Numerical Investigation on Inclined Hydraulic Transport of Large Particles for Deepsea Mining

Hydraulic transport in pipelines is the most promising conveying method for large ore particles in deepsea mining.The dynamic performances of particles during transportation in vertical,inclined and horizontal pipelines are significant for the design of hydraulic transport systems.In the present study,we focus on the statistical characteristics and flow regimes of the mixture composed of ore particles and seawater in the pipelines.Numerical simulations are conducted by using Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)and Discrete Element Method(DEM).The influences of inclination angle and particle diameter are evaluated through two sets of numerical tests.The regulation of the inclined transport is totally different from that of the vertical transport,whereas the dynamics of the mixtures in inclined and horizontal pipes are similar.A number of particles accumulate on the pipe wall even with a small inclination angle.Large hydraulic gradient and local concentration would occur when the inclination angle of the pipe is in the range of30°-60°.With the decrease of particle diameter,the particle flow becomes uniform,reflected by the almost uniform particle distribution in the vertical pipe and the clear interface between the suspended load and the bed-load in the inclined pipe.However,small particles will introduce larger local concentrations and hydraulic gradients in the inclined pipe,which is not conducive to particle transport.

Ground subsidence mechanism of a filling mine with a steeply inclined ore body

Long-term field monitoring finds that serious surface subsidence can still occur even if the high strength cemented fill method is adopted.Combining the results of numerical simulations with global position system(GPS)monitoring,we took a typical filling mining mine with a steeply inclined ore body as an example,and explored its ground subsidence mechanism.The results show that the ground subsidence caused by the mining of steep ore body is characterized by two settlement centers and a significantly uneven spatial distribution,which is visibly different from ground subsidence characteristic of the coal mine.The subsidence on the hanging wall is much larger than that on the footwall,and the settlement center tends to move to the hanging wall with the increase of mining depth.The backfill improves the strength and surrounding rock bearing capacity,which leads to a lag of about 3 years of the subsidence.However,under the actions of continuous and repeated mining disturbances,the supporting effect of the backfill can only reduce the amplitude of the deformation,but it cannot prevent the occurrence of settlement.

Theoretical description of drawing body shape in an inclined seam with longwall top coal caving mining

Understanding the characteristics of drawing body shape is essential for optimization of drawing parameters in longwall top coal caving mining.In this study,both physical experiments and theoretical analysis are employed to investigate these characteristics and derive a theoretical equation for the drawing body shape along the working face in an inclined seam.By analyzing the initial positions of drawn marked particles,the characteristics of the drawing body shape for different seam dip angles are obtained.It is shown that the drawing body of the top coal exhibits a shape-difference and volume-symmetry characteristic,on taking a vertical line through the center of support opening as the axis of symmetry,the shapes of the drawing body on the two sides of this axis are clearly different,but their volumes are equal.By establishing theoretical models of the drawing body in the initial drawing stage and the normal drawing stage,a theoretical equation for the drawing body in an inclined seam is proposed,which can accurately describe the characteristics of the drawing body shape.The shape characteristics and volume symmetry of the drawing body are further analyzed by comparing the results of theoretical calculations and numerical simulations.It is shown that one side of the drawing body is divided into two parts by an inflection point,with the lower part being a variation development area.This variation development area increases gradually with increasing seam dip angle,resulting in an asymmetry of the drawing body shape.However,the volume symmetry coefficient fluctuates around 1 for all values of the seam dip angle variation,and the volumes of the drawing body on the two sides are more or less equal as the variation development volume is more or less equal to the cut volume.Both theoretical calculations and numerical simulations confirm that the drawing body of the top coal exhibits the shape-difference and volume-symmetry characteristic.

Evaluation of plow system performance in long-wall mining method using particle flow code

The underground or open-pit methods are used for the extraction of mineral resources,each of which is divided into different categories.Coal is one of the mineral resources,which is exploited either by the surface or the underground methods.The long-wall mining is one of the methods for the underground coal mining.In this method,which is a mechanized one,some machines such as the shearer or plow are used for the mining.The coal mine in Parvadeh,Tabas is a mechanized mine that is extracted by the long-wall mining.The modeling with particle flow code software was used in this mine for the evaluation of plow performance using the coal specifications.In this regard,the sample was first calibrated by sampling from the Parvadeh coal mine and performing the uniaxial and Brazilian tests on the model.Then,the modeling was done by constructing the model and using the variables such as the clearance angle and the linear velocity of the plow.After making 28 models for the plow,the best model of the plow was selected based on the maximum force applied to the machine in the X direction.Finally,the results of this study showed that the best plow performance is for a model with the clearance angle of zero and the linear velocity of 9 mm/min,and the maximum force applied to this model is equal to 39,000 kN in the X direction.

An influence function method based subsidence prediction program for longwall mining operations in inclined coal seams

The distribution of the final surface subsidence basin induced by longwall operations in inclined coal seam could be significantly different from that in flat coal seam and demands special prediction methods. Though many empirical prediction methods have been developed, these methods are inflexible for varying geological and mining conditions. An influence function method has been developed to take the advantage of its fundamentally sound nature and flexibility. In developing this method, significant modifications have been made to the original Knothe function to produce an asymmetrical influence function. The empirical equations for final subsidence parameters derived from US subsidence data and Chinese empirical values have been incorpo- rated into the mathematical models to improve the prediction accuracy. A corresponding computer program is developed. A number of subsidence cases for longwall mining operations in coal seams with varying inclination angles have been used to demonstrate the applicability of the developed subsidence prediction model.

APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEM BASED ON NEURAL NETWORK IN MINING THE GENTLE INCLINED THICK SEAM

This paper presents a new method for the correct selection of mining methods and pre-diction of main technological and economic indexes of the face in the gentle inclined thick seams with the application of the artificial neural network theory and the expert system. The theory anal- ysis and calculating results indicate that the method is reliable, practical and precise. This method has strongly capabilities of self-study and non-linear dynamic data process. It is expected to be widely applied in the policy decision and prediction of mining technology in coal mine.

NUMERIC ANALYSIS ON INFLUENCED FACTORS OF DISCONTINUOUS SURFACE DEFORMATION DUE TO STEEPLY-INCLINED SEAM MINING

This paper deals with the shape and influenced factors of surface non-continuous deformation due to mining. With finite element method, analysis are made to derive the relations between discontinuous deformation and mining affection, weak plane’s position & thickness, and mechanical property of weak-plane medium. The mutual affection of multiple weak-planes is also discussed. The results of the paper lay a foundation for constructing the calculation method of surface discontinuous deformation.

Development and prospect on fully mechanized mining in Chinese coal mines

Fully mechanized mining(FMM)technology has been applied in Chinese coal mines for more than 40 years.At present,the output of a FMM face has reached 10-million tons with Chinese-made equipment.In this study,the new developments in FMM technology and equipment in Chinese coal mines during past decades are introduced.The automatic FMM technology for thin seams,complete sets of FMM technology with ultra large shear height of 7 m for thick seams,complete sets of fully mechanized top coal caving technology with large shear height for ultra-thick seams of 20 m,complete sets of FMM technology for complex and difficult seams,including steeply inclined seams,soft coal seams with large inclination angle,and the mechanized filling mining technology and equipment are presented.Some typical case studies are also introduced.Finally,the existing problems with the FMM technology are discussed,and prospect of FMM technology and equipment applied in Chinese coal mines is put forward.

Longwall mining under gateroads and gobs of abandoned small mine

Due to the use of outdated mining technology or room and pillar mining process in small coal mines, the coal recovery ratio is only 10–25%. In many regions of China, the damage area caused by the small coal mines amounted to nearly one hundred square kilometers. Therefore, special mining techniques must be taken to reclaim the wasted resource in disturbed coal areas. This paper focuses on the different mining methods by analyzing the longwall panel layout and abandoned gateroad(AG) distribution in the abandoned area of Cuijiazhai coal mine in northwestern China. On the basis of three-dimensional geological model, FLAC3 D numerical simulation was employed. The abutment pressure distribution was simulated when the panel face passed through the disturbed areas. The proper angle of the inclined face was analyzed when the panel face passed through the abandoned gateroads. The results show that the head end of the face should be 13–20 m ahead of the tail end. The pillars on both sides of abandoned gateroads had not been damaged at the same time, and no large-area stress concentration occured above the main roof.Therefore, the coal reserves of disturbed areas can be successfully recovered by using underground longwall mining.

倾斜碎软煤层群煤层气协调开发关键技术-以艾维尔沟矿区为例

为了明确与倾斜碎软煤层开采条件相适配的煤与煤层气协调开发关键技术,基于倾斜碎软煤层群瓦斯难抽采与煤层群非对称采动特征,形成了与之匹配的非对称卸压时空协同“三孔四区五量”煤与煤层气协调开发模式,明确了非对称采动下煤与煤层气协调开发策略,阐明了井上下联合煤与煤层气协调开发时空协同机制。针对倾斜碎软突出首采煤层消突困难的问题,优化了倾斜碎软煤层下向长钻孔施工工艺,研制了钻头电磁波无线随钻测量系统,实现了更高精度的钻孔轨迹防偏。针对非对称采动区地面井防护缺乏针对性的难题,阐明了非对称采动覆岩卸压破坏时空演化特征,获得了非对称采动下覆岩采动裂隙演化特征,确定了倾斜煤层地面井井位安全位置,研发了能够兼顾地面井稳定性和抽采效率双因素的采动区地面三开套管结构。应用结果表明:时空协同的“三孔四区五量”模式能够实现煤层气高效抽采,保障倾斜煤层群的抽掘采接替平衡;倾斜煤层下向钻孔递进式抽采方式拓展了递进式抽采的应用范围,破解了倾斜煤层煤层气抽采过程中的时间不协调问题;优化后的采动地面井维稳结构能够适应非对称采动作用,实现了采动区地面井煤层气高效抽采。上述成果在新疆焦煤集团艾维尔沟矿区得到推广应用,初步形成符合艾维尔沟矿区主要高瓦斯矿区倾斜煤层特点的煤层气抽采关键技术和典型模式。

急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治探索与总结

急倾斜特厚煤层开采顶板破断运动复杂,应力和能量演化规律特殊,在深部“三高一扰动”影响下,冲击地压防治不容乐观。基于某矿2016年冲击地压事故后急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压防治经验,从急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采冲击地压发生机理、瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治和冲击地压管理详细介绍了该矿7年来急倾斜特厚煤层冲击地压防治经验。冲击地压发生机理方面,建立了顶板岩层倾斜悬臂梁模型,揭示了顶、底板覆岩结构破断失稳演化过程,划分了夹持煤体受力状态分区,提出了急倾斜特厚煤层冲击“夹持理论”。瓦斯突出与冲击地压综合防治方面,基于冲击地压灾害控制解危技术的强度弱化减冲理论,结合原有防突措施体系,提出了既能防冲且对防突有利的解危措施,形成了某矿瓦斯/CO_(2)突出-冲击地压“双防”技术体系,建立了适用于某矿急倾斜特厚煤层水平分段开采的冲击地压防治体系,以钻屑量和瓦斯吸解值验证了瓦斯突出防治的强度保障,同时以加强实施卸压措施工作面的微震事件分布及各能级总频次和能量对比,论证说明了卸压方案防治效果的有效性。冲击地压管理方面,形成了预测评价、监测预警、治理预防、效果检验、安全防护和教育培训“六位一体”综合防治架构,基于《煤矿安全规程》和《防治煤矿冲击地压细则》等各项规定,制定了Q/YJMD-—FC 0104-2022《窑街煤电集团有限公司煤矿冲击地压防治第四部分:冲击地压防治技术规范》。

急倾斜脉群钨矿开采过渡区围岩力学环境变化特征研究

随着现代化采矿工艺的发展,急倾斜脉群矿体正由传统的浅孔留矿法向更高效的阶段矿房法转变,采区围岩力学环境扰动规律也随之改变,特别是在2种采矿方法接替的开采过渡区,可能存在围岩力学环境分布规律的盲区。基于声发射测定的初始地应力采用FLAC3D软件模拟研究了过渡区开采中段采区围岩的力学环境变化特征。结果表明:①上部采区经浅孔留矿法回采出矿后,采区上下盘围岩受到拉应力作用且存在采场边帮松脱的趋势,单脉采场间围岩受应力作用不均匀导致上下端位移交错分布,采区上下盘围岩及单脉采场间围岩以剪切塑性区为主,有发生剪切破坏的风险。②下部采区经阶段矿房法回采出矿后,采区的应力集中现象更加明显,采场顶板出现沉降趋势,采区上下盘围岩向竖直方向变形且两采区位移较连续,采区的顶底板主要为拉伸塑性区且上下盘围岩存在较大范围的剪切塑性区,预示着采区围岩可能同时存在张拉和剪切破坏风险。③对采空区及时进行废石嗣后充填能够有效抑制应力集中现象。矿山在开采过渡区生产时应严格控制上下部相邻采场的开采、充填时序,避免超前开采,进而最大程度抑制应力集中导致的围岩变形、失稳等不利影响。

深埋倾斜特厚煤层窄煤柱护巷机理与围岩控制

我国中东部地区采深大、巷道变形和冲击风险大,窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术可改善巷道围岩环境。为掌握窄煤柱护巷机理并形成针对性围岩控制技术体系,以800 m埋深倾斜特厚煤层3 m窄煤柱沿空掘巷为背景,开展了理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟研究,结果表明:①该巷围岩破碎程度及变形煤柱侧比实体煤侧严重,煤柱破碎程度及变形采空区侧比巷道侧大,尽管埋深大,但已稳定采空区承担较大覆岩载荷,高应力已充分向深部岩体分流;②巷道变形非对称,实体煤侧顶板下沉量比煤柱侧大,巷帮以浅部变形为主,煤柱帮上部和实体煤帮中部变形较大;③采空区是掘巷卸荷后主要的形变通道,利于形变能向采空区缓释、降低冲击风险;④卸压区形状由掘巷前三角形扩展为掘巷后平行四边形,掘巷后应力集中区转移至实体煤帮右上方实体煤岩体中;⑤窄煤柱一次和二次剪切破坏的交界面及掘巷右上方实体高应力区为围岩关键控制区,据此提出基于煤柱多重塑性破坏区发育规律的煤柱加固和高应力区精准卸压联合的围岩控制技术体系。研究可为邻近工作面以及其他类似深埋倾斜特厚煤层开采提供理论支撑和科学依据。

倾斜煤层群覆岩“三场”非对称特征及靶向抽采机制

倾斜煤层群“三场”(应力场、位移场和裂隙场)演化规律较为复杂,对卸压瓦斯运移和储集具有重要意义。为了探究倾斜煤层群“三场”演化规律,研究以新疆1930煤矿为对象,开展了倾斜煤层群多重采动相似模拟实验。分析了上覆岩层垮落形态,获得了覆岩应力演化特征,分析了覆岩位移分布和移动方向特征,阐明了采动裂隙分布特征。进而探究了三场演化规律对瓦斯运移的影响,并开展了定向钻孔瓦斯抽采现场试验进行验证。研究结果表明:倾斜煤层群多重采动下,采动裂隙矩形梯台呈现明显的非对称特征。低位侧覆岩应力变化较大,随开采次数增加,卸压效应更为明显,而高位侧覆岩应力变化较小;结合重力−倾角效应,高位侧覆岩更易破坏,垮落次序优先,呈非对称特征。覆岩位移分布呈非对称特征,高位侧位移显著且移动方向变化较大。高位侧裂隙区网格内采动裂隙频数明显高于低位侧;高位侧裂隙区破断裂隙分布更多,且开度较大;采动裂隙呈“高位扩展−低位压缩”的非对称特征。多重采动使得“三场”非对称特征更为显著。此外,覆岩贯通度存在“慢速减小−快速减小”的现象。基于“三场”演化特征和瓦斯运移的关系,揭示了瓦斯抽采靶向优选机制。结合试验结果,构建了基于“三场”演化规律的裂隙带瓦斯抽采靶点区判定流程。现场瓦斯抽采效果良好,保证了工作面安全高效回采。研究结果为倾斜煤层群卸压瓦斯精准抽采提供了理论参考,旨在提高倾斜煤层群瓦斯抽采量,防止上隅角瓦斯超限,实现倾斜煤层群安全高效开采。

煤矿矿井建设技术与装备70余年创新发展及推广实践

比较全面地总结了新中国成立70余年来,我国煤矿矿井建设技术从引进吸收、自主发展到再创新的历程,以及在基础研究、工艺创新、技术突破、装备研制和成果转化方面取得的重要成果,涉及钻爆法、冻结法、注浆法、钻井法、沉井法等凿井技术以及煤矿岩巷掘进技术。目前,以钻爆破岩为主的凿井配套装备机械化、自动化水平显著提高,煤矿千米级深井短段掘砌综合凿井技术趋于成熟,竖井凿井最大深度达到1 341.6 m。冻结法、注浆法等凿井地质保障技术水平显著提升,逐步代替了帷幕法、板桩法和降水法等凿井技术,竖井最大冻结深度达990 m,斜井最大冻结段斜长达681 m,采用工作面注浆建成煤矿最长斜井为5 875 m,竖井地面预注浆加固深度达1 355 m。机械破岩井巷掘进技术取得突破性进展,反井钻机最大钻井直径达6 m,最大钻井深度达562 m;竖井钻机钻井法实现了最大钻井直径10.8 m,最大钻井深度660 m,且应用范围逐步扩大;竖井掘进机钻井法实现了零的突破,为煤矿竖井智能化凿井奠定了基础;煤矿岩巷机掘法作业线已经形成,岩巷全断面掘进机平均成巷速度超400 m/月。综上,70余年来我国煤矿矿井建设技术与装备创新发展,显著提升了煤矿井巷掘进作业环境、施工效率和安全水平,实现了井巷掘进工作面无人化、自动化、全机械化作业,解决了我国煤炭开发各阶段井巷建设的难题,保障了煤矿基础建设及开采接续建设。同时,从煤矿矿井建设发展起来的技术装备和取得的成功经验,在水力发电、市政轨道交通、山岭交通隧道、引水隧道等地下工程领域得到了推广实践,为国家重点工程建设和国民经济发展做出了贡献。

细水雾与纵向通风对倾斜巷道火灾烟气运动规律影响研究

为了解决倾斜巷道火灾期间高温毒害烟气严重威胁井下人员避灾和救援等问题,采用Fluent数值模拟和1∶20缩尺火灾实验的方法,对不同巷道坡度下的烟气运动和温度变化进行研究。研究结果表明:添加细水雾和纵向通风都会降低倾斜巷道火灾温度。对于细水雾,下游顶板温度随着巷道坡度的增大而减小;对于纵向通风,控烟降温效果随巷道坡度的增大而降低。研究结果可为倾斜巷道防排烟设计以及对火灾下风侧烟气蔓延控制和救援提供参考。

软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡采动变形破坏机理研究

为研究我国西南矿区软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡采动变形破坏机理,以我国贵州省都匀市某煤洞坡为例,采用数值模拟方法,分析采动诱发软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡的变形破坏特征,讨论采动对坡体的作用规律,研究单工况采动和留煤柱下重复采动对坡体的变形破坏机理。研究结果表明:靠近坡表工作面开采和留煤柱下重复采动对坡体的稳定性影响较大;采动裂隙首先集中于采空区两侧并向上发展,软硬夹层间产生离层裂隙的可能性一般较大;留煤柱可防止坡体沉陷破碎,但也可能加剧坡体稳定性下降。研究结果可为软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡地下开采时,有效预防诱发山体失稳等地质灾害提供理论参考。

煤矿急倾斜煤层柔性掩护支架采煤法开采参数分析

以神角煤矿为例,介绍了1种煤矿急倾斜煤层柔性掩护支架采煤法。通过对煤矿的生产技术条件进行分析,进而计算出作业面主要参数、巷道支护参数、回采工艺参数,确定了最佳的柔性掩护支架采煤技术方案,为煤矿急倾斜煤层的开采提供了支持,明确了根据柔性掩护支架采煤法的开采参数进行煤矿设计,可以提高煤矿的生产效率和经济效益。

远距离斜交工作面上行开采上组煤垂直应力演化规律

为探究平煤八矿远距离煤层群斜交工作面上行开采过程中上组煤层垂直应力演化规律,采用数值模拟计算的方法展开研究。研究结果表明,己_(15)-21030工作面回采过程中与上覆戊_(9.10)-21070工作面依次形成相离、相交和重叠的空间关系,因此会使上组煤层应力增高或降低。相离区域为应力升高区,受下组煤采动影响应力整体呈升高趋势,应力集中系数最大为1.18;相交区域为卸压过渡区,戊_(9.10)-21070工作面应力由增压变为卸压,最大卸压值较原始应力降低了25%,倾向卸压影响范围为55 m;重叠区域为卸压区,受己_(15)-21030工作面采动影响卸压效果及卸压范围均进一步增大,最大卸压值较原始应力降低了40%,倾向卸压影响范围增大至180 m。将戊组煤层戊_(9.10)-21070工作面根据应力分布云图依次划分为增压区、应力过渡区、卸压区和稳定卸压区。通过现场瓦斯含量测试验证了卸压区残余瓦斯含量比原始区域残余瓦斯含量降低32.9%,远距离煤层群上行开采形成卸压区有利于瓦斯治理工作的开展。