Multiple factors influencing high-purity indium electrolytic refining

The effects of various contaminants in the electrolytic refinement of indium were investigated using a glow discharge mass spectrometer(GDMS).The effects of several factors such as the indium ion(In3+)concentration,the sodium chloride(NaCl)concentration,the current density,the gelatin concentration,the pH,and the electrode distance,were examined.Significant variations in impurity levels concerning gelatin concentration were observed.Both the gelatin and In3+concentration were moderately positively correlated with the Pb content.The Sb concentration was associated positively with the NaCl concentration,while the Ti concentration had an adverse correlation with the NaCl concentration.The Bi element content was positively linked to the electrode distance.As the current density increased,Cu,Pb,and Bi impurities initially rose and then eventually declined.Notably,a critical current density of 45 A·m^(-2) was identified in this behavior.

Phase composition,conductivity,and sensor properties of cerium-doped indium oxide

The hydrothermal synthesis of In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)is investigated as well as the properties of sensor layers based on these compounds.During the synthesis of In_(2)O_(3),intermediate products In(OH)_(3)and InOOH are formed,which are the precursors of stable cubic(c-In_(2)O_(3))and metastable rhombohedral(rh-In_(2)O_(3))phases,respectively.A transition from c-In_(2)O_(3)to rh-In_(2)O_(3)is observed with the addition of CeO_(2).The introduction of cerium into rh-In_(2)O_(3)results in a decrease in the sensor response to hydrogen,while it increases in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).The data on the sensor activity of the composites correlate with XPS results in which CeO_(2)causes a decrease in the concentrations of chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancies in rh-In_(2)O_(3).The reverse situation is observed in composites based on c-In_(2)O_(3).Compared to In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2)–In_(2)O_(3)obtained by other methods,the synthesized composites demonstrate maximum response to H_(2)at low temperatures by 70–100℃,and have short response time(0.2–0.5 s),short recovery time(6–7 s),and long-term stability.A model is proposed for the dependence of sensitivity on the direction of electron transfer between In_(2)O_(3)and CeO_(2).

Soil Profile Concentration Distributions of Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium across Southeastern Missouri

The soil chemistry of gallium, indium, and thallium is not well defined, particularly with emerging evidence that these elements have toxic properties and may influence food safety. The purpose of this investigation was to estimate the soil concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium and determine if these elements have a soil chemistry like aluminum and therefore demonstrate significant concentration correlations with aluminum. Twenty-seven soil series were selected, and the elemental concentrations were determined using aqua regia digestion with analytical determination performed using inductively coupled plasma emission-mass spectroscopy. The concentrations of gallium, indium, and thallium generally compared with the known literature. Aluminum-gallium and aluminum-thallium exhibited significant concentration correlations across the soil horizons of the sampled soils. Aluminum, gallium, and thallium did demonstrate concentration increases in soil horizons having illuviation of phyllosilicates, implying these phyllosilicates have adsorption and isomorphic substitution behaviors involving these elements.

Copper Indium Sulfide Enables Li-CO_(2)Batteries with Boosted Reaction Kinetics and Cycling Stability

High energy density Li-CO_(2)batteries have attracted much attention owing to the"two birds with one stone"feature in fixing greenhouse gas CO_(2)and providing renewable energy.However,poor reversibility of the discharge product Li_(2)CO_(3)is one of the main problems that limit its application,resulting in poor cycling stability and severe polarization.Herein,copper indium sulfide(CIS),a semiconducting non-precious metal sulfide,is fabricated as cathode catalysts for high-performance Li-CO_(2)batteries.Combined with the synergistic effect of bimetallic valence bonding and coordinated electron transfer,Li-CO_(2)batteries using CIS cathodes exhibit high full specific discharge capacity,excellent rate capability and cycle stability,namely it delivers a high specific full discharge capacity of 8878μAh cm^(-2),runs steadily from 10 to 100μA cm^(-2),and performs a stable long-term cycling behavior(>1050 h)under a high energy efficiency of 84%and a low charge voltage of approximately 3.4 V at 20μA cm^(-2)within 100μAh cm^(-2).In addition,a flexible Li-CO_(2)pouch cell is constructed to reveal the potential of employing CIS to fabricate flexible high energy storage devices in practical applications.This work shows a promising development pathway toward next-generation sustainable energy storage devices.

Study on the occurrence state of indium in sphalerite of Dulong Sn–Zn–In polymetallic deposit,Southwest China

The Dulong deposit,located in the Laojunshan area of southeastern Yunnan,China,is an important polymetallic deposit due to its high reserves of tin,zinc,and indium.The occurrence state of indium is critical for understanding its supernormal enrichment mechanism.Previous studies investigated the occurrence state of indium(including the valence state)based on the indium content in sphalerite and the correlation between metal concentrations.However,more evidence is needed to better constrain indium occurrence at the micro-,nano-,or even atomic scale.In this study,EPMA-FIB-SEM-TEM and XPS techniques were employed to investigate the indium distribution characteristics and occurrence state in sphalerite from the Dulong Sn–Zn–In polymetallic deposit.The maximum concentration of indium in the indium-rich sphalerite samples is 0.37%,and the results of the EPMA analysis showed a relatively homogeneous distribution of indium in sphalerite.The FIB-SEM-TEM results demonstrated that the lattice stripes of sphalerite were periodically and continuously distributed at the nanoscale,confirming that sphalerite in the deposit was an excellent single crystal structure,and the peak heights of the various characteristic peaks of indium in the EDX spectra were relatively close to each other,with no distinct peaks of high indium content.In addition,the XPS results indicate that the element valence state of indium in sphalerite is In^(3+),and it combines with S^(2-)to form a bond.These results indicate that indium in sphalerite of the Dulong deposit is uniformly distributed at both the micro-and nanoscale,and there is no indium-independent mineral.In^(3+)enters the crystal lattice of sphalerite by replacing Zn2+in the form of isomorphic substitution.

Separation and Concentration of Indium from Leaching Solution Containing Indium, Antimony and Iron Ions

Processing conditions of effectively separating indium from the leaching solution of a smelting antimony slag were studied. For the leaching solution containing indium and antimony and iron ions, indium was separated by extracting with HDEHP kerosine solution, washing antimony and iron ions with oxalic acid solution and stripping indium with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. InCl 3 solution with purity above 90% is obtained. Indium can be enriched through a circulation of stripping with a dilute HCl solution. The concentration of InCl 3 solution is about 25～30 g/L.

Enrichment by air classification of indium components from In-containing scrap powders scraped by sand-blasting chamber shields of sputter coaters

Raw scrap powders containing 10 wt.% In were recovered by sand-blasting chamber shields of sputter coaters and used as a sole source of indium components for both sieving and air-classification. Sieving was performed first as a feasibility test, and enrichment of indium component was possible up to 19 wt.% with a mesh size of 635. With this experimental basis, the raw scrap powders were air-classified into 12 lots according to the revolution per minute （r/min） of a single horizontally arranged classifying wheel： 4000, 6000, 8000, 10000, 12000, and 14000 r/rain. The particle cut size varied from 56 to 5 μm with turbo wheel speeds corresponding to 4000 to 14000 r/min, respectively, and enrichment of indium component was possible in fine overflow fractions at all turbo wheel speeds while the indium components were not concentrated in all of the coarse underflow fractions. The grade of the indium components became higher with decreasing particle size of the air-classified scrap powders, with the highest grade obtained in the fine overflow fraction with a turbo wheel speed of 14000 r/min. The amount of indium in the fine overflow fractions varied between 15.9 wt.% and 31.5 wt.%. All in all, the grade or purity of the indium component improved rather significantly from 15.9 wt.% to 31.5 wt.% by air-classification, but this also resulted in overall decrease in recovery rate from 99.33% to 49.64%. Therefore, enrichment and separation of indium should be optimized for maximum recovery and grade of the indium components, which can be used as raw materials in the subsequent electro-refining processes.

Extraction of indium from indium-zinc concentrates

A new process for extracting indium from indium-zinc concentrates was proposed.The process can directly extract indium from removed copper solution by D2EHPA,and cancel the stage of removing iron in the traditional process because of using iron and part of zinc in the In-Zn concentrates for direct preparing high quality Mn-Zn soft magnetic ferrites.The technologies in the processes,such as leaching the neutral leached residues with high concentrated acid at high temperature,reduction ferric and removing copper,and extracting indium,were investigated.The results show that total recovery ratio of indium is increased from less than 70% in the traditional process to more than 95%.This process has the advantages of largely simplifying the procedure of indium extraction,zero draining off of iron residue and zero emitting of SO2.So this is a clean production process.

Recovering indium with sulfating roasting from copper-smelting ash

A technology for recovering indium from Jinchuan copper-smelting ash was developed. Indium in the ash was first enriched to the leaching-slag in leaching process,and then recovered by sulfating roasting. The method included mixing the leaching-slag with sulfuric acid,making them into particles,roasting the mixture,and then leaching the calcine with hot water. Above 90% of indium in calcine could be dissolved into the leaching solution. The optimized conditions were determined as follows： the mass ratio of sulfuric acid to leaching slag was 0.1,the roasting time was about 1 to 1.5 h in the temperature range of 200-250℃,and the calcine was leached for 1 h with 5：1 of liquid/solid ratio at 60℃. Over 99% of indium in leaching solution was finally enriched by Zn substitution or sulfide precipitation.

Application of vacuum distillation in refining crude indium

Vacuum distillation is a technique suitable for low boiling and melting point materials,to remove the heavy and low vapor pressure impurities at low level.As indium has low melting point and high boiling point,it is suitable for refining by vacuum distillation.First,saturation vapor pressure for major elements in crude indium was calculated by the Clausius–Clay Prang equation,which could approximately predict the temperature and pressure during vacuum distillation process.Second,the activity coefficients for In–Cd,In–Zn,In–Pb,In–Tl at 1373 K,and In–Sn at 1573 K were acquired by means of molecular interaction on volume model.Vapor–liquid equilibrium composition diagrams of those above systems in crude indium were drawn based on activity coefficients.These diagrams could estimate the compositions of products in each process during the refinement of crude indium.Finally,1.2–1.6 ton crude indium was used per day when vacuum distillation experiments were carried out,and experimental results are in good agreement with the predicted values of the vapor–liquid equilibrium composition diagrams.

Preparation of indium tin oxide targets with a high density and single phase structure by normal pressure sintering process

The present work mainly describes the technology for preparing indium-tin oxide （ITO） targets by cold isostatic pressing （CIP） and normal pressure sintering process. ITO powders were produced by chemical co-precipitation and shaped into an ITO green compact with a relative density of 60% by CIP under 300 MPa. Then, an ITO target with a relative density larger than 99.6% was obtained by sintering this green compact at 1550℃ for 8 h. The effects of forming pressure, sintering temperature and sintering time on the density of the target were inves- tigated. Also, a discussion was made on the sintering atmosphere.

Preparation of 5N high purified indium by the method of chemical purification-electrolysis

The application of indium requires high purity indium as material.5N high purity indium had been prepared by the method of acombination of chemically smelting and electrolysis. Smelting timewas 10 min, the abstraction rate of cadmium was 80/100-90/100 whenused solution of I_2-KI and glycerine to smelt indium. 4N metalindium was used as anode, high purity indium as cathode, In-2(SO_4)_3-H_2SO_4 system as electrolyte, and In content is 100 g/L, pH2-3 and current density 80-100 a/m^2.

Separation of indium (Ⅲ), gallium (Ⅲ), and zinc (Ⅱ) with Levextrel resin containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (CL-P204): Part I. Selection of separation conditions

A kind of Levextrel resin separation process was developed for separation ofindium (III), gallium (III), and zinc (II) from aqueous sulfate solution with Levextrel resincontaining di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (CL-P 204). The aim of the research is to collectpreliminary results for a pilot-scale production. Properties of adsorbing indium (III), gallium(III), and zinc (II) from sulfate solution with the Levextrel resin were first studied by batchoperation and column operation. The optimum pH, adsorption capacities and concentrations ofstripping agents for indium (III), gallium (III) were tested. The separation order of indium (III),gallium (III), and zinc (II) from sulfate solution with CL-P 204 Levextrel resin was found thatindium (III) could be first separated by adsorbing at the acidity of 1.0 mol/L whereas gallium (III)and zinc (II) could not, and they were adsorbed together by adsorbing at pH =2.8, then separatedfrom each other by stripping with 0.1 and 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid, respectively. The recoveriesof three metal ions were all higher than 99 percent. The cyclic properties of this resin are well.

Sorption Behavior and Mechanism of Indium(Ⅲ) onto Amino Methylene Phosphonic Acid Resin

The sorption behavior of amino methylene phosphonic acid resin (APAR) for In (Ⅲ ) was investigated . Experimental results show that In ( Ⅲ ) adsorbed on APAR can be elated with 2mol · L -1 HCl. The apparent rate constant is k29 = 1.50 × 10-5s-1. The sorption behavior of APAR for In ( Ⅲ ) obeys the Freundlich isotherm. The themodynamic parameters of sorption, enthalpy change ()H, free energy change ()G and entropy change ()S of sorption (APAR) for In ( Ⅲ ) are 24.1 kJ·mol-1, -35. 1kJ· mol-1 and 200J· mol-1·K-1 respectively. The coordination molar ratio of the functional group of APAR to In( Ⅲ ) is 2:1. The sorption mechanism of APAR for In( Ⅲ ) was examined by IR spectrometry.

Sorption behavior of iminodiacetic acid resin for indium

In（Ⅲ） was quantitatively adsorbed by iminodiacetic acid resin （IDAAR） in the medium of pH = 4.52. The statically saturated sorption capacity of IDAAR is 235.5 mg·g^-1. 1.0 mol·L^-1 HCl can be used as an eluant. The elution efficiency is 97.9%. The resin can be regenerated and reused without apparent decrease of sorption capacity. The sorption rate constant is k298 = 1.94 × 10-5 s^-1. The apparent sorption activation energy of IDAAR for In（Ⅲ） is 20.1 kJ·mol^-1. The sorption behavior of IDAAR for In（HI） obeys the Freundlich isotherm. The enthalpy change is AH= 17.2 kJ·mol^-1.

Indium recovery from zinc oxide flue dust by oxidative pressure leaching

Indium was recovered from zinc oxide flue dust(ZOFD)with sulfuric acid by oxidative pressure leaching in an autoclave, and the effects of different technological conditions on indium leaching were studied.Potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide were used as oxidants.The atmospheric pressure leaching experiments were also carried out.The experimental results show that the leaching rate of indium can be effectively improved by oxidative pressure leaching.The optimum conditions of pressure leaching are determined as sulfuric 5.10 mol/L acid,leaching time 150 min,temperature 90℃,and the H2O2 dosage of 0.5 mL/g or 2.5%KMnO4.The leaching rate of indium is more than 90%,which is increased by 13%compared with that of atmospheric pressure leaching process without oxidant under the optimum conditions.

Effect of indium addition on the microstructural formation and soldered interfaces of Sn-2.5Bi-1Zn-0.3Ag lead-free solder

The microstructural formation and properties of Sn-2.5Bi-xln-lZn-0.3Ag （in wt%） alloys and the evolution of soldered interfaces on a Cu substrate were investigated. Apart from the relatively low melting point （about 195C）, which is close to that of conventional eutectic Sn-Pb solder, the investigated solder presents superior wettability, solderability, and ductility. The refined equiaxial grains enhance the me- chanical properties, and the embedded bulk intermetallic compounds （IMCs） （Cu6Sn5 and CusZns） and granular Bi particles improve the joint reliability. The addition of In reduces the solubility of Zn in the 13-Sn matrix and strongly influences the separation and growth behaviors of the IMCs. The soldered interface of Sn-2.5Bi-xln-lZn-0.3Ag/Cu consists of Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn IMC layers.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Luminescent Properties of the Indium(Ⅲ) Complex Based on 2,6-Bis(1-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine

The complex [In（bpbp）Cl3]·H2O, where bpbp is 2,6-bis（1-phenylbenzimidazol- 2-yl）-pyridine （bpbp）, was synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. For the complex： C31H21Cl3InN5·H2O, Mr = 702.71, monoclinic, space group, P21/n, a = 9.3918（10）, b = 21.024（2）, c = 14.5323（15）, β = 96.938（2）°, V = 2848.4（5）3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.639 g/cm3, λ = 0.71073, μ（MoKα） = 1.147 mm-1, F（000） = 1408, S = 1.00, R = 0.0430 and wR = 0.1438 for 4620 observed reflections with Ⅰ 〉 2σ（Ⅰ）. It is a neutral complex. The In（Ⅲ） ion adopts a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry coordinated by three nitrogen atoms of the ligand and three chlorine atoms. The complex emits blue luminescence with emission peaks at 430 nm in the solid state.

Highly Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Determination of Trace Amounts of Indium(Ⅲ) with Salicylaldehyde Salicyloylhydrazone

The fluorescent reaction of salicylaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone(SASH) with indium(Ⅲ) was studied in detail. Based on this chelation reaction, a sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of indium in a water ethanol(volume ratio 3∶7) medium at pH 4 0. Under the condition, the In SASH complex displays an excitation and emission maxima at 396 and 461 nm, respectively. The linear range of the method is from 4 7 to 1000 ng/mL and the detection limit is 0 94 ng/mL. The molar ratio of indium to the reagent is 1∶1. The interferences of other ions were studied. The method was successfully applied to the determination of indium in the chemical reagents of lead, tin, zinc, zinc chloride and geological samples by standard addition method.

The feasibility study of the indium oxide supported silver catalyst for selective hydrogenation of CO_(2)to methanol

Silver catalyst has been extensively investigated for photocatalytic and electrochemical CO_(2) reduction.However,its high activity for selective hydrogenation of CO_(2) to methanol has not been confirmed.Here,the feasibility of the indium oxide supported silver catalyst was investigated for CO_(2) hydrogenation to methanol by the density functional theoretical(DFT)study and then by the experimental investigation.The DFT study shows there exists an intense Ag-In_(2)O_(3) interaction,which causes silver to be positively charged.The positively charged Ag species changes the electronic structure of the metal,facilitates the formation of the Ag-In_(2)O_(3) interfacial site for activation and dissociation of carbon dioxide.The promoted CO_(2) dissociation leads to the enhanced methanol synthesis via the CO hydrogenation route as CO_(2)^(*)→CO^(*)→HCO^(*)→H_(2)CO^(*)→H_(3)CO^(*)→H_(3)COH^(*).The Ag/In_(2)O_(3)catalyst was then prepared using the deposition-precipitation method.The experimental study confirms the theoretical prediction.The methanol selectivity of CO_(2) hydrogenation on Ag/In_(2)O_(3) reaches 100.0%at reaction temperature of 200℃.It remains more than 70.0%between 200 and 275℃.At 300℃and 5 MPa,the methanol selectivity still keeps 58.2%with a CO_(2) conversion of 13.6%and a space-time yield(STY)of methanol of 0.453 g_(methanol)g_(cat)^(-1)h^(-1),which is the highest methanol STY ever reported for silver catalyst.The catalyst characterization confirms the intense Ag-In_(2)O_(3)interaction as well,which causes high Ag dispersion,increases and stabilizes the oxygen vacancies and creates the active Ag-In_(2)O_(3)interfacial site for the enhanced CO_(2)hydrogenation to methanol.