压缩空气储能(Compressed Air Energy Storage,CAES)具有建设成本低、寿命长、容量大和存储方便等特点,部署在综合能源微网中有助于提升系统的经济性、清洁性和可靠性.但是,CAES具有多能流耦合、结构机理复杂、多种规律并存等特点,给微...压缩空气储能(Compressed Air Energy Storage,CAES)具有建设成本低、寿命长、容量大和存储方便等特点,部署在综合能源微网中有助于提升系统的经济性、清洁性和可靠性.但是,CAES具有多能流耦合、结构机理复杂、多种规律并存等特点,给微网的安全可靠供能提出了更高要求.为分析CAES对综合能源微网可靠性的影响,文中提出了一种计及压缩空气储能的综合能源微网可靠性评估方法.首先针对含CAES的典型综合能源微网,构建了热力系统、CAES系统和分布式电源的物理模型;然后,提出了基于影响增量的含CAES综合能源微网可靠性高效评估方法,大大提升了传统状态枚举的可靠性评估效率;最后,通过我国青海某农业示范园区的实际系统算例,验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性.展开更多
This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration...This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.展开更多
文摘压缩空气储能(Compressed Air Energy Storage,CAES)具有建设成本低、寿命长、容量大和存储方便等特点,部署在综合能源微网中有助于提升系统的经济性、清洁性和可靠性.但是,CAES具有多能流耦合、结构机理复杂、多种规律并存等特点,给微网的安全可靠供能提出了更高要求.为分析CAES对综合能源微网可靠性的影响,文中提出了一种计及压缩空气储能的综合能源微网可靠性评估方法.首先针对含CAES的典型综合能源微网,构建了热力系统、CAES系统和分布式电源的物理模型;然后,提出了基于影响增量的含CAES综合能源微网可靠性高效评估方法,大大提升了传统状态枚举的可靠性评估效率;最后,通过我国青海某农业示范园区的实际系统算例,验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性.
文摘This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.
