and surveillance and pre-emptive approach are examined, commenting the current international recommendations about this debated issue.