Field based index of flood vulnerability (IFV): A new validation technique for flood susceptible models

The flood hazard management is one of the major challenges in the floodplain regions worldwide.With the rise in population growth and the spread of infrastructural development,the level of risk has increased over time.Therefore,the prediction of flood susceptible area is a key challenge for the adoption of management plans.Flood susceptibility modeling is technically a common work,but it is still a very tough job to validate flood susceptible models in a very rigorous and scientific manner.Therefore,the present work in the Atreyee River Basin of India and Bangladesh was planned to establish artificial neural network(ANN),radial basis function(RBF),random forest(RF)and their ensemble-based flood susceptibility models.The flood susceptible models were constructed based on nine flood conditioning parameters.The flood susceptibility models were validated in a conventional way using the receiver operating curve(ROC).To validate the flood-susceptible models,a two dimensional(2D)hydraulic flood simulation model was developed.Also,the index of flood vulnerability model was developed and applied for validating the flood susceptible models,which was a very unique way to validate the predictive models.Friedman test and Wilcoxon Signed rank test were employed to compare the generated flood susceptible models.Results showed that 11.95%-12.99%of the entire basin area(10188.4 km^(2))comes under very high flood-susceptible zones.Accuracy evaluation results have shown that the performance of ensemble flood susceptible models outperforms other standalone machine learning models.The flood simulation model and IFV model were also spatially adjusted with the flood susceptibility models.Therefore,the present study recommended for the ensemble flood susceptibility prediction and IFV based validation along with conventional ways.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Drought and Flood in Quanzhou Based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Recent 55 Years

To analyze the characteristics of drought and flood variations in Quanzhou during recent 55 years, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) were calculated by using the monthly precipitation data from 6 meteorological bureaus across Quanzhou for 1960-2014. Results showed that: 1) During 1960-2014, the drought and flood showed Periodic variation characteristics in Quanzhou, the specific period of frequent drought was 1963-1972, 1977-1986 and 2009-2011, and the specific period of frequent flood was 1961-1962, 1972-1975, 1990-1992 and 1997-2007;the drought and flood did not have significant tendency of variation in Spring and Summer, and the drought and flood showed a non-significant downward trend in Autumn and Winter. 2) The drought and flood variation had relatively consistent trend in Quanzhou, but there was a big difference on the northwest mountainous area, the middle semi-mountainous area and the southeast coast area in some periods. 3) The precipitation cell and distribution in every season were Nan’an and Anxi, but there was a big difference in rainfall less area: it was Yongchun and Dehua in Spring, Chongwu and Jinjiang in Summer, Chongwu in Autumn, Dehua and Chongwu in Winter.

Regional Climate Index for Floods and Droughts Using Canadian Climate Model (CGCM3.1)

The impacts of climate change on the discharge regimes in New Brunswick (Canada) were analyzed, using artificial neural network models. Future climate data were extracted from the Canadian Coupled General Climate Model (CGCM3.1) under the greenhouse gas emission scenarios B1 and A2 defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The climate change fields (temperatures and precipitation) were downscaled using the delta change approach. Using the artificial neural network, future river discharge was predicted for selected hydrometric stations. Then, a frequency analysis was carried out using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution function, where the parameters of the distribution were estimated using L-moments method. Depending on the scenario and the time slice used, the increase in low return floods was about 30% and about 15% for higher return floods. Low flows showed increases of about 10% for low return droughts and about 20% for higher return droughts. An important part of the design process using frequency analysis is the estimation of future change in floods or droughts under climate scenarios at a given site and for specific return periods. This was carried out through the development of Regional Climate Index (RCI), linking future floods and droughts to their frequencies under climate scenarios B1 and A2.

Development of a Meteorological and Hydrological Coupling Index for Droughts and Floods along the Yangtze River Valley of China

To comprehensively investigate characteristics of summer droughts and floods in the Yangtze River valley, a meteorological and hydrological coupling index （MHCI） was developed using meteorological and hydro- logical data. The results indicate that： （1） in representing drought/flood information for the Yangtze River valley, the MHCI can reflect composite features of precipitation and hydrological observations; （2） compre- hensive analysis of the interannual phase difference of the precipitation and hydrological indices is important to recognize and predict annual drought/flood events along the valley; the hydrological index contributes more strongly to nonlinear and continuity features that indicate transition from long-term drought to flood conditions; （3） time series of the MHCI from 1960-2009 are very effective and sensitive in reflecting annual drought/flood characteristics, i.e. there is more rainfall or typical flooding in the valley when the MHCI is positive, and vice versa; and （4） verification of the MHCI indicates that there is significant correlation between precipitation and hydrologic responses in the valley during summer; the correlation coefficient was found to reach 0.82, exceeding the 0.001 significance level.

城市轨道交通工程防淹能力评估方法研究

近年来我国城市轨道交通工程水淹事件频发,人民生命财产安全受到威胁。交通运输部在2022年7月修订的《城市轨道交通初期运营前安全评估管理办法》中增加了“工程项目防洪专项论证报告等材料”作为轨道交通新线投入初期运营前的前提条件之一,因此开展城市轨道交通工程防淹能力研究十分必要和紧迫。本文从外部风险、基础防汛能力、防汛预警能力、应急救援能力等方面研究了影响城市轨道交通工程防淹能力的关键因素,利用专家打分法、层次分析法构建了评估指标体系及其权重系数,并根据我国现行法律法规标准规范提出了各指标评分细则,建立了城市轨道交通运营线路防淹能力评估方法,以期为我国汛期城市轨道交通运营安全提供技术支撑。

考虑防洪风险的混凝土坝变形双控指标拟定方法研究

针对基于典型小概率法拟定大坝监控指标时的失效概率取值偏经验性以及目前变形监控指标未考虑变形变化速率的问题,将大坝变形失效风险与大坝防洪风险(上游来水和泄洪能力)相结合,将失效概率取设计防洪风险,采用典型小概率法拟定了关键测点变形监控指标,再基于设计洪水调洪演算库水位及其对应的变形分量变化速率,从而确定变形速率监控指标,提出了考虑防洪风险的混凝土坝变形和变形速率双监控指标的拟定方法。以某服役期高拱坝为例,拟定了典型测点实测变形和变形速率双监控指标,实测变形数据及其变化速率均小于拟定的变形监控指标和变形速率监控指标,这表明该大坝当前变形性态安全可控。

Local and regional flood frequency analysis based on hierarchical Bayesian model in Dongting Lake Basin,China

This study developed a hierarchical Bayesian(HB)model for local and regional flood frequency analysis in the Dongting Lake Basin,in China.The annual maximum daily flows from 15 streamflow-gauged sites in the study area were analyzed with the HB model.The generalized extreme value(GEV)distribution was selected as the extreme flood distribution,and the GEV distribution location and scale parameters were spatially modeled through a regression approach with the drainage area as a covariate.The Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC)method with Gibbs sampling was employed to calculate the posterior distribution in the HB model.The results showed that the proposed HB model provided satisfactory Bayesian credible intervals for flood quantiles,while the traditional delta method could not provide reliable uncertainty estimations for large flood quantiles,due to the fact that the lower confidence bounds tended to decrease as the return periods increased.Furthermore,the HB model for regional analysis allowed for a reduction in the value of some restrictive assumptions in the traditional index flood method,such as the homogeneity region assumption and the scale invariance assumption.The HB model can also provide an uncertainty band of flood quantile prediction at a poorly gauged or ungauged site,but the index flood method with L-moments does not demonstrate this uncertainty directly.Therefore,the HB model is an effective method of implementing the flexible local and regional frequency analysis scheme,and of quantifying the associated predictive uncertainty.

Drought and Flood Analysis and Impact on Food Production in Fushun

Based on monthly precipitation data during 1961-2008 in 50 stations in Fushun,drought and flood indicators of three counties were calculated with Z index method. The geographical and seasonal distribution characteristics of Fushun were analyzed,and so was the impact of droughts and floods on food production. It shows that,since 1961,there are 7 poor harvest years in Fushun,with quadrennial caused by continuous seasonal floods or droughts,two years by year drought,one year by summer flood.

辽宁省旱涝急转特征与趋势研究

【目的】旱涝急转事件有较高的突发性和致灾性,明确辽宁省旱涝急转的特征与趋势,为辽宁省旱涝灾害预警与水资源应急管理提供依据。【方法】旱涝急转指标是进行旱涝急转研究的基础,利用辽宁省19个气象站点1970—2020年的降水数据,分别采用长、短周期旱涝急转指数(LDFAI、SDFAI)进行时空特征分析,并指明旱涝急转指数的异同,实现对辽宁省旱涝急转事件的量化识别。【结果】结果表明:(1)1970—2020年辽宁省LDFAI与SDFAI总体呈上升趋势,未来辽宁省干旱转洪涝风险正逐步提升;(2)辽宁省旱涝急转事件的发生概率空间差异性显著并且与辽宁省的降水分配不均密切相关;(3)SDFAI重心变化幅度明显大于LDFAI,LDFAI与SDFAI迁移中心主要集中在辽宁省中部盘锦、鞍山、营口等地。【结论】总体来看,辽宁省旱涝急转现象频发,且具有周期性,强度逐年增大。研究结果可为辽宁省科学应对旱涝灾害和提高水资源应急管理能力提供参考。

基于CMIP6的秦岭北麓未来极端降水洪涝风险分析

随着全球变暖,极端降水的风险评估已成为学术界和各国政府广泛关注的焦点。为准确分析秦岭北麓在全球变暖情景下未来洪涝灾害事件风险时空分布,基于CMIP6降水数据、地理数据及社会经济数据,采用博弈论组合赋权法结合熵权法和层次分析法构建洪涝灾害风险评估模型,对未来两种情景(SSP245和SSP585)、两个时段(2040—2060年和2070—2090年)的洪涝灾害风险进行评估。结果表明:1)危险性较高的地区主要分布于蓝田县和山区低洼地区,随着年份及情景的变化,危险性有明显的增高趋势;2)脆弱性较高的地区主要在周至县、鄠邑区和长安区北部及山区公路地区;3)极端降水洪涝致灾风险等级较高的地区主要集中在蓝田县和临潼区,不同情景下洪涝致灾风险随时间呈增加趋势。

油田注水开发效果评价——吴起油田薛岔区块贺沟开发单元

吴起油田薛岔区块是典型的弹性溶解气驱岩性油藏,经长期注水驱替导致地下油水分布十分复杂,实施了大量注水改进措施之后,需要对该区块的水驱开发效果进行分析与评价。通过筛选指标,采用递减率、含水上升率、存水率、油藏水驱储量控制及动用程度等作为主要指标,选择研究区的长4+5、长6区两个层位,进行水驱开发效果评价。从评价结果表明:自然递减率、综合递减率、含水上升率得到了有效控制;存水率较高,地层能量充足,生产能力稳定;区块水驱控制程度较好,各小层仍有进一步优化的潜力;但同时也面临着面临综合含水率高、各层水驱挖潜难度增大等问题。

基于损失函数的城市洪涝灾害弹性演化规律研究

为了提升城市防洪水平与洪涝灾害恢复能力以及推进以人为核心的新型城镇化战略的目标任务,以潍坊市城区为研究区域,借助基于元胞自动机的CAflood模型获取淹没水深数据,并通过数据挖掘与相似性分析方法直接移植引用城市损失率建立研究区淹没水深-损失率函数,构建基于损失函数的城市洪灾弹性模型方法并计算了潍坊城区在遭遇5、50、100及200 a重现期降雨时的内涝弹性指数分布。同时,分析研究区在2012、2017和2022年3种不同土地利用情况下,潍坊市城区洪涝灾害弹性的时空变化趋势,揭示潍坊城区城市演化与区域洪涝灾害弹性响应关系。结果表明:潍坊市城区洪涝灾害弹性随重现期增加总体呈下降的趋势,且下降剧烈区域主要集中在人造地表面积占比较大的中心城区、街道和东部开发区,以及河流周边平坦低洼区域。从空间分布上看,这种下降趋势呈现出以主城区为中心向外扩张的趋势。此外,随着城市化程度的增加,研究区各分区的平均弹性指数均有不同程度的降低,其中C7山丘区一直处于弹性较高水平,C4高新开发区在多种模拟情景下均处于较低水平,并且在遭遇相同重现期降雨后,城市化程度越高,各分区的平均弹性指数降幅越大。研究结果为潍坊市应对未来增长的洪涝风险,实施城市洪灾弹性提升策略提供了科学支撑。

基于下垫面结构的喀斯特地区洪涝演化特征研究

为探究不同下垫面结构下喀斯特地区的洪涝演化特征,基于贵州省1980~2020年降雨数据计算降水Z指数,利用系统聚类法划分贵州省下垫面结构,分析其洪涝时空演化特征,并探讨下垫面主导影响因子。结果表明:(1)贵州省下垫面可划分为深切割岩溶较强发育谷地区、浅切割岩溶中等发育谷地区、深切割非岩溶洼地区、浅切割岩溶强烈发育谷地区。(2) 1980~2020年贵州省呈变涝趋势,大涝发生次数较多;空间上整体呈东南高、西北低的分布格局,以大涝、重涝偏多,但各亚区空间分布特征不同。(3)不同下垫面条件对洪涝影响由大到小依次为地形地貌>岩溶发育强度>地表切割深度;各级洪涝在不同下垫面条件下均出现概率性转移,转移现象较活跃。研究成果可为喀斯特流域防洪减灾提供参考。

干旱区与湿润区旱涝急转演变特征对比研究

以长江、黄河和淮河流域为研究对象,基于标准化旱涝急转指数,利用趋势分析、变点检验、小波分析、随机森林等方法探究典型干旱区与湿润区旱涝急转演变特征及其驱动因子。结果表明:湿润和半湿润区是极端旱涝急转事件的高频发生区,干旱区是极端旱转涝事件的高频发生区;干旱区的突变发生在1998年,湿润区的突变在1978年,未来干旱区更易发生旱转涝事件,湿润区则相反;气象因子在湿润区对旱涝急转的贡献度更大,大气环流对干旱区的影响突出,旱涝急转与不同驱动因子间存在非线性关系。

1991~2020年鄂州市旱涝演变特征分析

【目的】近年来鄂州市旱涝灾害时有发生,本研究探讨了鄂州市近30a来的旱涝时空演变特征,研究结果可以为鄂州市合理构建干旱预警评估指标提供数据和理论支持。【方法】通过计算不同时间尺度的SPEI,并应用线性回归、M-K检验等统计方法分析了鄂州市旱涝的演变及持续特征,最后利用通径分析方法对影响旱涝的气象因素进行了分析。【结果】鄂州市中度及以下旱涝受旱几率高于受涝几率,而重度及以上旱涝正好相反;鄂州市整体变旱,但季节略有差异,其中春季、夏季和冬季变旱,秋季变涝;鄂州市旱涝发生季节差异明显,其中夏季易旱,但持续时间较短;春季易涝,持续时间长;降水量直接决定鄂州市旱涝程度,其次是蒸散量,而蒸散量的大小与气温关系密切。【结论】SPEI适用于研究鄂州市旱涝演变特征,可以作为气候变化和预警发布的监测指标。

丹江口库区多时间尺度旱涝变化特征研究

利用丹江口库区1961年-2019年21个气象站点数据计算了多个时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数,探究了库区旱涝时空变化特征,以期为库区生态环境建设与管理提供科学依据。结果表明:时间尺度越小,库区旱涝发生越频繁,反之越稳定,库区干旱发生频率高于洪涝频率,而库区未来呈偏湿趋势;除1个月时间尺度外,其余时间尺度库区干旱与洪涝频率空间分布特征相反,而库区旱涝变化趋势空间分布较为一致;库区多时间尺度旱涝周期交替现象一致,主要时间尺度以28年~32年、6年、14年为主,未来几年库区呈偏涝趋势,应加强相应的生态环境保护措施。

基于SPI指数的漳州市季节性旱涝特征分析

文章利用漳州市10个国家级气象观测站近30年逐月降水资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和相关分析的方法对漳州市旱涝特征进行分析。研究结果表明:春季整体有偏旱趋势,其中1990s和2010s偏涝,2000s和2020s前期偏旱;夏季整体往偏旱发展,其中1990s和2000s偏涝,2010s和2020s前期夏季偏旱;秋季往偏涝趋势发展,1990s秋季和2020s前期偏旱,2010s偏涝;冬季整体有偏旱的趋势,其中1990s秋季偏涝,2000s和2020s前期冬季偏旱。

湖北省2000—2019年降水时空变化分析

为评估长序列降水时空变化及其对旱涝灾害的影响,采用趋势分析、累积距平分析等方法,选择降水集中指数(PCI)、降水异常指数(PAI)等指标分析了湖北省2000—2019年20 a间降水时空分布特征以及旱涝灾害发生状况。结果表明:近20 a湖北省累计年降水量增加了0.03%,降水多集中在4—8月份,雨热同期;2019年较2000年东部降水量增加;纬度决定了省内降水量的基数,总体呈现南部多于北部,经度影响降雨量变幅,表现为东西方向降水量空间分布的较大变异性;20 a间的PCI呈下降趋势,降水季节性和时段性特征较明显,PAI显示2005—2015年期间具有洪涝转干旱的趋势,2015年SPI值最大为1.425,出现了较严重洪涝;总体来看湖北省旱涝灾害呈现周期性波动特点,时间周期特征显著。研究成果对年际尺度上区域气候变化应对、旱涝灾害预警等方面具有重要意义。

上海市城市内涝风险分析与评估

结合多重现期暴雨情景分析与指标体系法,以典型平原感潮河网高度城市化地区——上海市中心城区为例,开展了城市内涝综合风险评价和特征分析。结果表明,上海市中心城区内涝综合风险以低风险为主,低风险、中风险、较高风险、高风险区域面积占比分别为87.60%、7.91%、3.58%、0.91%,多数镇(街)为一般防治区,一级重点防治区和二级重点防治区的面积占比分别为1.32%和1.31%。基于“危险性—易损性—安全性”的风险评估框架,全面评价社会经济发展情况下灾害危险性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾安全性,有利于提升城市内涝安全韧性水平。

基于Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2影像的河南扶沟县洪涝灾害遥感监测评估研究

洪涝灾害是我国最主要的自然灾害类型之一,发生频率高、影响范围广,对社会经济发展和人民生命财产安全构成严重威胁。选取河南郑州“7·20”特大暴雨事件中受灾较为严重的河南扶沟县为研究区,基于洪涝灾害发生前后的Sentinel-1和Sen-tinel-2影像,利用支持向量机对灾前的Sentinel-2影像进行土地利用分类,基于Sentinel-1影像利用水体指数SDWI对灾中、灾后的水体范围进行提取,并结合GIS对研究区的灾情进行评估。结果表明:①基于支持向量机提取的土地利用分类图,总体精度达95.85%;②利用SDWI水体指数法提取的水体范围结果显示灾中、灾后的水体面积分别为36.468 km^(2)、18.770 km^(2),总体精度分别为97.6%和95.4%;③由灾情评估结果可得,曹里乡的受灾情况最为严重,最大水体变化面积达到12.63 km^(2)。