Determination of potassium content as principal components in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach （ICP-OES）

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach（1CP-OES） is used to determine the potassium content as principal component in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers. Element of potassium is conunonly found in potassium nitrate and potassium perchlorate in pyrotechnic compositions in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that potassium nitrate content in pyrotechnics is between 10% to 60% and the potassium perchlorate content is between 20% to 70%,which counted in the content of potassium element is between 4% to 23%. Concept of this method： considering the weight of the sample is 400rag,constant volume is 1L and the concentration of potassium is between 10 mg/L to 90 mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for the potassium content would be between 1% to 23%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of potassium calibration curve is 0.9997 or higher, recovery is 89.15%-100.23%.The allowable differential value is 0.4% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision.

Determination of magnesium and aluminum content as principal components in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach （ICP-OES）

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach（ICP-OES）is used to determine the magnesium and aluminum content as principal components in pyrotechnic compositions used for fireworks and firecrackers. Elements of magnesium and aluminum are commonly found in aluminum powder or magnesium-aluminum alloy powder in pyrotechnic compositions in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that the magnesium content in pyrotechnics is between 8% to 30% and the aluminum content is between 8% to 35%（roughly）.Concept of this method： suppose the weight of the sample is 400rag,constant volume is IL and the concentlation of magnesium and aluminum is between 12mg/L to 160mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for magnesium and aluminum content would be between 3% to 40%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of the magnesium calibration curve is 0.9999 or higher, recovery is 101.01% -101.96%.The fitting correlation coefficient of the aluminum calibration curve is 0.9999 or higher, recovery is 99.36%-103.07%. The allowable differential value is 0.4% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision.

The determination of 52 elements in marine geological samples by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a high-pressure closed digestion method

An improved analytical method to determine the content of 52 major, minor and trace elements in marine geological samples, using a HF-HCl-HNO_3 acid system with a high-pressure closed digestion method（HPCD）, is studied by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES） and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The operating parameters of the instruments are optimized, and the optimal analytical parameters are determined. The influences of optical spectrum and mass spectrum interferences, digestion methods and acid systems on the analytical results are investigated. The optimal spectral lines and isotopes are chosen, and internal standard element of rhodium is selected to compensate for matrix effects and analytical signals drifting. Compared with the methods of an electric heating plate digestion and a microwave digestion, a high-pressure closed digestion method is optimized with less acid, complete digestion,less damage for digestion process. The marine geological samples are dissolved completely by a HF-HCl-HNO_3 system, the relative error（RE） for the analytical results are all less than 6.0%. The method detection limits are 2–40μg/g by the ICP-OES, and 6–80 ng/g by ICP-MS. The methods are used to determine the marine sediment reference materials（GBW07309, GBW07311, GBW07313）, rock reference materials（GBW07103, GBW07104,GBW07105）, and cobalt-rich crust reference materials（GBW07337, GBW07338, GBW07339）, the obtained analytical results are in agreement with the certified values, and both of the relative standard deviation（RSD） and the relative error（RE） are less than 6.0%. The analytical method meets the requirements for determining 52 elements contents of bulk marine geological samples.

Study of Non-Thermal DC Arc Plasma of CH_4/Ar at Atmospheric Pressure Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry

Non-thermal C/H/Ar plasmas are widely applied to carbonaceous material production and processing.In this work,plasma parameters and gaseous species of the atmospheric non-thermal C/H/Ar plasmas produced by an atmospheric-pressure DC arc discharge generator in CH_4/Ar were investigated.The voltage-current characteristics were measured for different CH_4/Ar ratios.Optical emission spectroscopy was employed to analyze the electron excitation temperature,gas temperature and electron density under various discharge conditions.The hydrocarbon molecules produced in the CH4/Ar plasmas were detected with photoionization mass spectrometry.The optical spectral results demonstrated that the electron excitation temperature was 0.4-1 eV,the gas temperature was 2800-4200 K and the electron density was in the range of（5-20）×10^15 cm^-3.The mass spectrum indicated that a variety of unsaturated hydrocarbons（C2H4,C3H6,C6H6,etc.） and several highly unsaturated hydrocarbons（C4H2,C5H6,etc.） were produced in the non-thermal arc plasmas.

Diagnostic of capacitively coupled radio frequency plasma from electrical discharge characteristics：comparison with optical emission spectroscopy and fluid model simulation

The capacitively coupled radio frequency（CCRF）plasma has been widely used in various fields.In some cases,it requires us to estimate the range of key plasma parameters simpler and quicker in order to understand the behavior in plasma.In this paper,a glass vacuum chamber and a pair of plate electrodes were designed and fabricated,using 13.56 MHz radio frequency（RF）discharge technology to ionize the working gas of Ar.This discharge was mathematically described with equivalent circuit model.The discharge voltage and current of the plasma were measured atdifferent pressures and different powers.Based on the capacitively coupled homogeneous discharge model,the equivalent circuit and the analytical formula were established.The plasma density and temperature were calculated by using the equivalent impedance principle and energy balance equation.The experimental results show that when RF discharge power is 50–300 W and pressure is 25–250 Pa,the average electron temperature is about 1.7–2.1 e V and the average electron density is about 0.5？×10^17–3.6？×10^17m^-3.Agreement was found when the results were compared to those given by optical emission spectroscopy and COMSOL simulation.

萃取/反萃取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定肥料样品中铅、镉、汞、铊、锑、砷

为保障农产品的质量与安全,肥料中的有毒有害物质,尤其是重金属含量被严格限制。为提高肥料中有毒有害物质检测的效率,利用铅、镉、汞、铊、锑、砷在盐酸介质中形成稳定的碘络合物的特性,采用甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)萃取、硝酸溶液反萃取的方法实现肥料样品中基质与待测元素的分离,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定肥料样品中的6种重金属元素。通过考察萃取条件及残余基体对分析结果的影响,结果证实,在6 mol/L的盐酸萃取体系中加入5 mL碘化铵(30%)溶液,采用10 mL的MIBK萃取2~3次即可使样品中的铅、镉、汞、铊、锑、砷等被完全萃取,通过萃取/反萃取的方法实现了样品的分离富集,方法的检出限(3σ)为铅0.042 mg/kg、镉0.005 mg/kg、汞0.059 mg/kg、铊0.026 mg/kg、锑0.024 mg/kg、砷0.052 mg/kg,加标回收率在90.1%~108%,可以满足不同肥料样品的质量控制要求。按照实验方法测定6种不同肥料样品中的重金属含量,并采用标准方法进行方法比对,结果表明两种方法的测定结果基本一致。

改良的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定石灰性土壤中交换性盐基钙、镁、钠、钾

为提升石灰性土壤中交换性盐基钙、镁、钠、钾的分析效率与精确度,笔者采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)技术测定其含量。结果表明,最优条件为用70%乙醇溶液反复淋洗样品,再用pH值为8.5的0.1 mol/L的氯化铵-70%乙醇溶液进行交换处理,蒸干后加入10mL 20%~30%的硝酸溶液进行酸化处理。经此处理,把传统的单标溶液转变为混标配置,选择谱线分别为钙317.933 nm、镁279.553 nm、钠589.592 nm、钾766.491 nm,测得国标样品的加标回收率为98.0%~100.7%,检出限分别为0.008、0.005、0.004、0.007 mg/L。对两个国标样品GBW(E)070337、GBW(E)070341进行验证,测得的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.29%~0.98%(n=5)。对吉林土壤(样品1)测得的结果与火焰光度计+原子吸收分光光度法测得的结果无显著性差异。结果表明该方法适用于石灰性土壤交换性盐基钙、镁、钠、钾的分析。

ICP-OES法测定磷铁中硅、锰、钛、钒、铬元素

针对目前电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定磷铁样品杂质元素含量存在的样品溶解问题,本文采用氢氧化钠+碳酸钠对被检测磷铁进行一次熔样,然后使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对样品中的硅、锰、钛、钒、铬进行测定。测定结果表明,本文测定各元素检出限为0.0016%~0.0080%,测定下限为0.0064%~0.032%,结果与标准样品各元素含量相对误差RE均小于5%,加标回收率为95.1%~102.4%,相对标准偏差小于5%,且三个实际样品RSD均小于5%,故表明此方法精密度及准确度良好,能够满足检测要求。该方法克服了磷铁样品难溶解的特点,并在短时间内获得理想检测结果,而且测定结果具有很高稳定性、精密度和准确度。本试验方法具有可重复性,流程短、成本低,适用于大批量样品的快速分析,可成为检测磷铁产品的一种更简单、快速、经济的重要手段。

ICP-OES法测定木家具色漆中4种可溶性重金属含量

本文建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定木家具色漆中铅镉铬汞4种可溶性重金属含量的检测方法。试验结果表明:待测元素在0.1~10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.99989,方法检出限为0.0314~0.7543 mg/kg,定量限为0.1045~2.492 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.09%~3.04%,相对误差为4.6%~7.6%;加标回收率为94.33%~112.0%。该方法具有检测限、定量限低,精密度、准确度高,快速等优点,适用于检测木家具色漆中可溶性重金属含量。

ICP-OES法同时测定固体废物浸出液中多种金属元素的可行性研究

本次通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)针对其中含有的铜、锌、铍、钡等8种元素进行测定和分析,测定检出限、加标回收率、相对标准偏差分别为0.0011-0.0071mg/L、74%~103%、1.7%~2.4%。结果表明,此种测定方法能够获取相对准确的结果,符合相关检测标准。

ICP-OES研究活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附

重金属污染是一个相当严重的环境问题。镉具有很强的生物毒性和不可降解性,对生态环境和人体健康有极大威胁,被列为优先控制污染物。环境中镉的主要污染源是电镀、采矿和化学工业等部门的废水,如何简单高效去除水中的镉,有重要的社会意义和经济意义。目前,水中重金属的去除方法有化学沉淀、膜分离、离子交换、吸附、电解等,其中吸附法因简单高效而广泛应用。活性炭纤维是一种新型活性炭,孔径小且均匀,表面官能团发达,吸附性能好,逐步应用于水处理领域。以电感耦合等离子体光谱为检测手段,佐以比表面积分析, X射线衍射,元素分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱,研究比较了三种活性炭纤维(纤维炭网、活性炭无纺布、活性炭纤维毡)的结构特点及其对水中镉的吸附性能。三种活性炭纤维结构基本类似,具有较发达的孔隙结构。活性炭无纺布极性较强,表面有丰富的羟基、羧基、醛基等含氧官能团,对水中镉的吸附作用最大。因此,选择活性炭无纺布为吸附剂进行后续实验。研究了活性炭无纺布吸附镉的影响因素,如溶液pH,吸附时间等。溶液pH影响吸附剂表面电荷及水中镉的存在状态。水中镉的去除效率随溶液初始pH的增大而增大,在较低pH时,吸附剂与Cd^(2+)间存在静电斥力,同时H^+和Cd^(2+)存在竞争吸附, pH>9时,镉的去除是吸附与沉淀协同作用的结果,选择pH为6～7。在吸附的初始阶段,活性炭无纺布对Cd^(2+)的吸附量迅速增加, 10 min时,吸附率达到72%。随着吸附位点逐渐被Cd^(2+)所填充,吸附速率逐渐变慢, 300 min时,吸附容量基本无变化,吸附趋于平衡。优化了镉的吸附条件后,进行等温吸附实验和动力学实验。结果表明, 25℃时,吸附时间为300 min, pH 6.0条件下,当镉的平衡浓度在20.00 mg·L^(-1)时,活性炭无纺布对镉的单位质量吸附量和单位比表面积吸附量分别是3.04 mg·g^(-1)和0.035 mg·m^(-2)。用Langmuir方程(R^2=0.997,K_L=1.796 L·mg^(-1))和Freundich方程(R^2=0.895,K_F=0.918 L·mg^(-1),n=2.12)拟合活性炭无纺布对镉的等温吸附数据, Langmuir方程计算的理论吸附量为3.07 mg·g^(-1),与实验值相当,并且线性系数更高,说明该体系的吸附符合Langmuir方程,主要为单分子层吸附。Langmuir分离因子介于0和1之间,表明活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附容易进行。用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程、颗粒内扩散方程和Elovich方程四种动力学模型拟合吸附过程。在吸附的前5 min,镉在活性炭无纺布上的吸附符合颗粒内扩散方程(R^2=0.985),吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制。在吸附的5～300 min,颗粒内扩散方程拟合较差。整个吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R^2=0.999,k_2=0.367 g·mg^(-1)·min^(-1)), Elovich方程(R^2=0.981,a=0.271 mg·g^(-1),b=0.083 mg·g^(-1)·(lg min)^(-1))和准一级动力学方程(R^2=0.927,k_1=0.008 8 min^(-1))次之,颗粒内扩散方程(R^2=0.785)最差。活性炭无纺布对镉的吸附过程是一种化学作用为主的吸附过程。对5.00 mg·L^(-1)含镉水样,活性炭无纺布投放量为10 g·L^(-1)时,吸附后水中镉的浓度小于0.10 mg·L^(-1),符合《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)。活性炭无纺布可同时吸附镉,铜,铅,铬等重金属离子,选择性较差。但在电镀、采矿等实际废水中重金属种类复杂,适当提高吸附剂投放量,可同时去除多种重金属。利用活性炭无纺布吸附处理含镉水样,处理效果好、操作简单,可以作为去除水中镉的吸附剂,为含镉废水的处理提供了技术支持和理论基础。

以DDTP为化学改进剂,低温电热蒸发ICP-OES测定环境样品中的钴和镍

提出了以二乙基二硫代磷酸(DDTP)为化学改进剂,低温电热蒸发ICP-OES法检测环境样品中的钴和镍,对影响金属螯合物形成及其蒸发条件进行了考察与优化。试验结果表明,在pH>4.5,DDTP质量浓度为8.0 g/L的条件下,试剂DDTP可与钴(Ⅱ),镍(Ⅱ)形成稳定的螯合物。并以螯合物的气态形式从石墨炉中,定量蒸发和传输至等离子体中,用于ETV-ICP-OES检测。钴(Ⅱ)和镍(Ⅱ)的检出限分别为19.6和17.3μg/L,与常规的ETV-ICP-OES法相比待测元素的蒸发温度降低了1200℃左右。方法已用于土壤和水系沉积物标准样品中钴和镍的检测。

超级微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定土壤中18种元素

为提高土壤中多元素同时检测的效率,采用超级微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定土壤中钾、钠、钙、镁、铜、铁、锰、锌、磷、硫、硼、砷、镉、铬、铅、钴、镓、锂等18种元素含量。比较了超级微波消解、常规微波消解和电热板消解的处理效果,采用超级微波消解法对样品进行前处理,并优化了消解条件。在最优条件下,各元素的检出限在0.05~20 mg/kg,加标回收率在86.2%~108%,相对标准偏差RSD在0.10%~3.0%,方法准确度及精密度可以满足多元素同时测定的需求,且方法具有简单、快速、成本低、用酸量少、重现性好等特点。

选择性萃取-低温电热蒸发ICP-OES检测铝基体中的钒元素

采用8-羟基喹哪啶作为萃取剂,选择性地将铝基体中的钒元素萃取至氯仿中,避免了铝对钒的光谱干扰,使钒的检测能在灵敏线（309.3 nm）处进行.同时,8-羟基喹哪啶也作为化学改进剂,使钒的蒸发温度大幅降低,改善了分析性能.在pH 3.5,8-羟基喹哪啶浓度为1.5%（m/V）,蒸发温度1 400℃时,方法的线性范围为0.05~10 mg/L,检出限为16.4μg/L,当钒元素的浓度为1.0 mg/L时,相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.7%.

ICP-OES测定纺织品中铅镉含量不确定度的评定

依据标准GB/T 30157—2013纺织品中铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)含量的测定方法,通过微波消解对试样进行前处理,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定纺织品中Pb,Cd含量。通过创建数学模型,对整个分析过程中各个影响不确定度的分量,如试样称量、微波消解、定容、标准溶液的配制、曲线拟合、测量重复性等进行评估,对各分量进行合成与扩展,最终确定不确定度的主要来源。结果表明:标准曲线拟合及试样称量过程的随机效应是纺织品中Pb,Cd含量测定中不确定度的主要来源;在包含因子为2时,Pb,Cd含量的扩展不确定度分别为0.26,2.6μg/g;所测试样中Pb,Cd含量可分别表示为(2.54±0.26),(25.7±2.6)μg/g。

ICP-OES研究黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛土壤中有效态重金属的含量与空间分布特征（英文）

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法高效、快速地测定了黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛土壤中重金属As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Hg,Mn,Pb,Se和Zn的有效态浓度,研究了它们在贝壳堤岛土壤中的空间分布特征,并对土壤中有效态重金属的分布规律、影响因素及保护区土壤环境状况进行了分析。结果表明:黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛土壤样品中9种有效态重金属的含量除镉(Cd)和汞(Hg)稍高外,其余均远远低于国家土壤环境质量标准中的一级背景含量,贝壳堤岛土壤整体处于清洁水平。从水平分布来看,由于背海侧受人类干扰较多,且海水淋洗较少,七种重金属(As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Mn,Pb,Zn)有效态含量背海侧明显高于向海侧,且呈显著差异(p≤0.05)。从纵向土壤剖面分析,受土壤机械组成、人为取沙和地形与水流方向的影响,有效态重金属浓度平均值随剖面样品中<0.5mm粒径土壤颗粒所占比例的增加而增加,随>0.5mm粒径土壤颗粒所占比例的增加而减小;贝壳堤岛土壤中的重金属有向下运动的趋势,大部分有效态重金属含量的最大值都位于表层以下各层,但各层重金属含量整体上变化不大。贝壳堤岛土壤中重金属As,Cd,Cu,Fe,Pb,Zn可能有大致相同的来源,而与Hg,Mn和Se的来源不同。综合来看,黄河三角洲贝壳堤岛土壤环境未受到明显外源污染,贝壳堤岛土壤中有效态重金属主要来源于土壤母质滤食性贝类对海水中重金属的富集、风化过程中土壤颗粒对环境中重金属的吸附,以及外源工业区重金属污染物的迁移转化。

ICP-OES法同时测定化妆品中砷、铅和镉

建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法同时测定化妆品中砷(As)、铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)。方法采用硝酸-双氧水体系,优化了ICP-OES条件。结果表明,3种重金属元素在0.05~1.20 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系;As,Pb和Cd的相关系数均为0.999 8,检出限分别为0.63,0.30和0.015 mg/kg,定量限分别为2.1,1.0和0.05 mg/kg,平均加标回收率为90.7%~108.6%,相对标准偏差为0.44%~4.59%(n=6)。

ICP-OES法测定坚果中微量元素的研究

采用微波辅助消解样品,建立了轴向观测电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法同时测定坚果中B、Na、Mg、Al、Si、S、K、Ca、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Mo、Ba等16种微量元素的分析方法。样品采用硝酸+双氧水混合酸微波辅助消解,优化了仪器的最佳测定条件,确定了各待测元素合适的分析谱线。采用国家一级标准物质(芹菜,GBW10048)进行方法验证,测定结果与标准物质所提供的参考值一致,所有待测元素的检出限为0.31～18.38μg/L,方法具有良好的精密度和准确度。

ICP-OES法测定印染废水中多种金属元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测定印染废水中Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、V、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Pb等金属元素的分析方法。样品经微波消解后直接用ICP-OES测定,对影响测定的各种因素进行了较为详细的研究,确定了仪器的最佳工作参数,选择了合适的分析谱线。研究结果表明,10种金属元素的检出限在0.26～58.24μg/L之间;线性关系良好,线性相关系数R2≥0.999 9;精密度良好,RSD<3.1%;回收率为90.48%～108.46%。

直接进样ICP-OES法测定N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中的12种杂质元素

建立电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中12种杂质元素(Mo,Cr,Zn,Pb,Ni,Mn,Fe,Cu,Ca,Al,Na,K)的分析方法。将NMP用硝酸酸化后直接进样分析,无需对样品进行消解,避免了样品前处理时引入误差的风险。通过优化等离子体工作参数,减轻了有机溶剂对等离子体的负载,确保了等离子体的稳定工作,优化后等离子体射频功率为1 350 W,载气流量为0.40 L·min^(-1)。采用轴向观测方式获取样品原子化或离子化过程中的所有信号,降低了方法的检出限,提高了分析灵敏度。通过选择各元素合适分析谱线、采用附加氧气除积碳并结合背景校正技术消除了各类谱线及背景干扰,选用标准加入法校正了基体效应,抵消了高浓度有机基质对易电离元素产生的干扰。结果表明,标准工作曲线的线性相关系数在0.999 5~1.000 0之间,检出限在3.8~106.4 ng·g^(-1)范围内,各元素的回收率在92.0%~108.0%之间,11次测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤4.8%。方法操作简单,无需复杂的样品预处理,分析速度快,测定结果准确可靠,精密度高,完全满足大批量实际产品的分析要求。方法可应用于NMP产品中杂质元素的监测。