去杠杆降低了劳动收入份额吗?

2016年,中国去杠杆政策实施与劳动收入份额下降同时期发生,是巧合或是必然?造成劳动者福利损失了吗?本文将2016年去杠杆政策作为一次自然试验,基于2012—2019年中国A股上市企业数据,构建双重差分模型检验去杠杆政策的收入分配效应。研究发现:去杠杆政策显著降低了企业劳动收入份额。机制检验表明,去杠杆产生的融资约束和偿债压力并没有带来企业降薪或裁员行为,相反,劳动收入份额下降的原因更多表现在企业经营成本与财务成本降低、投资效率提高等方面,没有出现“利润侵蚀工资”的现象。该影响在非国有企业、坏杠杆企业和过度投资企业中更加明显,一定程度抑制了资本过度投入和无序扩张的问题。本文研究为2016年以来中国劳动收入份额再次下降的现象提供了微观解释,为明确我国去杠杆政策的积极意义提供了经验证据。

从政策角度对我国农民收入现状的一个解释

农村经济体制改革以来,我国农村经济政策的直接目标已经由以往的以增产为主逐步转向以保证农民增收为主,农民收入水平也有了很大的提高。然而,农民收入现状仍然不容乐观：一是绝对收入水平偏低；二是城乡收入差距和地区收入差距逐步加大。笔者从政策角度对我国农民收入问题进行了分析,并对我国农业政策效应形成了五个方面的基本判断。

Stakeholder Perspectives on Use,Trade,and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in the Rasuwa District of Central Nepal

People's livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection,use,and trade of medicinal plants.Traditional use is generally not a problem,but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in over-exploitation.Sustainable management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles,responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders involved.Through personal interviews and group discussions,this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use,trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of Nepal.Local people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal uses.Perceptions on market availability differed significantly:100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available,against only 36 % for local people.This could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood improvement.Different viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district:81 % of the respondents from district and national organizationsconsidered that medicinal plants were threatened,compared to only 28 % for local people.Despite this disparity,both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants:over-harvesting;habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation;and over-grazing by livestock.Several challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants,such as ambiguous policies;lack of resources,information and infrastructures;habitat degradation;and over-exploitation.Despite these challenges,respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district,given resource availability,community awareness and motivation,and the priority given to the sector by governments and other agencies.Proper collaboration,communication and coordination among stakeholders are needed to grab these opportunities.

就业政策的阶段特征与调整方向

中国经济正处于向高收入国家行列迈进的关键阶段。由于经济发展阶段的变化,就业政策的重点也应做相应调整。在刘易斯转折点之前,岗位创造和劳动力区域流动是就业工作的重点领域。在经济发展新常态下,中国经济越来越受到人口老龄化、对就业质量的要求、资本报酬递减等诸多因素的约束,提升生产率更成为未来经济发展的核心。相应地,产业政策和就业政策的重点应该致力于经济结构和就业结构的调整,以及由此推动的生产率提升。劳动力市场政策改革的方向也应该围绕这一核心展开。