Background: Infertility is a global health issue, and it is a multidimensional problem with social, economic, and cultural influences. Objectives: The study aimed to determine types of infertility and their contributi...Background: Infertility is a global health issue, and it is a multidimensional problem with social, economic, and cultural influences. Objectives: The study aimed to determine types of infertility and their contributing factors among the respondent infertile women. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among infertile women visiting Sir Salimullah Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka. From January to December 2020, 111 infertile women were included and evaluated for infertility types and their contributing factors. Data were collected by face-to-face interviewing, and data were analyzed statistically. Results: Primary infertility was found among 90 (81%) and secondary infertility among 21 (18.9%). Among the direct risk factors of female infertility, ovulation failure was the majority of the cases, 74 (35.1%), and its mainly observed in primarily infertile women 58 (33.9%). These observations were statistically significant. Conclusions: Infertility should be treated as a public health problem, government and non-government organizations should develop a basic policy to create effective fertility centers.展开更多
Environmental risks are one of the greatest threats in the twenty-first century.Especially in the last years,the cascading impacts and risks associated with such events have received great attention as economic losses...Environmental risks are one of the greatest threats in the twenty-first century.Especially in the last years,the cascading impacts and risks associated with such events have received great attention as economic losses and consequences have mounted in their wake.As concerns about these ripple effects are rising,strategies to prevent and manage indirect risks are in urgent demand.However,such effects are currently barely considered in most countries and can seriously threaten global agendas such as achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 or the targets set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.We discuss how the concept of risk-layering,which,though already applied in disaster risk management,could be expanded to include indirect effects.We point out some of the benefits,limitations,and ways forward for using this approach.To do so,we first delineate the transition of the risk-layering concept,which originated from the insurance industry,from its original use to its application in a wider context.We bring special focus to the application of risk-layering in disaster risk management and identify strategies that allow for the inclusion of indirect risks.Our main suggestion is that,while a probabilistic approach is appropriate for evaluating direct risks,a focus on connectedness is appropriate for indirect risks,which still allows for an easy link to direct risklayering.This,so we argue,facilitates more comprehensive risk management systems apt to deal with the multi-dimensional challenges ahead.展开更多
文摘Background: Infertility is a global health issue, and it is a multidimensional problem with social, economic, and cultural influences. Objectives: The study aimed to determine types of infertility and their contributing factors among the respondent infertile women. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among infertile women visiting Sir Salimullah Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka. From January to December 2020, 111 infertile women were included and evaluated for infertility types and their contributing factors. Data were collected by face-to-face interviewing, and data were analyzed statistically. Results: Primary infertility was found among 90 (81%) and secondary infertility among 21 (18.9%). Among the direct risk factors of female infertility, ovulation failure was the majority of the cases, 74 (35.1%), and its mainly observed in primarily infertile women 58 (33.9%). These observations were statistically significant. Conclusions: Infertility should be treated as a public health problem, government and non-government organizations should develop a basic policy to create effective fertility centers.
基金funding for this research by the Austrian Climate Research Program 11,MacroMode project,project No KR18AC0K14602the EU Horizon 2020,RECEIPT project,grant agreement No 820712。
文摘Environmental risks are one of the greatest threats in the twenty-first century.Especially in the last years,the cascading impacts and risks associated with such events have received great attention as economic losses and consequences have mounted in their wake.As concerns about these ripple effects are rising,strategies to prevent and manage indirect risks are in urgent demand.However,such effects are currently barely considered in most countries and can seriously threaten global agendas such as achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 or the targets set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.We discuss how the concept of risk-layering,which,though already applied in disaster risk management,could be expanded to include indirect effects.We point out some of the benefits,limitations,and ways forward for using this approach.To do so,we first delineate the transition of the risk-layering concept,which originated from the insurance industry,from its original use to its application in a wider context.We bring special focus to the application of risk-layering in disaster risk management and identify strategies that allow for the inclusion of indirect risks.Our main suggestion is that,while a probabilistic approach is appropriate for evaluating direct risks,a focus on connectedness is appropriate for indirect risks,which still allows for an easy link to direct risklayering.This,so we argue,facilitates more comprehensive risk management systems apt to deal with the multi-dimensional challenges ahead.
