COVID-19 negatively impacted the economies of many African countries that had previously been on a positive trajectory.Both economic growth and revenue collections were severely eroded,triggered by the lockdowns imple...COVID-19 negatively impacted the economies of many African countries that had previously been on a positive trajectory.Both economic growth and revenue collections were severely eroded,triggered by the lockdowns implemented,stimu-lus packages offered to small and medium enterprises,financial support to vulnera-ble households,and the tax relief measures to businesses.ATAF administered three surveys on its member tax administrations to gauge the tax administration and pol-icy responses to COVID-19,assess the customs revenue losses,and evaluate the tax administrations’preparedness on business continuity and risk management.Results showed that tax administrations implemented a variety of tax relief measures which included accelerated refunds,tax deferrals,suspension of audits,suspension of duties on health products imported for fighting COVID-19 and tax amnesty programs.Some of the non-tax measures included measures meant for enhancing business cash flow,enhancing business con-tinuity,enhancing household cash-flow and supporting the informal sector and small businesses.Customs revenue was negatively impacted on,with an estimated loss of USD400 million~USD500 million from February to April 2020,for the 18 countries whose data was available.Additionally,some African tax administrations either did not have,or were not implementing Business Conti-nuity Plans(BCPs)and enterprise risk management.Sectors that benefitted from the pandemic include the health,pharmaceuticals and medical supplies,and telecommunication and informa-tion technology.The hardest hit sectors were the tourism,education,accommodation and food services and mining.Some countries realised positive revenue growth,despite the pandemic,due to increased usage of automated tax systems.To recover from negative effects of COVID-19,tax administrations should embark on reforms geared towards implementation of the following measures:taxation of digital economies through digital services taxes and a comprehensive VAT strategy for e-commerce transactions;combating transfer pricing and other forms of illicit financial flows;reducing the informal sector;and streamlining tax incentives.Tax administrations could also embrace digitalisation and leverage on big data considering the Fourth Industrial Revolution.展开更多
Over the last decade, India has started to concentrate earnestly on renewable energy. The Indian government, as well as different state governments, are adopting policy instruments such as feed in tariff, captive cons...Over the last decade, India has started to concentrate earnestly on renewable energy. The Indian government, as well as different state governments, are adopting policy instruments such as feed in tariff, captive consumption, renewable purchase obligation and genera- tion based incentive etc. aimed at renewable energy development. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of state level incentives for the development of wind energy in India. Fixed effect panel data modelling technique of econometric analysis is used to analyse the data of 26 Indian states in 11 years. The results show that feed in tariff and captive consumption are the significant predictors of wind energy development. However, renewable purchase obligation does not affect wind energy significantly.展开更多
文摘COVID-19 negatively impacted the economies of many African countries that had previously been on a positive trajectory.Both economic growth and revenue collections were severely eroded,triggered by the lockdowns implemented,stimu-lus packages offered to small and medium enterprises,financial support to vulnera-ble households,and the tax relief measures to businesses.ATAF administered three surveys on its member tax administrations to gauge the tax administration and pol-icy responses to COVID-19,assess the customs revenue losses,and evaluate the tax administrations’preparedness on business continuity and risk management.Results showed that tax administrations implemented a variety of tax relief measures which included accelerated refunds,tax deferrals,suspension of audits,suspension of duties on health products imported for fighting COVID-19 and tax amnesty programs.Some of the non-tax measures included measures meant for enhancing business cash flow,enhancing business con-tinuity,enhancing household cash-flow and supporting the informal sector and small businesses.Customs revenue was negatively impacted on,with an estimated loss of USD400 million~USD500 million from February to April 2020,for the 18 countries whose data was available.Additionally,some African tax administrations either did not have,or were not implementing Business Conti-nuity Plans(BCPs)and enterprise risk management.Sectors that benefitted from the pandemic include the health,pharmaceuticals and medical supplies,and telecommunication and informa-tion technology.The hardest hit sectors were the tourism,education,accommodation and food services and mining.Some countries realised positive revenue growth,despite the pandemic,due to increased usage of automated tax systems.To recover from negative effects of COVID-19,tax administrations should embark on reforms geared towards implementation of the following measures:taxation of digital economies through digital services taxes and a comprehensive VAT strategy for e-commerce transactions;combating transfer pricing and other forms of illicit financial flows;reducing the informal sector;and streamlining tax incentives.Tax administrations could also embrace digitalisation and leverage on big data considering the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
文摘Over the last decade, India has started to concentrate earnestly on renewable energy. The Indian government, as well as different state governments, are adopting policy instruments such as feed in tariff, captive consumption, renewable purchase obligation and genera- tion based incentive etc. aimed at renewable energy development. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of state level incentives for the development of wind energy in India. Fixed effect panel data modelling technique of econometric analysis is used to analyse the data of 26 Indian states in 11 years. The results show that feed in tariff and captive consumption are the significant predictors of wind energy development. However, renewable purchase obligation does not affect wind energy significantly.
