This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration...This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel transmission use of system(TUoS)charging method,which is able to 1)acknowledge the trade-offs between short-run congestion cost and long-run investment cost when justifying economic network...This paper proposes a novel transmission use of system(TUoS)charging method,which is able to 1)acknowledge the trade-offs between short-run congestion cost and long-run investment cost when justifying economic network investment,2)identify the impacts of different generation technologies on congestion cost and network investment,and 3)translate these impacts into economically efficient TUoS tariffs that differentiate generation technologies.An incremental capacity change from a generator will impact the congestion costs at each branch,which is then translated into the impacts on investment time horizons.The difference in the present values with and without the incremental change for a branch is its long-run incremental cost(LRIC).The final TUoS tariff for this generator is the sum of all LRIC triggered by its capacity increment.The proposed method is demonstrated on a modified IEEE 14-bus system to show its effectiveness over the traditional approach.Results show that it can provide cost-reflective TUoS tariffs for different generation technologies at the same sites by examining their respective impacts on congestion and investment.It thus can incentivize appropriate generation expansion to reduce congestion costs and ultimately network investment cost.展开更多
文摘This paper summarizes the results of the implementation of the CDM in Argentina during the first period of commitment of the Kyoto Protocol. From a total of sixty- five projects ideas, forty-four achieved registration under the CDM EB while the rest remained approved at national level (12), under evaluation (2), suspended (5) or rejected (2). Most of the projects focused on the generation of electricity from renewable energy, mainly wind energy and the use of landfill gas and methane for energy. Emissions reductions achieved 33.4% of the expected CERs up to 2012 with strong differences among sectors. Results demonstrated that under the current Argentina’s energy policy framework, the income by the selling of CERs covered less than 6% of the incremental costs for renewable energy projects. A sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of CDM in the coverage of incremental costs for renewable energy based on the prices of both the energy in the local market and the CER demonstrated that the best conditions would only cover 15% of those costs. The contribution of CDM to technology transfer in Argentina was minor considering that 45% of the projects qualified as type III where technological learning and capacity building were limited at the level of operation and maintenance of a foreign technology. Domestic and external barriers that prevented a better performance of CDM projects in terms of GHG mitigation, technology transfer and the contribution to a sustainable development were also analyzed.
文摘This paper proposes a novel transmission use of system(TUoS)charging method,which is able to 1)acknowledge the trade-offs between short-run congestion cost and long-run investment cost when justifying economic network investment,2)identify the impacts of different generation technologies on congestion cost and network investment,and 3)translate these impacts into economically efficient TUoS tariffs that differentiate generation technologies.An incremental capacity change from a generator will impact the congestion costs at each branch,which is then translated into the impacts on investment time horizons.The difference in the present values with and without the incremental change for a branch is its long-run incremental cost(LRIC).The final TUoS tariff for this generator is the sum of all LRIC triggered by its capacity increment.The proposed method is demonstrated on a modified IEEE 14-bus system to show its effectiveness over the traditional approach.Results show that it can provide cost-reflective TUoS tariffs for different generation technologies at the same sites by examining their respective impacts on congestion and investment.It thus can incentivize appropriate generation expansion to reduce congestion costs and ultimately network investment cost.
