Local Climate Change Induced by Urbanization on a South China Sea Island

The South China Sea is a hotspot for regional climate research.Over the past 40 years,considerable improvement has been made in the development and utilization of the islands in the South China Sea,leading to a substantial change in the land-use of the islands.However,research on the impact of human development on the local climate of these islands is lacking.This study analyzed the characteristics of local climate changes on the islands in the South China Sea based on data from the Yongxing Island Observation Station and ERA5 re-analysis.Furthermore,the influence of urbanization on the local climate of the South China Sea islands was explored in this study.The findings revealed that the 10-year average temperature in Yongxing Island increased by approximately 1.11℃from 1961 to 2020,and the contribution of island development and urbanization to the local warming rate over 60 years was approximately 36.2%.The linear increasing trend of the annual hot days from 1961–2020 was approximately 14.84 days per decade.The diurnal temperature range exhibited an increasing trend of 0.05℃per decade,whereas the number of cold days decreased by 1.06days per decade.The rapid increase in construction on Yongxing Island from 2005 to 2021 led to a decrease in observed surface wind speed by 0.32 m s^(-1)per decade.Consequently,the number of days with strong winds decreased,whereas the number of days with weak winds increased.Additionally,relative humidity exhibited a rapid decline from 2001 to 2016 and then rebounded.The study also found substantial differences between the ERA5 re-analysis and observation data,particularly in wind speed and relative humidity,indicating that the use of re-analysis data for climate resource assessment and climate change evaluation on island areas may not be feasible.

HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROACUPUNCTURE INDUCED CHANGES OF IP_3 LEVEL IN RAT BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

In the present study, the radioreceptor binding method was used to determine the changes of IP3 content in rat brain and dorsal spinal cord of high frequency (100 Hz) electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia and EA tolerance rat. The control levels of IP3 in rat brain (less cerebellum and cortex) and dorsal spinal cord were 6.3± 0.78 pmol / mg protein and 3.4± 0.60 pmol / mg protein, respectively. The results showed that IP, in brain increased gradually within 45 min after stimulation in EA analgesia rat. Meanwhile, the dorsal spinal cord IP, content decreased significantly 15 min, 30 min after EA stimulation and recovered to control level 45 min after EA stimulation. In EA tolerance rat, IP3 contents markedly increased in brain. And IP3 content in the spinal cord also increased dramatically within 30 min, but decreased rapidly to control level 45 min after EA stimulation. The IP3 level in EA tolerance rat brain and spinal cord was much higher than that in EA analgesia rat (P<0.01). The studies first reported that high frequency (100 Hz) EA may be linked to PI system in its signal transduction pathways.

Streptozotocin induced Alzheimer's disease like changes and the underlying neural degeneration and regeneration mechanism

Alzheimer’s disease（AD）is a neurodegenerative disorder which is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks that include neurofibrillary tangles,neuronal loss extracellular senile plaques containing aggregated amyloid beta（Aβ）,and neurofibrillary tangles composed of the hyperphosphorylated form of the microtubule protein tau.It is the most common form of dementia which is characterized by severe neurodegenerative changes such as loss of neurons and synapses in brain（Kamat et al.,2014）.

The changes of oligodendrocytes induced by anesthesia during brain development

With the advent of modern techniques, drugs, and monitoring, general anesthesia has come to be considered an unlikely cause of harm, particularly for healthy patients. While this is largely true, newly emerging clinical and laboratory studies have sug- gested that exposure to anesthetic agents during early childhood may have long-lasting adverse effects on cognitive function. This concern has been the focus of intense study in the field of anesthesia research. A recent high-profile review by Rappaport et al. （2015） concluded that while many questions remain un- answered, there is strong evidence from laboratory studies that commonly used anesthetics interfere with brain development and that clinical studies suggest a correlation between early childhood exposure to these agents and subsequent effects on learning and cognition. The issue is of sufficient public health importance that a public-private partnership known as Smar- Tots （Strategies for Mitigating Anesthesia-Related Neurotoxicity in Tots） was developed by the FDA to study pediatric anesthetic neurotoxicity. The mechanism of injury underlying this phe- nomenon has yet to be fully elucidated, and there is evidence to suggest that anesthetics may have direct cytotoxic effects on neurons leading to cell death or suppressed neurogenesis （Strat- mann et al., 2010） and that they may interfere with key pro- cesses in neuronal growth and development that underlie brain circuit development （Wagner et al., 2014）.

A case of severe refractive changes induced by Galyfilcon A silicone hydrogel contact lenses

Dear Sir, I＇m Boris Severinsky from the New England College of Optometry, Boston, USA. I write you to present an interesting case of extreme refractive and corneal topography changes induced by daily wearing of Acuvue Advance （Johnson＆Johnson, Vision Care） contact lens （CL）.

Changes of evoked potential in different hippocampal regions induced by electrostimulation at medial mamillary nucleus of rats

BACKGROUND： Morphological data have shown that the most important afferent fibers of papillary body come from hippocampal structure.OBJECTIVE： To observe the changes of evoked potential in hippocampus and the significance after electrostimulation at medial mamillary nucleus. DESIGN： An observational control experiment.SETTING： Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College.MATERIALS ： Twenty-three male or female Wistar rats, 3-4 months old, weighing 270-350 g, were provided by bhe animal room of Shenyang Medical College [the license number was scxk（Liao）2003-0016]. METHODS： The Wistar rats were anaesthetized by intraperintoneal injection of 20% urethane （1 g/kg）, tracheal intubation was also given. The self-made double-pole metal stimulating electrode with the point diameter of 1 mm was inserted into medial mamillary nucleus, the wanted hippocampal guidance spot was found within the rang of the hippocampal region at the same side of tee mamillary body range （CA1-CA4）, inserted with same-core guidance electrode, a sole square-wave stimulation of wave wide 0.2 ms stimulated with electrodes at the applied intensity of 7-9 V, the evoked potential was induced through guidance electrodes, and then input to the ATAC-350 data-processing machine for memory showing wave processing, the memory recorded wave recording graph was separately drawn up by the X-Y recording instrument to observe the latency, time procedure and amplitude of the evoked potential in each hippocampal region of the rats and calculate the percentage of the evoked potential in each hippocampal region. Totally 78 guidance spots in hippocampus were recorded, including 30 positive reaction spots and 48 negative ones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： ① Latency, time procedure and amplitude of the evoked potentials in each hippocampal region of rats; ②percentage of the evoked potentials in each hippocampal region; ③ the wave shapes of the evoked potentials in each hippocampal region from different arrangement in the same positive reaction spot. RESULTS ：① Of the 30 recorded positive reactions, 9 positive spots fused into the stimulated false marks because of the short latency. The analysis of variance showed that the latency had significant difference （P 〈 0.05）, time procedure had highly significant difference （P 〈 0.01 ）, but there was no significant difference in the amplitude （P 〉 0.05） among the hippampal regions.② Among the 30 positive spots, the percentage of evoked potential in the hippocampal regions were 34.5% for CA1, 2.0% for CA2, 24.1% for CA3 and 22.4% for CA4. ③ In different levels of the same positive spot, different changes of the evoked potential wave shapes could be observed, and the most obvious change was that of positive wave amplitude. At different positive spots, evoked potentials of positive phase, negative and the double-phase could be observed. CONCLUSION： There are nerve associations between mamillary body and hippocampus, afferent fibers of mamillary body come from hippocampal CA1 region are a little more.

Dependence of Gravity Induced Absorption Changes on the Earth’s Magnetic Field as Measured during Parabolic Flight Campaigns

Various spectroscopic experiments performed on the AIRBUS ZERO G—located in Bordeaux, France—in the years 2002 to 2012 exhibit minute optical reflection/absorption changes (GIACs) as a result of gravitational changes between 0 and 1.8 g in various biological species such as maize, oats, Arabidopsis and particularly Phycomyces sporangiophores. During a flight day, the AIRBUS ZERO G conducts 31 parabolas, each of which lasts about three minutes including a period of 22 s of weightlessness. So far, we participated in 11 parabolic flight campaigns including more than 1000 parabolas performing various kinds of experiments. During our campaigns, we observed an unexplainable variability of the measuring signals (GIACs). Using GPS-positioning systems and three dimensional magnetic field sensors, these finally were traced back to the changing earth’s magnetic field associated with the various flight directions. This is the first time that the interaction of gravity and the Earth’ magnetic field in the primary induction process in living system has been observed.

Trichloroethylene Induces Biphasic Concentration-dependent Changes in Cell Proliferation and the Expression of SET-Associated Proteins in Human Hepatic L-02 Cells

Trichloroethylene （TCE） is a major pollutant that affects both occupational and general environments. The liver is an important target organ of TCEE. Substantial efforts and remarkable progress into understanding TCE cytotoxicity have been made in cultured liver cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TCE induces hepatotoxicity are not well understood. SET （also known as protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor, 12PP2A, or template-activating factor-I, TAF-D is a nuclear protein that regulates histone modification, gene transcription, DNA replication, nucleosome assembly,

The changes of holographic characteristics of photopolymer induced by temperature

The changes of holographic characteristics of photopolymer induced by temperature are studied experi-mentally. The results show that the exposure sensitivity increases with the increase of temperature. Themaximum diffraction efficiency and the final maximum diffraction efficiency increase with the increaseof temperature when the temperature is lower than Tg (glass transition temperature), while they decreasewith the increase of temperature when the temperature is higher than Tg. The effect of the change oftemperature on the saturation refractive index modulation is very weak.

Multiple ocean surface temperature changes induced multi-decadal global warming rate

Subject Code:D05Under support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a concerted study by Dr.Huang Gang(黄刚)from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,climate scientist Jing-Jia Luo from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology,Dr.Yao Shuailei(姚帅磊)from the Institute

Refractive Index Change and Color Center Formation in LiYF_4 Crystal Induced by a Femtosecond Laser

The refractive index change and color centers formation in LiYF4 crystal at room temperature are induced by a femtosecond laser irradiation. A mechanism for refractive index change and color centers formation is proposed.

CHANGES IN THE ENDOCOCHLEAR POTENTIAL AND COCHLEAR BLOOD FLOW INDUCED BY ATP INFUSION AND ARTERIAL OCCLUSION

To assess the relationship between cochlear blood flow (CBF) and auditory function, a procedure of intravital microscopy for observations of the lateral wall vessels of the cochlea coupled with the simultaneous measurement of the endocochlear potential (EP) was established in guinea pigs with gradual ischemia of the cochlea. It was found that occlusions of both common carotid arteries and one of the vertebral arteries produced a minor reduction in CBF with no significant alteration in the EP. When intravenous infusion of ATP induced sharp and severe decreases in CBF, the EP varied only slightly from the baseline in some animals while there were no alteration in others. Furthermore, ATP infusions combined with arterial occlusions caused even more severe declines in CBF and a moderate decrease in the EP. The results indicate that not only does the CBF satisfy the basic needs of the processes of cochlear function, but also has a regulatory mechanism to ensure the normal function of the cochlea in the ischemia condition. It was also found that the changes in the stria vascularis vessels induced by decreases in blood pressure (BP) and heart rates were more severe than those of the spiral ligament vessels. This phenomenon indicated that the stria vascularis vessels were more sensitive to decreases of BP and heart rates.

Optimized Target-AID system efficiently induces single base changes in zebrafish

CRISPR-Cas system has been widely adapted as a platform for genome editing in various eukaryotic organisms, including zebrafish（Cong et al., 2013; Hwang et al., 2013）. One of the important applications of CRISPR-Cas9 system is to produce double-strand DNA breaks（DSBs） at targeted sites with guide RNA（gRNA）.

Thermoelectric and electrical characteristics of SmS ceramic samples after exposure to a pulsed magnetic field

Samarium monosulfide(SmS)is a promising material for creating thermoelectric generators(TEG),gas sensors and strain gauges.Despite the high values of the generated thermo electromotive force(TEMF)(α≈170-350μV/K),methods for increasing the efficiency of TEGs based on SmS are of considerable interest.One of these methods can be short-term effects of magnetic fields,including pulsed ones,on these materials.The action of a pulsed magnetic field(PMF)leading to an increase in TEMF(U)of SmS ceramic samples is found.Samples that are not subjected to high frequency currents(HFC)annealing show an increase in UT of 44.54%-62.18%(from 11.9 to 17.2-19.3 mV).The conductivity(σ)of the samples is~22 Q/cm and is insensitive to short-term exposure to a PMF.Samples that undergo HFC annealing show an increase in Uof 23.47%-41.31%(from 21.3 to 26.3-30.1 mV)after exposure to a PMF.The conductivity of the samples is~15Ω^(-1)/cm and after a short exposure to the PMF is changing nonmo notonically,with an increase in the overall instability.The difference in the values of Uand a can be explained by presence of an ordered grain structure and a significant amount of the Sm_(2)O_(2)S phase in the samples subjected to HFC annealing.Possible mechanisms of the observed changes are discussed.

Observation of an EPIR Effect in Nd_(1-x)Sr_xMnO_3 Ceramics with Secondary Phases

Nd1-xSrxMnO3 （x ： 0.3, 0.5） ceramics containing a secondary phase are synthesized by high-energy ball milling and post heat-treatment method. The 4-wire and 2-wire measuring modes are used to investigate the transport character of the grain/phase boundary （inner interface） and electrode-bulk interface （outer interface）, respectively, and the results indicate that there is a similar nonlinear I-V behaviour for both of the inner and outer interfaces, however, the electric pulse induced resistance change （EPIR） effect can only be observed at the outer interface.