On-time completion of road infrastructure projects is a critical goal.When projects were not completed on schedule and real construction progress is slower than expected,the inconvenience and disruption to business ac...On-time completion of road infrastructure projects is a critical goal.When projects were not completed on schedule and real construction progress is slower than expected,the inconvenience and disruption to business access increases.On time completion is linked to economic and social welfare,as well as safety.Construction delays continue to be a typical occurrence,despite the need of prompt completion.A literature study is conducted in this context in order to learn more about the causes and factors that contribute to delays.Following a thorough review of the literature,it was determined that a questionnaire survey is the most effective and trustworthy way for gathering information about the causes and quantifying delays caused by emergent factors.The Relative Importance Index(RII)method was used to analyze the data,and the reasons for the delay were prioritized according to their importance.This study focuses on the emergent concerns/causes and reasons of concern in road infrastructure projects,as well as how to priorities these issues sequentially during the planning stage.This study survey can assist construction companies doing business in India in understanding the essential or sensitive issues that require special attention in order to conduct their businesses smoothly in this country while employing appropriate project management practices.展开更多
This study aims to estimate the tree diversity status of Rashad Forest Reserves in the Rashad locality of the South Kordofan State of Sudan. For data collection, eight sample plots (20 × 20</span><b> ...This study aims to estimate the tree diversity status of Rashad Forest Reserves in the Rashad locality of the South Kordofan State of Sudan. For data collection, eight sample plots (20 × 20</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m) were taken randomly, and parameters were determined: </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">trees</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> species diversity, composition, relative density, dominance, important value index, and species richness in the Rashad forest reserve. The results show that a total of 237 and 56 tree species, including 22 families, have been identified in the study area. Fabaceae family and species numbers have the highest number of 13 species in 8 genera, followed by Combretaceae with 8 species belonging to 3 different genera, Malvaceae with 5 species belonging to 4 different genera, Apocynaceae with 3 species belonging to 3 different genera. The Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae families each had two species, and all the other 11 families had one species each. Among the 56 different tree species found within the reserve. The results also indicated that </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Tamarindus indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ziziphus </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spina</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">christi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (L.) Desf. had the highest relative density and dominance of 4.64% and 11% respectively. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Adansonia digitata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grewia </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">villosa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Willd, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vepris </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nobilis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Delile) Mziray had density and dominance of 4.80% and 9%.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Followed by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anogeissus </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">leiocarpa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (DC.) Guill. & Perr, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Adansonia digitata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Catunaregam </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nilotica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Stapf) Tirveng. (Syn: </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Xeromphis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nilotica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Stapf) Keay, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vangueria madagascariensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> J. F. Gmel. with 3.38% and 8%, respectively.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eleven species recorded the least relative dominance of 0.42%.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) value stood at 3.82. And as diversity indices varied with location depending on the species available within an ecological zone, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rashad</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> forest reserve is blessed with a moderate diversity index.展开更多
文摘On-time completion of road infrastructure projects is a critical goal.When projects were not completed on schedule and real construction progress is slower than expected,the inconvenience and disruption to business access increases.On time completion is linked to economic and social welfare,as well as safety.Construction delays continue to be a typical occurrence,despite the need of prompt completion.A literature study is conducted in this context in order to learn more about the causes and factors that contribute to delays.Following a thorough review of the literature,it was determined that a questionnaire survey is the most effective and trustworthy way for gathering information about the causes and quantifying delays caused by emergent factors.The Relative Importance Index(RII)method was used to analyze the data,and the reasons for the delay were prioritized according to their importance.This study focuses on the emergent concerns/causes and reasons of concern in road infrastructure projects,as well as how to priorities these issues sequentially during the planning stage.This study survey can assist construction companies doing business in India in understanding the essential or sensitive issues that require special attention in order to conduct their businesses smoothly in this country while employing appropriate project management practices.
文摘This study aims to estimate the tree diversity status of Rashad Forest Reserves in the Rashad locality of the South Kordofan State of Sudan. For data collection, eight sample plots (20 × 20</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">m) were taken randomly, and parameters were determined: </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">trees</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> species diversity, composition, relative density, dominance, important value index, and species richness in the Rashad forest reserve. The results show that a total of 237 and 56 tree species, including 22 families, have been identified in the study area. Fabaceae family and species numbers have the highest number of 13 species in 8 genera, followed by Combretaceae with 8 species belonging to 3 different genera, Malvaceae with 5 species belonging to 4 different genera, Apocynaceae with 3 species belonging to 3 different genera. The Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, and Rubiaceae families each had two species, and all the other 11 families had one species each. Among the 56 different tree species found within the reserve. The results also indicated that </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Tamarindus indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ziziphus </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spina</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">christi</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (L.) Desf. had the highest relative density and dominance of 4.64% and 11% respectively. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Adansonia digitata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Grewia </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">villosa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Willd, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vepris </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nobilis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Delile) Mziray had density and dominance of 4.80% and 9%.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Followed by </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Anogeissus </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">leiocarpa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (DC.) Guill. & Perr, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Adansonia digitata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> L</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Catunaregam </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nilotica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Stapf) Tirveng. (Syn: </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Xeromphis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nilotica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Stapf) Keay, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Vangueria madagascariensis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> J. F. Gmel. with 3.38% and 8%, respectively.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Eleven species recorded the least relative dominance of 0.42%.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) value stood at 3.82. And as diversity indices varied with location depending on the species available within an ecological zone, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rashad</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> forest reserve is blessed with a moderate diversity index.
基金Project(51274250)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012BAK09B02-05)supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program during the 12th Five-year Plan of China