A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Rural Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Heilongjiang Province

The high-quality development of rural finance is an important support for rural revitalization.In recent years,it continuously expands the investment in rural finance in Heilongjiang Province,and optimizes the rural financial service system and mechanism.The overall income level and living conditions of rural residents have been significantly improved,but there still exists income gap between urban and rural residents.Therefore,based on analyzing and combing current situation and problems of rural financial development and urban-rural income gap in Heilongjiang Province,multiple linear regression model is used to study the impact of rural financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.The research results show that the scale of rural financial development in Heilongjiang Province will enlarge the income gap between urban and rural residents,while rural financial development efficiency and urbanization level reduce income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.Based on the above conclusions,some policy suggestions to promote the equalization of urban and rural income in Heilongjiang Province are puts forward in this paper.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

乡村旅游发展对海南城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,缩小城乡收入差距实现城乡共同富裕是海南自由贸易港推进中国式现代化建设的必然要求。基于2014—2022年海南18个市县面板数据的实证研究,研究表明乡村旅游发展明显缩小了海南城乡收入差距,且这一结论在处理内生性、替换核心解释变量测度等稳健性检验中仍然成立;进一步的区域异质性检验发现,在经济发展水平较高区域和“三极”地区,发展乡村旅游对缩小城乡收入差距的效应更加显著。海南应大力推进乡村旅游建设,统筹乡村旅游布局空间优化,以实现乡村旅游引领海南乡村振兴和协调城乡发展的绿色共同富裕之路。

湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩关系研究

基于2010—2021年湖南武陵山片区县域面板数据,综合运用泰尔系数、Tapio脱钩模型和Granger因果关系检验,研究旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的脱钩关系。结果显示:研究期内,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平和城乡收入差距分别表现出波动增长和持续缩小的演化态势;受新冠疫情影响,旅游发展水平大于片区均值的县域单元数量有所减少。2019年前,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的主要脱钩类型为强脱钩;新冠疫情时期,弱负脱钩类型的县域单元数量急剧上升。湖南武陵山片区的旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡关系,且存在旅游发展水平向城乡收入差距的单向Granger因果关系。据此,建议加强县域间的横向联系,建立健全旅游利益联结机制,发挥旅游强县的示范引领作用,以促进湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩。

数字普惠金融的收入增长与收入差距缩小效应研究——来自新疆的经验证据

文章在城乡二元经济结构、金融发展与收入平等理论分析基础上,利用2011—2020年新疆地州面板数据,借助分位数回归和广义空间模型,研究新疆数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入增长的异质性及差距缩小效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融对于城乡居民收入增长具有异质性,且在不同收入水平的情况下,增长效应有差异;数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距有缩小效应,但是空间溢出效应不显著。分维度研究发现,覆盖广度和使用深度对城乡差距的缩小作用显著,但空间溢出效应均不显著。基于此,提出应加快边疆地区农村数字普惠金融建设规模与速度;合理配置金融资源,增强“一圈一带一群”中心城市对落后地区的辐射作用;加快现代化建设,推进城乡一体化发展。

我国城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素研究——基于省际面板数据的空间杜宾模型

基于空间杜宾模型,利用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)1978—2022年的面板数据,研究省际城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素。结果显示,我国省际城乡收入分配差距存在空间上的依赖性和异质性。由于经济发展突出的二元性与“晋升锦标赛”下激烈的区域竞争环境,产业就业结构与城乡结构对邻近地区有显著的短期空间溢出效应。各地区须优化产业布局、加强区域协作、深化制度改革、促进乡村产业振兴,通过就业承载力的全面提升,缩小城乡收入分配差距。

农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响研究

教育差距是中国城乡收入差异最主要的影响因素之一,而高等教育是培养优秀人力资源的重要途径,在提高农民文化水平与劳动技能中,教育资源的投入起到了显著作用,并且有效提高了其劳动生产率,促进农民增收就业,进而缩小城乡人均收入的差异。利用我国2008—2020年的31个省(市)的省级面板数据,运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)探究农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响,利用中介效应模型检验了农村人力资本投入在粮食安全提高的影响下是否能有效缩小城乡收入差距。研究表明:①农村人力资本投入对缩小城乡收入差距起到了显著作用,其中中部地区的作用最大,而东、西部地区相较于中部地区的效果较弱。②在农村人力资本与城乡收入差距产生的效应中,粮食生产起到了积极的中介作用,这一点在中部地区最为明显。据此,提出相应的政策建议,以期为推动农业发展水平进步、农村地区振兴、农民收入切实提高提供参考,最终促进中国经济的快速、均衡和可持续发展。

政府社会保障和就业支出对城乡收入差距的影响:机制与证据

城乡二元结构是制约城乡一体化发展的一大障碍,而政府社会保障和就业支出是促进城乡融合发展、畅通城乡要素流动和缩小城乡差距的重要政策工具。文章基于2003—2018年中国地级市面板数据,系统分析社会保障和就业支出对城乡居民收入分配的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:社会保障和就业支出的增加有利于促进城乡劳动力流动,提高城镇化水平,进而缩小城乡居民收入差距。今后应进一步优化社会保障和就业支出结构以及相关政策,增强城乡居民参保意识,健全农业转移人口市民化长效机制,提升社会保障和就业支出的有效性、及时性,更好地推动城乡融合发展。

数字经济发展对城乡收入差距的影响研究

基于2011—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,运用时间地区固定效应模型、中介效应模型、调节效应模型和空间杜宾模型实证检验数字经济对城乡收入差距的影响机制及其空间溢出效应。结果表明,数字经济的发展会扩大城乡收入差距;城镇化水平在两者关系中起着中介作用;信息化水平能够调节二者的关系;数字经济对城乡收入差距具有空间溢出效应。因此,根据结论提出政策建议以缩小城乡收入差距,从而促进社会公平与稳定和实现共同富裕。

广东省内对口帮扶背景下粤北民族地区经济高质量发展研究

广东省内对口帮扶政策为粤北民族地区经济社会发展乃至实现共同富裕目标提供了良好的外源性发展力量。通过粤北民族地区经济发展对城乡居民收入差距的实证分析,发现粤北民族地区经济发展对城乡居民收入差距有显著负向影响,即粤北民族地区经济发展缩小了城乡居民收入差距。但粤北民族地区整体发展与广东省内发达地区仍存在较大差距,究其根本原因在于其缺乏内生性发展动力。为此提出以资源优势打造核心竞争力等优化路径为粤北民族地区发展提供内生性发展动力,以期实现粤北民族地区经济高质量发展。

数字普惠金融的发展能缩小城乡收入差距吗?——基于农业全要素生产率与乡村创业活跃度视角

中国已全面建成小康社会,正向着第二个百年奋斗目标和实现共同富裕的最终目标前进。缩小城乡收入差距是共同富裕的核心要义之一,数字普惠金融的出现,恰好为缩小我国城乡收入差距提供了一个契机。本文基于2011—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,选取北京大学数字普惠金融指数,采用固定效应模型,从农业全要素生产率和乡村创业活跃度两个角度出发,对数字普惠金融与我国城乡收入差距的关系进行研究。研究发现,我国城乡收入差距会随着数字普惠金融的发展而逐步缩小。进一步地,数字普惠金融能通过提高农业全要素生产、增强乡村创业活跃度来达到缓解城乡收入差距的目的。异质性研究结果表明,在经济欠发达地区,数字普惠金融的作用效果更强,能更大程度地缓解收入差距。

数字普惠金融对农村收入差距的影响

文章利用2011—2020年中国31个省份的面板数据,以及衡量中国农村收入差距的基尼系数,探讨了数字普惠金融对农村内部收入差距的影响。研究结果表明:从整体上看,数字普惠金融具有缩小农村内部收入差距的显著潜力;从单一维度来看,数字普惠金融的覆盖广度指数和使用深度指数都具有显著缩小农村内部收入差距的能力;此外,政府支农支出和城镇化水平对缩小农村内部收入差距也有趋同作用。要有效缩小农村内部收入差距,不仅要重视数字普惠金融的发展,还要考虑其他因素的影响。

数字普惠金融、新型城镇化与城乡收入差距

运用我国31个省份2011—2020年的面板数据,采用双向固定效应模型实证检验新型城镇化对数字普惠金融缩小城乡收入差距的调节作用。研究结论表明,(1)从整体水平来看,数字普惠金融能显著缩小城乡收入差距;(2)从数字普惠金融单维度视角来看,覆盖广度指数和使用深度指数也能够显著缩小城乡收入差距,但是数字化程度没有起到收敛作用;(3)随着新型城镇化建设的不断提升,数字普惠金融总指数、覆盖广度指数以及使用深度指数对城乡收入差距的收敛效果将不断减弱。为了更好地缩小城乡收入差距,要同时关注数字普惠金融发展和新型城镇化建设。

农村电商发展对城乡居民收入差距的影响

依据2013—2019年全国省级面板数据和阿里研究院淘宝村数据,采用OLS回归模型和中介效应模型,实证分析农村电商发展对城乡居民收入差距的影响作用,以及农村产业结构和农民收入结构在其路径关系中的中介效应。结果表明,农村电商发展显著缩小了城乡居民收入差距,但存在显著区域异质性,即农村电商发展对缩小东、中部地区城乡居民收入差距的作用显著强于西部地区;且农村产业结构与农民收入结构在这一过程中发挥中介作用。对此,各级政府应因地制宜提升农村电商发展水平,激发农村电商赋能带动作用,促进农村产业整体升级和农民收入结构优化,让农村电商及其带动创造的利润更多留在农村、留给农民,助力城乡居民收入差距缩小和城乡共同富裕。

数字普惠金融能收敛城乡收入差距吗?——以安徽省为例

数字普惠金融有望打破金融业“二八定律”,为农村居民提供更多的金融机会和服务。基于2013-2020年安徽省16个地级市的面板数据,构建固定效应模型实证探究数字普惠金融的发展是否能收敛城乡收入差距,并利用DEA方法就数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距的收敛效果进行效率评价。结果表明:数字普惠金融发展能有效收敛城乡收入差距;地区教育投资力度提升对收敛城乡收入差距具有消极作用;地区城镇化率程度与政府支出比重增加能有效收敛城乡收入差距;高、低经济发展水平地区均能收敛城乡收入差距,且高经济发展水平地区的收敛作用更强。因此,应大力发展数字普惠金融,借助其普惠性与便利性缩小城乡收入差距,带来全体居民福利水平的提升。

数字普惠金融对有效收敛城乡收入鸿沟的作用研究——来自中国西部地区十二省市的证据

本文选择2011—2020年西部12省市的泰尔指数、数字普惠金融、产业结构、经济发展水平、城镇化率、财政支出比率和贸易开放度数据,使用面板估计模型进行统计分析。结果表明,数字普惠金融的回归系数显著为负,且通过显著性检验,表明我国西部地区数字普惠金融的发展有效收敛了城镇和农村居民之间的收入差距。因此,应推进西部地区金融机构数字化建设进程,提高数字金融的普惠性和全面性,提高城乡居民的金融综合素养,优化与创新金融产品与服务的供给。

城乡收入差距对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响研究

缩小城乡收入差距并促进农业绿色发展是实现乡村振兴的重要内容,但城乡收入差距对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响尚未明确。基于2005—2019年的省级面板数据,实证检验了城乡收入差距对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响和作用机制。研究发现:城乡收入差距显著抑制了农业绿色全要素生产率提升;内在机制分析发现,农村劳动力转移会正向调节两者之间的负相关关系,而农村居民收入则会负向调节两者之间的负相关关系;异质性分析发现,城乡收入差距和农业绿色全要素生产率的负向关系在中西部地区更明显。