Gradient Effect on Farmers' Income in the Mountain Areas and its Implication for Poverty Alleviation Strategies:Empirical Analysis from the Upper Reach of Minjiang River,China

Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers' income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers' income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers' income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family's size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.

Effect of Agricultural Comprehensive Development on Increasing Income of Farmers in Jiangsu Hilly and Mountainous Areas

To adapt to rural and agricultural economic development,Jiangsu Province adjusted main task of comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas to supporting and promoting agricultural structural adjustment of hilly and mountainous areas and promoting increase of agricultural benefits and farmers' income. Through typical survey,this paper made an objective evaluation of effect of agricultural comprehensive development of hilly and mountainous areas in Jiangsu Province from increasing farmers' income. Results indicated that agricultural comprehensive development investment projects in Jiangsu hilly and mountainous areas are closely coupled with local agricultural production structure; financial funds promote social capital input to construction of economic forest,fruit and grass planting,and livestock raising. Through demonstration and guidance of farmers,it promoted adjustment of agricultural production structure and increased farmers' income. Finally,it came up with pertinent policy recommendations.

The Study on Industrial Structure Adjustment of Farmer Economic Net Income Doubled in Mountain Area

The aim was to study the main industry effect the double of the per capi- ta net income of farmers economic. The relation between six industry net income per capita income of farmers including grain, animal husbandry, flue-cured tobacco, walnut, long-term labor expot, seasonal labor export and the net income of farmers per capita in the Wazitian Village of Baoshan, Yunnan was studied by means of the effect main industry doubled net income of farmers per capita economic and the grey correlation analysis. The correlation degree of six industry and the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export〉seasonal labor export〉 walnut〉grain〉animal husbandry〉flue-cured tobacco. The pillar industry affecting the net income of farmers per capita economic was long-term labor export, seasonal la- bor export and walnut. The study provided the scionce theoretical basis and method of support for net income per capita economic multiplier of farmers in Baoshan, Yunnan province and even a similar low latitude mountain plateau.

Study on the Industrial Structure and Peasants' Income in the Mountainous Areas in Zhejiang Province

With the constant increase of farmers' incomes, the declining ratio of low-income farmers and the development of rural economy in the mountainous areas of Zhejiang Province, the farmers gain much more transfer income from the secondary allocation and their lives were greatly improved. But due to the uneven economic development, the agricultural development level of different land forms differs greatly and there is still a large gap between the incomes of urban and rural residents. In this paper, through an in-depth analysis of the farmers' income, agricultural industrial structure and urban-rural income gap in different mountainous areas of Zhejiang Province, some advices were proposed to increase the farmers' incomes.

Economic Viability of Smallholder Agroforestry and Beekeeping Projects in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: A Cost Benefit Analysis

Agroforestry and beekeeping are widely promoted as prospective Nature- Based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to improve livelihoods while at the same time enhancing biodiversity conservation in degrading agro-ecologies. These activities can diversify and increase famers’ incomes and support instinctive biota and fauna resilience. However, evidence to showcase and compare their long-term benefits is scant. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania to evaluate and compare viability of agroforestry and beekeeping projects using the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The results of analysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher than 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. Overall, the comparison of economic viability between agroforestry and beekeeping projects revealed that the former was relatively more profitable than the later in terms of both the NPV and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) criteria. However, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for beekeeping was slightly higher than that of agroforestry. Yet, we underscore the fact that these two projects can jointly be implemented to enhance livelihoods of farmers and support biodiversity conservation in the study area and other parts with similar agro-ecologies in developing countries. However, farmers in these agro-ecologies need to be supported by governments and non-government development partners in terms of training and inspiration to shift from orthodox farming to sustainable NIGAs.

Flourishing Gardens Mountain-locked county in Hubei Province prospers from tea plantation

Zhong Cheng had some of his busiest days of the year in early April,when he needed to handpick the first batch of fresh tea leaves of the spring. These leaves, picked before the Qingming Festival, one of China’s most important traditional festivals, are the season’s best and fetch the best price.Aged 44, Zhong is a villager in Hefeng County located in the mountains of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Hubei Province in central China. In the villages of the province, men of his age usually migrate to cities for better income. But in Hefeng, tea plantation provides a way for the villagers to live where they were born.

ANALYSIS ON POVERTY IN MOUNTAIN AREAS BASED ON OFF-FARM INDUSTRIES

This paper reveals that agricultural growth trend in China is strongly correlated with the growth of off-farm industries-the curve of net income from off-farm industries reflects the general characteristics of net income of households. That means the increase of net income of farm households is chiefly from off-farm industries,more than from agriculture. The authors therefore conclude that the "poverty" in mountain areas or the gap between mountain areas and plain areas lies in the underdevelopment of off-farm industries in mountain areas. Finally,the authors make suggestions of strategic adjustment of economic structure: 1) present situation of mountain areas in China should be fully considered; 2) a full industrial system is not our desire; 3) advantageous industries should be promoted to create famous products; 4) industrialization and urbanization in mountain areas should be promoted and so on.

Income Inequality in Mountain Areas: The Case of Agroforestry Farming Systems in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania

Land degradation due to use of unsustainable agricultural practices has affected many communities in rural mountain areas rendering them to be more vulnerable to income poverty and inequality. In this case, agroforestry systems promise to offer great solutions as they can be developed in unfavourable conditions where other production systems would either rapidly degrade the land or otherwise would not be possible. However, little is known whether agroforestry can address issues of income inequality in mountain areas. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature and determinants of income inequality in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we used the cross-sectional research design and we calculated the income percentile shares, Gini coefficients and the coefficient of variation (CV), to pinpoint the nature of income inequality in the study area. The determinants of income inequality were analysed using the step by step multiple linear model. The results of analysis suggested prevalence of income inequality. Crop production was the main source of income in the agroforestry systems of the study area. Earnings from crops and timber were decreasing income-inequality amongst smallholder farmers. Our disaggregated analysis showed that off-farm income was also decreasing income-inequality for farmers with farmlands located close to homestead, for female-headed households, for farmers who did not access extension services, and those who were members of community-based financial institutions. Estimated incomes increased with household assets, size of farmland, and age of household head. However, the same decreased with household size. We found gender disparity to be one of the key issues that need attention in formulating future policies to reduce inequality. We recommend promotion of livelihood diversification as well as the designing and implementation of tailor-made training and farm financing mechanism to help the less resource-endowed farmers in mountain areas to raise their economic portfolios and social status and combat income poverty and inequality.

Liveability experience of mountain-base residents:the case of Idi-Ori-Shasha Mountain,Ibadan,Nigeria

The increasing influx of people to mountain base environments has opened up the area to a myriad of problems that threaten the liveability of the residents and the sustainability of the environment.Yet,sufficient empirical investigations have not looked at the particular issues that threaten their liveability experience.Using the case of Idi-OriShasha mountain,this study examined the condition of informal urbanization at the mountain-base and equally investigated residents’living experiences.We conducted questionnaire survey with closed and open-ended questions to collect data from 65 out of 533 houses within a buffer of 250 m from the mountain and retrieved 50 completed householdhead survey.The results revealed that majority of the residents were not satisfied living at the mountainbase because of the inadequate facilities that have contributed to their current living conditions.Also,mountain-base residents are liable to many liveability threats such as noise pollution,sleeplessness,building/wall cracks,destructive erosion,and water inaccessibility.The study recommends adequate infrastructural provision intervention in the area in order to upscale liveability dimensions and general residents’living conditions.Conversely,similar studies could be conducted elsewhere for validation and comparison of findings.

The Mancbu Nationality,Yesterday and Today

THE birthplace of the Manchusis a vast plain flanked by theChangbai Mountains and Hei- long River,with rich soil,thick forestsand flourishing produce.Here,deep innortheast China,China’s second larg- est minority nationality made itshome.As far back as the Western ZhouDynasty during the 11th century B.C.the Suzhen,ancestors of the Man- chus,lived in the area around theChangbai Mountains and the rivervalleys of the Songhua and Heilong.They were known as a people

基于“源-汇”理论的山区农村居民点“三生空间”优化研究——以井陉县为例

本研究根据农村居民点以及太行山区县域“三生空间”分布特征,基于“源-汇”理论和MCR模型,从生态源地扩张和生产源地扩张的角度,依据“三生”功能构建阻力面指标体系,计算最小累积阻力面差,实现县域“三生空间”的划分和农村居民点分类整治优化。结果表明:(1)基于“源-汇”理论的最小累积阻力模型在山区“三生空间”格局构建,农村居民点分类整治中具有相容性和可行性;(2)研究区以生态保护区和生态优化区为主,生态空间占比59.5%,以生态功能为主,农村居民点分布中生产功能占比62.7%,以生产功能导向为主,因此,乡村整治要根据农村居民所处的主导功能分类整治;(3)乡村整治应综合考虑农村居民点的生活、生产、生态功能特征,分类促进山区乡村振兴和生态文明建设。

山地旅游目的地“三生”系统耦合协调时空演化分析——以贵州省为例

以贵州省9个市(州)为例,构建“生产—生活—生态”系统耦合协调评价指标体系,运用加权TOPSIS法对该区三大系统的综合发展水平进行评价,再基于重心模型和耦合协调模型分析“三生”系统的时空耦合态势。结果表明:(1)研究期内,贵州省各市(州)“三生”系统的发展水平不一致,其综合评价指数差异显著。(2)“三生”系统的重心一直位于贵阳市境内,但偏移方向有所不同;“三生”系统两两之间空间耦合性从高到低依次为“生产—生活”系统、“生活—生态”系统、“生产—生态”系统。(3)从时间上看,“三生”系统耦合协调度以波动上升和保持稳定为主,空间上呈现出以贵阳、遵义为核心的“核心—边缘”式结构特征。

湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩关系研究

基于2010—2021年湖南武陵山片区县域面板数据,综合运用泰尔系数、Tapio脱钩模型和Granger因果关系检验,研究旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的脱钩关系。结果显示:研究期内,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平和城乡收入差距分别表现出波动增长和持续缩小的演化态势;受新冠疫情影响,旅游发展水平大于片区均值的县域单元数量有所减少。2019年前,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的主要脱钩类型为强脱钩;新冠疫情时期,弱负脱钩类型的县域单元数量急剧上升。湖南武陵山片区的旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡关系,且存在旅游发展水平向城乡收入差距的单向Granger因果关系。据此,建议加强县域间的横向联系,建立健全旅游利益联结机制,发挥旅游强县的示范引领作用,以促进湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩。

“两山”理论视角下县域“三生”功能评价与分区研究——以广西为例

国土空间功能具有复杂的权衡/协同关系,基于广西区县“三生”功能评价与空间分析,结合“两山”理论实现广西国土空间功能分区及优化。文章以广西111个区县为研究单元,构建“三生”功能评价体系,借助空间自相关模型探究“三生”功能空间格局及权衡/协同关系,采用两维图论聚类法实现广西国土空间功能分区。结果表明:(1)广西区县“三生”功能空间格局具有显著规律性与差异性。生产功能呈“南高北低”空间格局,生活功能整体以南宁为中心向桂西与桂北区县衰减,生态功能高值区于桂西连片分布。(2)生产-生活低-低协同型区县于桂北、桂西北连片,二者权衡型区县分布在桂西南或集聚于南宁、柳州和桂林市区;生产-生态高-高协同型区县集聚于桂西南,权衡型区县在桂中聚集或零星分布在桂东南;生活-生态功能以权衡关系为主,于桂西呈连片分布或零星散布在桂中、桂东南。(3)广西国土空间分为功能协同发展区、功能提升区。共包括北部湾生产-生活-生态协同发展区,桂中生产-生态协同发展区,桂东生态功能提升区,桂东北工业生产-生态协同发展区,桂北生产、生活功能提升区,桂西南工业生产-生态协同发展区,桂西工业生产-生态协同发展区,桂西北生产、生活功能提升区8个分区。本研究为国土空间高质量协调发展提供了科学依据。

乌蒙山区县域三生空间功能耦合协调的时空特征与格局演化

为探索乌蒙山区县域“三生”空间功能间的时空特征与互动关系,研究以县域为基本研究单元,以鲁甸县2009、2014和2018年土地利用变更调查矢量数据库和DEM数据作为基础数据源,采用耦合协调度与反距离权重插值法,解析三生功能之间的耦合协调性,并分析不同海拔、坡度和坡向“三生”功能耦合协调度空间面积构成及变化特征。结果表明:1)研究区以生产功能为主且空间分布较为均衡;生活功能主要以带状和点状分布于研究区坝区、农村居民点与建制镇,随时间的推移逐渐趋于集中;生态功能主要分布于研究区北部、西北部和中部富集林地和草地的高寒山区,与生产功能、生活功能表现出明显的空间互补性。2)研究区“三生”功能耦合协调度呈现5种类型,以高度协调区与中度协调区为主基调,空间上呈现出中部和中南部较高的格局特征,时间尺度上变化特征较小,仅西南部增加几块团块状低耦合协调区。3)在地形特征上,2009和2014年耦合协调高值区分布于2000~2500 m海拔之间,2018年则在海拔2500 m时耦合协调度高值区面积占比最大;以坡度在小于5°时中度协调和高度协调区组合所占国土面积最大,随坡度的增加,耦合协调度等级逐渐降低;以坡向为正阳向时中度协调和高度协调区组合所占比例最大,坡向为半阳向次之。

高铁驱动下的山区民族旅游型村落三生空间演变特征——以贵州肇兴侗寨为例

高速铁路开通对推动沿线山区民族旅游型村落实现跨越式发展具有重要意义。研究高铁对山区乡村生产—生活—生态空间的影响,为优化山区民族旅游型村落土地利用格局和美丽乡村建设提供科学参考。利用2010—2020年土地利用数据、卫星遥感和无人机影像,基于空间重构定量测度、GIS空间分析和地形梯度分析等方法,研究贵广高铁开通前后肇兴侗寨“三生”空间演变过程及特征,结果如下:1)从“三生”空间数量变化来看,2010—2020年肇兴侗寨“三生”空间演变趋势与城镇化扩张趋势相似,生产空间面积减少3.62%,分别向生活和生态空间转移1.72%和1.9%。2)从演变特征上看,肇兴侗寨“三生”空间动态变化特征显著,生活空间呈现从核心向外围扩张的边缘化特点,其蚕食生产空间现象突出,生态空间面积先减后增,共增加34.3794 hm^(2)。3)从地形分布指数上看,坡度、高程和地形位对肇兴侗寨“三生”空间土地利用格局和时空演变特征具有重要影响,“三生”空间地形位指数、分布优势地形位和演变优势地形位均呈现规律性分布,生产和生态空间具有在低地形梯度上向生活空间转变的显著特征。

农业机械化对山区农户收入的影响机制分析——基于浙江省山区26县的面板数据

农业机械化对山区农户收入的影响机制以及如何促进山区农业机械化水平的提升,仍然是共同富裕进程中一个值得思考的问题。基于2007—2020年浙江省山区26县的面板数据,运用FGLS法检验农业机械化对山区农户收入的影响。结果表明:①山区农业机械化主要通过劳动力转移促进农户工资性收入的提升;②小型农业机械的数量对农户收入具有显著的正向影响,使用小型农业机械有利于山区农户收入的提升;③通过调节效应检验发现,地形对于农业机械化促进农户收入提升具有正向作用,即便存在地形条件的约束,山区农业机械化水平的提高依旧能够显著增加农户收入。浙江省山区26县应采用适合山区丘陵作业的小型农业机械,提高山区土地集约化利用水平,以及加强农业基础设施建设,以促进浙江省山区26县农业农村现代化和实现共同富裕。

回归与解读:邛崃市天台山户外低碳空间演化与重构研究

以2020年提出的“双碳”目标为研究背景,基于三生空间理论,探讨邛崃市天台山户外空间的演化与重构。研究结果表明:目前天台山地区受山地旅游开发影响,在空间演化上居民生活空间面向更多大众,空间开放化;生产空间产业得到升级,空间现代化;生态空间得以开发,空间经济化。然而各空间协同发展的意识尚不突出,并不利于天台山地区的低碳可持续发展,需对空间进行融合构建,形成基于三生空间理论基础上的低碳户外生活、生产、生态空间。

天山北坡城市群国土空间格局识别与时空变化分析

气候变化和人类活动大环境下,探索国土空间格局演化特征及其规律对进一步缓和绿洲地区人地矛盾有着重要的意义。以天山北坡城市群为例,选取2000、2010年和2020年3期土地利用数据及DEM数据,基于“三生”空间理论对天山北坡城市群国土空间结构数量与空间分布进行分析。结果表明:(1)20 a间天山北坡城市群“三生”空间类型面积呈不同程度的增减,其中水域和林地生态空间的转出量最多,牧草和其他生态空间两者间相互的转换数量最大;(2)研究区除阜康市、木垒哈萨克自治县、奇台县、石河子市及乌鲁木齐市的国土空间利用程度综合指数呈小幅度增加和递减外,其他县域呈逐年提高趋势;(3)生产空间的核密度高值区呈东南-西北条带状,连片分布于研究区的中部,而生态空间的核密度高值区则分布于研究区外围;生活空间的核密度高值区以乌鲁木齐市为中心呈点状分布,周围衍生出许多零碎的中值点,总体分布较为破碎,空间连接性较低。

清水江河谷南寨梯田“三生”空间时空演变及格局分析

快速城镇化背景下,山区传统梯田农业文化景观面临严重退化与可持续发展问题,厘清梯田片区“三生”空间时空格局特征及演变规律,对山区农业景观保护与开发具有现实意义。以清水江河谷南寨梯田片区为例,基于地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据,采用参与式农村评估、地形位分析和土地利用转移矩阵等方法,分析2000—2020年“三生”空间演变规律与格局特征,研究结果如下:①从数量变化来看,生产空间面积萎缩,生活与生态空间面积均扩张。②从格局演变规律来看,生产空间呈大聚集、小分散的阶梯式分布格局,且在研究区南部与东部收缩态势明显;生活空间由聚集中心向外围分散扩张;生态空间自清水江向两岸蔓延,与生产、生活空间毗邻时,呈现被生产和生活空间割裂的细碎化分布特征。③从地形分布看,生产空间分布向中高地形梯度转移,在低地形梯度上呈收缩趋势;生活空间分布向中低地形梯度转移;生态空间分布则呈现向低地形梯度集中的趋势。④从面积转移行为来看,“三生”空间之间发生了复杂的转换行为,以生产空间流出、生活空间和生态空间流入行为为主要特征。