Spatial distribution and potential ecological and health risks associated with heavy metals in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site,Nigeria

Artisanal gold mining,a labor-intensive and antiquated technique,is a growing industry and the source of income for rural communities all over the world.However,artisanal gold mining has potential negative and long-term effects on economy,environment,and society.This study collected soil samples from 16 sample points including a control point to examine the pollution degrees and spatial distribution of heavy metals,as well as ecological and health risks associated with heavy metal pollution in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site,Nigeria.Geographical Information System(GIS)and remote sensing technologies were used to identify regions with high concentrations of heavy metals and assess the environmental impact of gold mining activities.The results show that the mean heavy metal concentrations of 16 soil pointa are 8.94(±5.97)mg/kg for As,0.18(±0.54)mg/kg for Cd,0.11(±1.06)mg/kg for Co,14.32(±3.43)mg/kg for Cr,6.89(±0.64)mg/kg for Cu,48.92(±11.77)mg/kg for Fe,135.81(±30.75)mg/kg for Mn,5.92(±0.96)mg/kg for Ni,5.72(±1.66)mg/kg for Pb,and 13.94(±1.38)mg/kg for Zn.The study reveals that heavy metal concentration in soils follows the order of Mn>Fe>Cr>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co>Cd.An analysis of soil samples indicates that 3 principal components(PCs)account for 70.008%of the total variance and there are strong positive correlations between various pairs of heavy metals.The total potential ecological risk index(309.599)in the study area is high.Non-carcinogenic risk suggests that there may be long-term health impacts on people who work in the mining areas due to chronic exposure to the environment.Based on the study,the hazard index of carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals through ingestion is 520.00×10^(–4).Dermal contact from As and Cr also increases the risk of cancer,with the highest hazard index value of 18.40×10^(–4).The lowest exposure pathway,with the hazard index value of 0.68×10^(–4),indicates that the inhalation of heavy metals has a comparatively low risk of cancer.This study recommends the formulation of policies to monitor the Ijero-Ekiti mining site and other regions in Nigeria where indiscriminate artisanal gold mining activities exist.

Content and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment in Weishan Lake

[Objective] The aim was to analyze the content of heavy metals in surface sediment in Weishan Lake and further assess its ecological risk.[Method] Heavy metal pollution in surface sediment in Weishan Lake was studied,and the pollution indices and potential ecological risk indices of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and Cr were calculated to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metal pollution.[Result] In surface sediment in Weishan Lake,the average contents of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr and Ni were 64.78,185.05,78.76,0.17,37.76 and 46.84mg/kg respectively.Cr and Cd weren’t beyond standards in all stations,while Cu and Pb exceeded standards in all stations,with average super-standard multiple of 0.85 and 0.31,respectively,and Zn content wasn’t beyond standard in S2 station,with average super-standard multiple of 0.24.The average pollution indices of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and Cr were 1.85,1.23,1.31,0.34 and 0.47 respectively,with average comprehensive pollution index of 5.21,which showed that heavy metal pollution was light.In addition,heavy metal pollution in entryway portion and sea-route portion were more serious than that of breeding portion.Potential ecological risk assessment showed that the average potential ecological risk indices of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd and Cr were 9.25,1.23,6.56,10.34 and 0.94 respectively,with average comprehensive potential ecological risk index of 28.33,and it revealed that potential ecological risk of heavy metals was slight.Besides,the potential ecological risk order of heavy metal pollution was sea-route portion>entryway portion>breeding portion.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the regulation and improvement of ecological environment in Weishan Lake in the east route of south-to-north water transfer project.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory in Huludao City, Liaoning Province, China

At present, the methods widely applied to assess ecological risk of heavy metals are essentially single-point estimates in which exposure and toxicity data cannot be fully used and probabilities of adverse biological effects cannot be achieved. In this study, based on investigation of concentrations of six heavy metals(As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory, located in Huludao City, Liaoning Province, China, a tiered approach consisting of several probabilistic options was used to refi ne ecological risk assessment for the individuals. A mixture of various heavy metals was detected in the surface seawater, and potential ecological risk index(PERI) was adopted to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediment. The results from all levels of aquatic ecological risk assessment in the tiered framework, ranging from comparison of single effects and exposure values to the use of distribution-based Hazard Quotient obtained through Monte Carlo simulation, are consistent with each other. Briefl y, aquatic Zn and Cu posed a clear ecological risk, while Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in the water column posed potential risk. As expected, combined ecological risk of heavy metal mixture in the surface seawater was proved signifi cantly higher than the risk caused by any individual heavy metal, calculated using the concept of total equivalent concentration. According to PERI, the severity of pollution by the six heavy metals in the surface sediment decreased in the following sequence: Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Zn, and the total heavy metals in the sediment posed a very high risk to the marine environment. This study provides a useful mathematical framework for ecological risk assessment of heavy metals.

The Status Assessment and Preliminary Risk Assessment of Total Mercury in Sediments from Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River

The occurrence and accumulation of total mercury (T-Hg) in sediments collected from the Yarlung Zangbo River (YLZB),the Lhasa River,the Niyang River and the Palongzangbu River were analyzed and the soil samples simultaneously collected from the bank were employed as control.Meanwhile,pollution status and potential ecological risk of Hg were calculated and assessed using index of geoaccumulation ( I geo ) and potential ecological risk assessment method (Er) in this study.The results showed that the T-Hg concentrations in sediments at eight sections of YLZB ranged from 4.23 to 48.1 μg/kg with mean concentration of 25.1 μg/kg,which was higher than background Hg value of soils in Tibet.T-Hg concentrations in sediments at three typical segments of YLZB were all significantly higher than those in soils collected from its bank (P<0.05).The Igeo and E r indexes revealed that the T-Hg pollution levels were slight pollution in two sections and moderate ecological risk in six sections of YLZB.Hg pollution risks also existed in the sediments of partial sections of the Lhasa River and the Niyang River,and slightly moderate Hg contamination with high ecological risk was presented in Lhasa urban district.The level of Hg in sediments of YLZB showed a notable spatial distribution characteristic with a trend of increasing firstly and then declining.Human activities played an important role in increasing Hg content in sediments of the river.

Risk Factor Assessment of Coal Mine Drainage Water on Surrounding Agricultural Soil: A Case Study at Barapukuria in Bangladesh

This study is performed to know the contamination level of heavy metals on the surrounding agricultural soils at the site of Barapukuria Coal Mine Company Limited (BCMCL). Total concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cu, As, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni and Mn) were measured in that soil. To calculate the contamination level, the enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Hakanson potential ecological risk index were done. Igeo values indicated that the study areas at all stations were suffering from moderate contamination with As. The results of enrichment factor revealed that soils in all stations were in extremely high enrichment condition by As metal. Under Hakanson potential ecological risk index, the contamination coefficient () and potential ecological risk index () were calculated. The degree of contamination at BCMCL area reflects moderate contamination. By considering the ecological risk index of a particular heavy metal, the order is as follows: Cd > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Zn and Cd has the highest risk index and poses the greatest damage to the BCMCL area’s soil. EF, Igeo values and potential ecological risk index indicate that there is considerable As and Cd pollution, mainly caused by coal mine drainage water.

基于生物可利用性与宽浓度范围的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法的创建——以小秦岭金矿区农田土壤为例

Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法是土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价的一种常用方法,研究与实践证明其有效性的同时,也发现了其不足之处:忽略了土壤重金属不同形态之间潜在生态风险的差异,且只重视重金属含量高于参考值时的生态风险,而对低于参考值时的情况没有给予考虑,以致特定情况下的评价结果不能很好地反映实际生态风险,因而有必要创建适用性更广的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法。为此,基于全过程控制优化的思想,引入了生物可利用性毒性系数,并将修正浓度与参考值差值引入计算公式,创建了基于生物可利用性与宽浓度范围的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,实现了对重金属不同形态风险贡献的差异及重金属浓度低于参考值情况下潜在生态风险的准确把握。以小秦岭金矿区为典型区域,辅以对采集土样重金属总量及5种形态含量的分析,开展案例研究。结果表明,基于生物可利用性与宽浓度范围的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法能客观地揭示土壤重金属的潜在生态风险,具有更大的适应性,是一种有效的潜在生态风险评价方法。

热水解对鸡粪和牛粪厌氧消化及重金属风险的影响

为探究热水解预处理对鸡粪和牛粪在厌氧消化过程中产气效率的提升作用以及对消化残渣中重金属形态变化及潜在生态风险的影响。该研究以鸡粪和牛粪为处理对象,采用热水解处理技术,开展了连续中温厌氧消化试验。考察了热水解对畜禽粪污可生化性和重金属迁移风险。该研究还评估了连续施用厌氧消化鸡粪和牛粪15 a后土壤中重金属的积累量和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数。试验发现,鸡粪中木质纤维素含量占干固体总量的25%,牛粪为57.7%。热水解处理能够增强牛粪中木质纤维素的水解,热水解后木质纤维素的降解率为19.2%;但热水解对鸡粪的木质纤维素水解影响不明显,降解率仅为5.3%。鸡粪挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)产气率为482 L/kg,热水解后产气率提升了12.4%;牛粪产气率为321 L/kg,热水解后产气率提升了31.2%。仅通过热水解不能降低鸡粪中重金属的迁移风险;而经过厌氧消化后,除Hg和Ni外,其他重金属迁移风险均降低到了低风险水平。牛粪经过热水解和厌氧消化处理后重金属向残渣态转换,但迁移风险没有明显改善。连续施用鸡粪和牛粪15 a后,土壤未出现的重金属积累,且15 a内总潜在生态风险等级处于低风险。该研究结果可为鸡粪和牛粪的能源化、无害化处理以及土地利用应用提供了理论依据和数据指导。

Hakanson指数法评价水体沉积物重金属生态风险的应用进展

介绍了Hakanson指数法的基本原理和近些年来在监测水体沉积物重金属生态风险评价中的应用情况。

玛曲高寒退化草甸土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了分析玛曲高寒草甸土壤重金属含量分布及重金属污染风险,采集玛曲高寒退化草甸土壤样品,分析研究区表层土壤(0—20 cm)中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等八种重金属含量,描述玛曲高寒草甸土壤重金属的空间分布特征,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗污染指数、地累积指数评价重金属污染程度并分析重金属污染潜在生态风险,以相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析表征同源性重金属。结果表明:(1)研究区内As、Cd的质量分数高于背景值,Ni的质量分数偏低,变异系数大小为Cr>Hg>Cd>Cu>As>Ni>Zn>Pb;(2)Cd单因子污染指数为轻微污染,地累积指数反映As属于未受污染与轻微污染之间,各重金属元素均无潜在生态风险;以国标和土壤背景值为标准,内梅罗综合污染指数表明玛曲未受到重金属污染;(3)主成分和相关性分析表明玛曲土壤中Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等元素具有相同或相似的来源,Ni和Pb的来源优先顺序最大,Cr和Hg含量呈现弱相关。

黄河口国家公园湿地土壤重金属污染评价

为了研究黄河口国家公园湿地土壤污染状况和生态风险,沿黄河故道东营段、黄河入海口以及沿海处共设20个采样点进行土壤采集,对铅、镉、铬、铜、锌、镍、汞、砷8种重金属含量进行检测,并利用综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行土壤污染评价。结果表明:研究区铅、镉、铬、铜、锌、镍、汞、砷元素的质量比分别为16.4、0.11、57.3、14.0、46.9、20.0、0.014、7.71 mg/kg,均符合农用地土壤污染风险管控标准要求;研究区土壤综合污染指数为0.57,地累积指数为-0.23,潜在生态风险指数为65.54,表明研究区属于无污染土壤,存在轻微潜在生态风险。

某关停铅蓄电池企业土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为探明江苏省某铅蓄电池企业生产6年关停后对该地块土壤是否造成污染,对土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg、As、Cd、Ni、Cr这8种重金属采样分析,基于主成分分析和径向基函数(RBF)插值法分析地块土壤重金属的污染分布特征。利用单因子指数法和Nemerow综合指数法对污染地块土壤环境质量分析,对于涉及人体健康生态风险评价采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法开展综合评价。结果表明:研究区域土壤已遭受明显的人为外源重金属污染,且局部重金属富集程度较高,纵向污染区域主要集中在100cm以上土壤中,区域整体污染程度达到轻度污染,其中危废库局部土壤受污染程度已为中度污染,建议对该单元土壤开展进一步风险评估和修复;研究区域土壤尚不存在潜在生态风险,但是需重点关注危废库构筑物单元的土壤环境质量,主要威胁来自土壤中的镉,其EiCd潜在生态风险指数等级已达到强的级别。建议该地块后续开发利用时不作为农用地使用或进行局部区域土壤修复治理。

Application of face－graph in heavy metal pollution assessment in river sediment

On the basis of sedimentation principles and environmental chemical characteristics of heavymetal, combine international new methods-face graph on heavy metal pollution assessment withmulti-variable graph expression, the article made a synthetical assessment study on state of heavymetal pollution and potential ecological risk of Taizi River sediment in Benxi City reach. The re-sults of the study indicated that the state of heavy metal pollution of Taizi River in Benxi Cityreach is very serious, appropriate counter measures should be taken.

基于Hakanson潜在生态风险指数的某垃圾填埋场土壤重金属污染评价

将Hakanson提出的潜在生态风险指数法应用于垃圾填埋场及周边土壤重金属污染评价,扩充了评价因子,确定了各重金属的毒性系数及参比值。研究结果表明,评价区土壤中Hg的潜在生态风险较重,其后依次为Cd、As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Co、Cr、Mn和Zn。对污染场地的风险评估及生态修复有一定的指导意义。

延河底泥的重金属分布特征和生态风险评价

为了评估延河底泥的重金属分布特征和污染风险,以延河为研究对象,采集底泥样品,测定延河流域9个代表性断面中Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Cd和Hg等8种重金属的含量。运用潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法计算延河底泥重金属的生态风险,并通过Pearson相关系数甄别底泥中重金属的来源。结果表明:延河底泥中Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Cd和Hg平均含量分别为124.56、98.21、66.00、46.20、22.64、4.45、0.14、0.11 mg·kg^(-1),其中Pb、Hg、Cu、Cr、Cd分别超过陕西省环境背景值5.8、4.4、3.2、1.8、1.4倍,Ni、As和Zn低于陕西省环境背景值;延河底泥重金属的潜在生态风险指数平均值为303.14,从高到低依次为S8>S1>S5>S7>S2>S3>S6>S9>S4,中等生态风险和强生态风险为11.1%和88.9%,主要由Hg导致;同时,底泥中的Cr、Pb、Hg和Cu的地累积指数大于0,属于轻度-中度污染,Cd的地累积指数在-0.37~0.11之间,属于无-轻度污染,Ni、Zn和As的地累积指数小于0,属于无污染;延河底泥Ni、Cd和Cu呈现高度相似性,产业布局、道路交通和地质活动是其主要污染源。

某冶炼厂附近土壤中Hg的时空变化及风险评价

测定了2005年、2011年和2021年某冶炼厂土壤中Hg的质量分数,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数、非致癌风险评估法对冶炼厂附近土壤进行污染评价。结果表明:冶炼厂各采样点土壤中Hg的质量分数时空分布差异性较大,整体呈现出以冶炼厂为中心的扩散现象,距离冶炼厂最近的S4和S5采样点的Hg污染最为严重;冶炼厂附近的S2、S4、S5、S6、S7采样点Hg的污染,处于极重程度,具有极强的潜在生态风险;距离冶金厂最近的S4和S5采样点土壤中Hg的非致癌健康危害指数相对较高;儿童接触Hg的非致癌健康危害指数高于成人,对于Hg的暴露更为敏感。

生态修复后某矿区下游农田土壤金属污染特征与风险评价

为研究广东省某矿区开展生态修复多年后下游农田土壤的金属污染状况,选取该矿区下游某村周边农田土壤及灌溉水渠作为研究对象,对该区域采集了40个土壤表层样本和8个水体样本,利用Arcgis软件对农田土壤样品中As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn和Fe_(2)O_(3)的质量分数进行克里金空间插值,解析该区域农田土壤金属的空间分布特征;采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该区域耕作层土壤中As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Mn进行风险评价。结果表明,40个土壤样品中As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的超标率分别为77.5%、70%、87.5%、27.5%和67.5%,说明调查区域农田土壤污染属于多金属复合污染,且对农作物的生产和安全产生巨大的威胁。部分土壤样品中As、Pb和Cd含量超过了中国农用地土壤污染风险管制值,需采取严格管控措施。通过分析土壤金属的空间分布,发现土壤金属含量超标点位主要位于灌溉口与受污染河流周边,且含量与离灌溉口距离成反比。结合目前灌溉水样中的金属均未超标的情况,得出该区域农田土壤污染是由该矿区生态环境修复前所产生的含金属灌溉水导致土壤中金属的积累引起的。土壤中金属的综合污染指数平均值为1.89,属于轻微污染;潜在生态风险指数平均值为277.63,潜在生态风险程度为中。调查区的农田土壤存在系统性风险,应当加强土壤环境监测与修复。

湖南某石煤矿区重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

为研究湖南某石煤矿区重金属污染现状,采用ICP法测定了水体和土壤中多种重金属含量,并分别采用内梅罗污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行风险评价。结果表明,水中Cd、Cr(Ⅵ)、Zn、Fe和Mn平均浓度分别为1.935 5、0.025 3、6.024 9、16.222 0和4.214 9 mg/L,污染指数分别为387.10、5.06、3.01、54.07和42.15,污染程度从大到小排序为:Cd>Fe>Mn>Cr(Ⅵ)>Zn;土壤中Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg和Cd平均含量分别为8.51、38.59、18.65、10.01、0.18和3.41 mg/kg,平均生态风险系数分别为2.13、0.98、0.85、18.00、28.55和339.80,污染程度从大到小排序为:Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Zn>Cr,整个矿区的综合潜在生态风险指数为390.31,污染程度为较高生态危险。矿区受到多种重金属复合污染,废石堆和沉淀池的排水口下游区域较严重。

Monte-Carlo模拟在土壤重金属生态风险评价中的应用

离散检测数据的重金属生态风险评估往往受采样数据空间覆盖度有限、检测数据随机波动等问题影响,使评价结果具有较大的不确定性.相对而言,基于地方区域的重金属概率统计以概率的形式解释污染等级的占比,能更有效指导风控方案的制定、污染的修复和场地的管控.本文应用Monte-Carlo模拟结合Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对云南省内某小流域土壤中的8种重金属(Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn)展开调查,分别从单种金属的污染等级、风险等级,以及整个区域的生态风险三个维度阐述当地的污染状况,系统性评估了当地的生态风险.研究表明Cd是主要污染贡献因子,其生态风险应引起重点关注.本研究证实了Monte-Carlo模拟可有效平衡Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法的随机性,将二者结合可更加全面精确地反映重金属的生态风险.

基于不同土地利用方式的土壤重金属污染与潜在风险评价:以辽河流域(浑太水系)山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程为例

本文的研究以“辽河流域(浑太水系)山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程”项目为依托,针对辽河流域浑太水系上游修复区,基于建设用地和农用地的土壤监测数据,建立相关性分析、单因子指数法、复合指数法、潜在生态风险指数法与反距离权重插值法相结合的土壤重金属污染状况评价体系。相关性分析表明农用地中砷、汞、铅、镍、镉和锌有相似污染来源,建设用地中砷、汞和铅有相似污染来源;单因子指数与复合指数相结合分析方法显示农用地中含有镉、铜、镍、锌和铬污染,建设用地中仅存在铅污染,重金属污染面积排序为铬>铅>铜>锌>镍>镉,复合污染种类面积排序为无污染>单一元素污染>双元素污染>三元素污染,复合等级面积排序为清洁>警戒>轻度污染;潜在生态风险指数指示建设用地和农用地单一重金属潜在生态风险水平均为轻微危害等级,建设用地的综合潜在生态风险指数在2.13~15.23之间,农用地的综合潜在生态风险指数在5.79~41.99之间,均属于轻微生态危害。本研究可以精准确定重金属污染种类、位置和面积等,为浑太流域上游土壤环境治理提供依据,建立的研究体系也可为其他流域的土壤环境评价工作提供参考与借鉴。

土壤重金属污染多种评价方法对比研究——以南京市龙潭沿江地区为例

近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益突出,关于重金属污染评价方法众多。为比较各种方法的优缺点,选取单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、地累积指数法、污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,对南京市龙潭沿江地区表层土壤样品的Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni元素指标进行评价,不同评价方法得出了类似但又有所区别的结果。内梅罗综合污染指数法结合单因子污染评价能够全面反映重金属对土壤的危害程度,地累积指数法侧重评价各采样点某重金属元素的污染,污染负荷指数法侧重评价某一区块的综合污染程度,潜在风险指数法则侧重考虑生态效应等方面的影响。后三种方法更合适评价人类活动对重金属的污染情况。在实际评价中,应注意选择合适的评价方法。